基于神经网络的火灾烟雾识别方法

提出了一种基于神经网络的火灾烟雾识别方法，以波长为670nm、1060nm、1550nm的三束激光的三对消光系数比作为网络的输入，网络的输出为“火灾烟雾”和“非火灾因素”，从典型火灾烟雾和非火灾因素对多波长激光的衰减实验中选取数据，组成26种网络样本模式定义表，经391次仿真训练后，输出误差小于0．0001，并经验证实验表明，本方法对火灾烟雾和非火灾因素能进行有效的识别，是处理烟雾识别等非结构问题的一种行之有效的方法。     

火灾烟雾颗粒凝并分形特性研究

火灾烟雾颗粒因布朗运动由初期的主粒子凝并形成大颗粒的凝团结构，其外形呈现出分形特征，根据分形理论对火灾烟雾颗粒凝团结构进行分析研究，采用场发射扫描电镜对多种材料的烟雾颗粒图像进行测试，通过对烟雾凝团图像进行处理，获得了火灾探测中常见的多种材料的分形维数和分形系数，给出了烟雾颗粒的主粒子粒径，并对其影响因素进行了对比分析，为火灾烟雾探测中颗粒凝并分形特性研究提供有益的探索. 关键词： 火灾 烟雾 颗粒 凝并 分形     

近红外波段气溶胶的衰减特性研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上, 对近红外波段的气溶胶衰减特性进行了研究。利用Mie散射理论计算并讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子随尺度参数的变化和消光系数随半径和波长的变化, 并且在MATLAB中对各种变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明, 三种气溶胶粒子的消光和散射能力依次为沙尘性粒子, 水溶性粒子, 烟煤。消光系数在粒子半径和入射波长相近时达到最大, 并且粒子半径对消光、散射、吸收系数的影响比入射波长更明显。这些结论可以为红外辐射在大气中的衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

大气气溶胶消光特性和折射率的测量

 介绍了一种综合利用能见度仪、微脉冲激光雷达和光学粒子计数器测量大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。首先使用能见度仪和激光雷达测量出大气气溶胶的消光系数和消光后向散射比，然后使用粒子计数器测量出粒子谱分布，结合气溶胶粒子折射率，根据球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论，可以得到气溶胶消光系数和消光后向散射比。通过分析消光系数、消光后向散射比、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系，结合已知的消光系数和消光后向散射比，反演出大气气溶胶粒子的折射率。     

不稳定分布的碳烟消光表征方法及规律分析

碳烟的消光表征方法有很多种,但对于评价不稳定分布的碳烟体系,需要花费较大的代价。基于RDG-FA理论提出了一种相对简便易行的适用于不稳定分布碳烟的消光表征方法,即以碳烟的质量浓度权重的平均质量消光系数来评价碳烟的消光特性。根据理论推导,碳烟的消光系数为平均质量消光系数和总质量浓度之积,而平均质量消光系数表达式中的各项均可通过理论分析、计算和实验方法得到。另外,对平均质量消光系数随碳烟粒径和聚合粒子尺寸的变化规律进行了理论分析,预测随着碳烟粒径和聚合粒子尺寸减小,碳烟的平均质量消光系数先快速减小,然后进入缓变区,慢慢减小。     

基于粒子谱的多波长激光雷达近场大气光学参数校正方法

非同轴激光雷达由于存在发射激光与接收望远镜之间的不完全重叠区, 造成近场回波信号与真实大气信号不一致. 对于多波长激光雷达, 这种不一致更为突出和复杂. 然而, 近场大气是人类活动最集中的区域, 因此对多波长激光雷达近场信号进行校正, 对于了解和探究边界层大气具有十分重要的意义. 提出了一种利用粒子谱仪测量近地层气溶胶尺度谱分布并运用Mie 散射理论和低层大气指数衰减规律, 进而直接校正多波长激光雷达消光系数廓线近场信号的新方法. 通过对晴天、多云天气和雾天多波长气溶胶消光系数廓线近场信号的校正, 证明了该方法的可行性和实用性. 该方法着重考虑了多波长激光雷达比的波长依赖性和气溶胶粒子谱分布的天气相关性, 将该方法用于近地层大气消光系数廓线校正, 减少了由于不考虑这两个因素带来的消光系数廓线反演和校正的不确定性. 该方法对于研究不同天气情况下边界层内的大气气溶胶物理、光学特性具有一定的实用价值和借鉴意义.     

基于光散射的火灾烟雾粒子激光图像探测技术研究

本文结合火灾探测领域的特点,分析了火灾烟雾粒子的光散射特性。通过与其他类型的光电感烟火灾烟雾探测技术的比较,阐述了基于光散射的火灾烟雾粒子激光图像探测技术的原理、特点和技术优势。     

东南沿海地区相对湿度对气溶胶消光特性的影响

采用能见度仪和温度脉动仪在我国东南沿海典型地区进行能见度和相对湿度测量实验,利用能见度与消光系数和波长的关系,分析了在雾霾和晴好两种天气条件下相对湿度对沿海气溶胶系统消光系数的影响。研究结果表明:对于波长为1.06μm的激光,该地区两种天气下气溶胶粒子的潮解点均为80%左右;当相对湿度在80%~90%时,随着相对湿度增大,两种天气下消光系数相对干粒子时的增长率基本相同,吸湿增长因子主要介于1~2;当相对湿度大于90%时,二者相对增长差别很大,晴好天气下吸湿增长因子增大了两个量级,远大于雾霾天气。     

双波长抗干扰光电感烟探测机理

基于T矩阵法, 选取双波长入射光, 对火灾烟颗粒与非火灾烟雾颗粒的光散射矩阵进行了详细的数值计算和比较分析. 结果表明, 入射光波长改变时, 烟颗粒光散射矩阵元素的变化明显不同于非火灾烟雾颗粒. 选用双波长脉冲激光入射, 通过检测合适的光散射矩阵元, 结合异或逻辑运算, 可区分火灾烟雾颗粒和非火灾烟雾颗粒, 降低非火灾烟雾颗粒引起的误报.     

随机取向纳米石墨椭球粒子的红外消光特性

利用离散偶极子近似(DDA)方法研究了椭球形的纳米石墨粒子的红外消光特性。计算了不同形状的椭球粒子红外消光截面随波长变化规律,并与等效球形粒子的消光性能进行了比较,分析了不同入射波长时,椭球粒子形状和粒径对消光的影响。结果表明,椭球状的纳米石墨粒子红外消光性能好于等效球粒子的消光性能,椭球粒子的最佳消光等效粒径与轴长比和入射波长有关。     

Discrimination of Smoke Particles Using Infrared Photoelectrical Detection

A method of discrimination of smoke particles using infrared photoelectrical detection is proposed in this paper. Principle of the method is that smoke particles of different materials have different scattering light intensities at same scattering angle according to Mie Theory. Facility used to realize the method includes an infrared laser as light source and an array of avalanche photodiodes distributed at assigned angles as sensing devices. Scattered light signal at these angles are collected and processed. Categories of smoke particle are discriminated by signal processing results. Experiments show that by using this method cigarette smoke, kerosene smoke and water vapor can be discriminated with rate of discrimination of greater than 95%. Application of this technology in the field of fire detection will eliminate some effects of human activities such as cigarette smoking and steam on smoke detection, and improve sensitivity as well as reliability of smoke detection.     

Kinetic characterization of strongly coupled systems

We propose a simple method to determine the local coupling strength Gamma experimentally, by linking the individual particle dynamics with the local density and crystal structure of a 2D plasma crystal. By measuring particle trajectories with high spatial and temporal resolution we obtain the first maps of Gamma and temperature at individual particle resolution. We employ numerical simulations to test this new method, and discuss the implications to characterize strongly coupled systems.     

土壤粒度对基于近红外离散波长土壤全氮预测精度影响

土壤粒度是对土壤近红外光谱造成严重干扰的主要因素之一。通常在样本前处理阶段采用研磨和过筛土壤来降低土壤粒度干扰,在数据处理阶段通过对连续光谱微分法等数学方法消除土壤粒度干扰。但是对于近红外波段离散波长的建模,至今没有有效的方法消除土壤粒度干扰。为此,提出了土壤粒度修正法以解决土壤粒度干扰消除难题。首先建立土壤粒度修正模型,将农田采集的标准土壤在实验室烘干消除水分后,进行土样配置,得到4个土壤粒度（2.0, 0.9, 0.45, 0.2 mm）和6个全氮浓度等级（0, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.2 g·kg-1）的96个土壤样本。采用MATRIX-Ⅰ型傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪采集土壤样本近红外光谱,计算四个不同粒度(每个粒度包含24个土壤样本)和全部土壤样本在每个波长处（850～2 500 nm）所有样本间吸光度的光谱标准偏差,分析得到土壤粒度的特征波段为1 361和1 870 nm。采用特征波段吸光度比值作为单一输入变量建立SVM土壤粒度分类模型,土壤粒度整体分类准确率为93.8%,表明对土壤粒度进行分类是可行的。选择本研究团队开发的基于近红外波段离散波长(1 070, 1 130, 1 245, 1 375, 1 550, 1 680 nm)吸光度的车载土壤全氮检测仪对提出的土壤粒度修正模型进行验证。结果表明修正后粒度为2.0,0.9和0.45 mm的吸光度和原始土壤吸光度分别降低了62%,74%,111%和61%。表明土壤粒度修正法可以显著减小土壤粒度干扰。最后采用BPNN建立不同吸光度的全氮模型,相较于原始吸光度模型,修正后的土壤吸光度模型R2_v提高了25%。表明提出的土壤粒度修正法可以显著减小土壤粒度对近红外光谱离散波长吸光度的干扰,提高车载土壤全氮检测仪的测量精度。     

Can particle shape information be retrieved from light-scattering observations using spheroidal model particles?

We address the question if and how observations of scattered intensity and polarisation can be employed for retrieving particle shape information beyond a simple classification into spherical and nonspherical particles. To this end, we perform several numerical experiments, in which we attempt to retrieve shape information of complex particles with a simple nonspherical particle model based on homogeneous spheroids. The discrete dipole approximation is used to compute reference phase matrices for a cube, a Gaussian random sphere, and a porous oblate and prolate spheroid as a function of size parameter. Phase matrices for the model particles, homogeneous spheroids, are computed with the T-matrix method. By assuming that the refractive index and the size distribution is known, an optimal shape distribution of model particles is sought that best matches the reference phase matrix. Both the goodness of fit and the optimal shape distribution are analysed. It is found that the phase matrices of cubes and Gaussian random spheres are well reproduced by the spheroidal particle model, while the porous spheroids prove to be challenging. The “retrieved” shape distributions, however, do not correlate well with the shape of the target particle even when the phase matrix is closely reproduced. Rather, they tend to exaggerate the aspect ratio and always include multiple spheroids. A most likely explanation why spheroids succeed in mimicking phase matrices of more irregularly shaped particles, even if their shape distributions display little similarity to those of the target particles, is that by varying the spheroids’ aspect ratio one covers a large range of different phase matrices. This often makes it possible to find a shape distribution of spheroids that matches the phase matrix of more complex particles.     

Determination of arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke based on inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

In this work, arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates was systemically studied with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was utilized for analysis of the physical forms of arsenic, and no particle arsenic was observed in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates. The solvent extraction experiments proved that the water-soluble arsenic was the main species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates, which was consistent with the result of single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Furthermore, speciation of arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, and dimethylarsinic acid was investigated using high performance weak anion exchange chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection. The developed high performance liquid chromatography coupled inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to the determination of arsenic species in mainstream cigarette smoke condensates with satisfactory recoveries. Four arsenic species were detected in the mainstream cigarette smoke condensates from four brands of commercial available cigarettes, and there was a great difference between the arsenic content and composition among the different brands of cigarettes. It is found that arsenate was the main species in all tested cigarette samples.     

舰船尾迹光学信号特征的直方图提取方法

现有舰船尾迹光学信号特征提取方法普遍存在运算复杂、处理速度不快等问题,研究基于直方图分析的舰船尾迹光学信号特征快速提取方法。根据舰船尾迹图像直方图具有明显的双峰特征,提出用峰值点分布密集程度kdd和尾迹区与海水背景区像素灰度值均值比Ci2个参数来表征舰船尾迹光学信号特征强度,通过专门研制的海上特征提取实验装置进行特征提取实验分析。分析结果表明:这2个参数能定量可靠地描述舰船尾迹光学信号特征强度的变化规律,并且在特征提取中具有简单快速的优势,从读进一张舰船尾迹图像到利用MATLAB软件计算出其特征参数值,电脑处理时间约为0.07 s。     

利用CALIPSO卫星数据对大气气溶胶的去偏振度特性分析研究

应用CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation)卫星数据,对大气中的气溶胶等目标进行了去偏振度计算及分析.结果表明,目标后向散射去偏振度信息,能够很好表征大气气溶胶的构成种类、目标特征、垂直高度分布等特性.气溶胶的去偏振特性,为大气气溶胶的特性与分布情况等研究提供了新的方法与定量化参考参数.CALIPSO数据研究方法和结果,对全球气候变化原因、大气污染、沙尘暴等研究有重要的参考价值.     

导弹尾烟对多波长激光传输影响研究

为研究1.06 μm、3.5 μm、10.6 μm三波长激光所受导弹推进剂尾烟干扰的差异程度,建立开放式烟道测试系统。在烟道头部放置装填有典型导弹推进剂的缩比发动机,点燃推进剂使之喷射并形成烟柱,在烟道尾部烟柱直径方向设置激光发射和接收装置,用以获取3波长的透过率。试验数据分析表明,烟雾对激光的衰减与烟雾粒子半径有关,在400 m烟道长度环境中, 10.6 μm激光透过率最高可达1.06 μm激光的104倍。该结果有益于激光制导武器的改进和升级。     

A new empirical model for the acoustic properties of loose granular media

This paper examines physical parameters of loose granular mixes and their empirical relations to the acoustic performance of these mixes. In this work a new classification of granular media has been proposed which is related to the characteristic particle dimension and the specific density of the grain base. It has been shown that this classification is a useful characteristic for rapid evaluation of the acoustic performance of loose granular mixes. The characteristic impedance and propagation constant have been measured for a representative selection of grain mixes and used to develop a new empirical model. This model relates the above acoustic characteristics to the characteristic particle dimension, porosity, tortuosity and specific density of the grain base, which are routinely measurable parameters. A very good agreement with the experimental data is illustrated in the frequency range of 250-4000 Hz for materials with the grain base of 0.4-3.5 mm and specific densities between 200 and 1200 kg/m³. Unlike many theoretical models for the prediction of the acoustic properties of porous media, the proposed expressions do not involve any special functions of complex argument, empirical shape factors or sophisticated characteristics of porous structure. These are practical enough to be of interest to acoustic and noise control engineers and material manufacturers.     

外大气层空间红外烟幕运动特性和遮蔽特性

 分析了外大气层空间烟幕微粒的运动特性、烟幕发生器的施放方式及红外烟幕的遮蔽效果,论证了红外烟幕应用于外大气层空间的可行性。以粒径1～10 μm的超微粉天然鳞片石墨为例,计算分析了红外烟幕在外大气层空间应用中的运动特性、有效遮蔽时间和范围。在烟幕施放过程中,施放时赋予烟幕微粒相对于飞行器的初速度直接影响了烟幕的扩散速度,从而影响了烟幕的滞留时间。通过控制烟幕发生器的施放速度,使用较小体积和质量的烟幕剂,可在约10 min内实现对外大气层空间目标的遮蔽需求。