水平大气中横向风对自适应光学系统性能的影响

从理论上分析了光波在水平大气中传播时传播路径上的横向风对理想补偿系统和时间带宽有限的自适应光学系统性能的影响，得到了自适应光学系统的Ｓｔｒｅｈｌ比与横向风速之间的解析表达式，并据此得到了一批计算结果。这些结果表明横向风对自适应光学系统的补偿功能有很严重的影响，随着横向风速的增大，系统的Ｓｔｒｅｈｌ比迅速降低，特别是对于一定接收口径的系统，当横向风速超过一定的阈值后，加了补偿的光波的成像效果比不加补     

自适应光学对大气扰动波前的补偿效果研究：I.理论推导

在采用冻结湍流假设和几何光学近似的条件下，得到了经自适应光学系统校正后的剩余波前相位扰动的结构函数，进而根据剩余相位结构函数与系统Ｓｔｒｅｈｌ比的关系，求出自适应光学系统的补偿效果受系统的时空传递函数，大气湍流，光波传播路径上的横向风，观察目标的旋转角速度以及系统时间延迟影响情况的解析表达式。     

一种新型衍射超分辨光学器件

提出了一种提高通过光学系统的部分光线的空间频率,来提高系统分辨率的新型衍射超分辨光学器件。该器件通过把部分低频光线移到高频带,使得艾里斑的主斑变小,同时焦深也得到了延长,模拟计算结果表明,在中心峰值强度相等的条件下,用该器件所获得的超分辨效果比目前最好的纯相位型超分辨光阑要好。     

NA1.35投影光刻光学系统偏振像差的优化

为了实现NA1.35投影光刻光学系统高质量成像，在设计过程中除了控制波像差，还需进一步优化光学系统的偏振像差。利用Jones光瞳和物理光瞳表达了NA1.35投影光刻光学系统的偏振像差，并用二向衰减量与延迟量分析了光学系统偏振像差的大小；根据光线入射到不同光学面上最大入射角度的不同，为每个光学面设计相应的膜系以优化光学系统的偏振像差。相比于采用常规膜系，膜系优化后NA1.35投影光刻光学系统的二向衰减量和延迟量分别减小到了0.021 8、0.057 2 rad，即减小了光学系统的偏振像差。利用Prolith光刻仿真软件，分别对采用常规膜系和优化膜系的NA1.35投影光刻光学系统进行曝光性能仿真，结果显示:膜系优化后光学系统的成像对比度提高了4.4%，证明了NA1.35投影光刻光学系统偏振像差优化方法的有效性。     

在发射式电子光学系统中,光电子速度分布对像品质的影响(Ⅱ)

本文是在上一篇论文的基础上,进一步讨论了更接近实际情况的面源,在只有中心像差存在时,在极限像平面附近的像平面上的强度分布及分辨距离等问题。针对不同的光电子初能量分布,并且假定角度分布仍满足Lambert定律,可以找到电子像最清晰的像平面位置及其分辨直径、分辨宽度。这些分辨距离没有统一的标准值,它们与电子的初能量分布、发射面源的几何形状、以及像平面的位置等有关。在具体计算之后,我们发现分辨直径、分辨宽度等理论极限值比Арцимович院士不考虑强度分布所得到的分辨距离要小一个数量级。本文中关於最小分辨距离的计算结果可以作为装置和改进发射式电子光学系统的依据。     

大气湍流相干长度和Strehl比的统计特征

对大气湍流相干长度的统计特征进行了理论分析，给出了其概率分布密度函数，同时分析了光束大气传输湍流效应的远场斯特列尔（Ｓｔｒｅｈｌ）比的随机分布特征，得到了与实验非常一致的结果。     

超分辨望远光学系统像差影响及优化设计

针对大口径光学系统中像差影响超分辨效果的问题,开展泽尼克波前像差对望远超分辨成像系统性能和超分辨局部视场影响的研究。设计四区型位相光瞳滤波器,在理想光学系统出瞳处分别加入离焦、像散、彗差和球差像差,逐渐增加幅值,通过分析不同类别和幅度的波前像差下焦面光强分布变化,研究超分辨成像性能和局部视场对不同种类像差的容忍程度。结果表明,离焦可以抑制超分辨旁瓣能量,提高超分辨倍率,但对局部视场影响较大;球差可以抑制超分辨旁瓣能量,增大局部视场;像散和彗差使光斑圆对称性明显下降,其中像散对局部视场的影响较为明显;同时加入适量离焦和球差时,超分辨旁瓣能量下降,超分辨倍率提高,且不影响系统局部视场。据此设计了一个F数为10,焦距为12 m的大口径光学系统,通过合理优化球差和离焦剩余量,实现了超分辨倍率由1.21倍到1.31倍的提升,最大旁瓣峰值由0.33下降到0.30,局部视场为38.28μm。     

用于光具座自动测量焦距的变焦光学系统设计

为了提高光具座自动测焦距时的测量精度,设计一套连续变焦光学系统。该系统包括自准直组件和变焦组件两部分,可以调节CCD靶面上接收到的图像大小,得到最佳测量结果。根据设计指标要求,在控制系统总长的基础上进行初始结构选择和像质优化。设计完成后的自准直组件焦距200 mm,变焦组件焦距200 mm~20 mm,对接后的变焦系统可实现图像大小1~10连续调节。模拟实验表明:变焦系统像质良好,MTF曲线接近衍射极限,弥散斑小于CCD像元大小,可以满足实际检测需求。     

CCD尺寸测量光学系统设计原理

介绍ＣＣＤ尺寸测量光学系统的设计原理．重点分析远心光路中的像点弥散、一维光纤列阵照明系统及利用像点弥散斑评价ＣＣＤ光学系统像质的方法。给出一种ＣＣＤ测量光学系统设计实例及其像质评价结果．     

环形孔径长焦距光学系统

介绍一种可望用于空间相机的环型孔径长焦距光学成像系统,也是稀疏孔径的一种。光线通过最外面的环形孔径进入光学系统,经过一系列的同轴环形反射镜多次折转,最后通过补偿镜成像在光学系统的像面上。此类系统具有较大的遮拦比,可以在有效减少空间望远系统的厚度和体积的同时保持较好的成像质量,可望用于微小卫星高分辨率光学有效载荷。给出了光线经过6次反射的一种长焦距光学系统设计结果,并对其进行了像质评价和公差分析。     

高能激光大气传输的仿真实验研究

 对高能激光在大气中传输时产生的热晕效应及其相位补偿进行了室内仿真实验测量,获得了自适应光学系统开闭环时用来衡量光束传输效果参量（如远场的光斑图像、质心漂移、二阶矩半径、及Strehl比等）。结果表明,Bradley-Hermann热畸变参数在300范围内,自适应光学系统相位补偿效果显著,Strehl比基本大于0.4。然而随着热畸变效应的进一步加强,出现相位补偿不稳定性现象,补偿效果变差。另外,对自适应光学系统开闭环时的实验结果分别与薄透镜近似分析理论及几何光学近似理论作了比较。比较结果表明:薄透镜近似理论与未补偿时的实验结果吻合较好,而几何光学近似理论与补偿后的实验结果存在较大的偏差。     

The Optical Design of Relay Optics for Heterodyne Millimeter Wave Focal Plane Arrays

Since the use of focal plane arrays on millimeter and sub-millimeter telescopes has become more and more important during the last years, it has also become evident the need of optimized auxiliary optics that would efficiently couple the telescope to the receiver over large fields of view (i.e., 5-10 beams). In this work we systematically analyze several relay optics configurations for heterodyne focal plane arrays, all based on the Gaussian beam telescope concept. Because in examining the image performance of auxiliary optics design at millimeter wavelengths one cannot follow the usual image quality criteria, we analyze the designs using both the Strehl ratio and the coupling efficiency to evaluate the quality of the off-axis wave-fronts and the loss in the power coupling with the horn. Coupling efficiency and Strehl ratio cannot be included in the optimization procedures of commercial optical modelling packages and we thus describe how to optimize the design using a customized algorithm. We show that the minimization of the appropriate error function can reduce the anamorphism of the exit pupil and reduce the loss in the horn coupling.     

Imaging and quality assessment of high-harmonic focal spots

We present a direct method of studying the focusability of an intense, short-pulse extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) beam obtained by high-harmonic generation. We perform near-field imaging of the focal spot of five high-harmonic orders strongly focused by a broadband toroidal mirror. To visualize the focal spot directly, we image the fluorescence induced by an XUV beam on a cerium-doped YAG crystal on a visible CCD camera. We can thus measure the harmonic spot size on a single image, together with the Strehl ratio, to evaluate the quality of focusing. Such techniques should become instrumental in optimizing the focusing conditions and reaching intensities required for exploring attosecond nonlinear optics in the XUV range.     

Phase pupil functions for reduction of defocus and spherical aberrations

Radially symmetric pupil plane phase retardation functions are derived that extend focal depth and alleviate third-order spherical aberration (SA) effects. The radial symmetry of these functions means that they can be more conveniently manufactured by use of traditional techniques such as diamond machining than previously reported filters with rectangular symmetry. The method employs minimization of the variation of Strehl ratio with defocus, W20, and SA, W40. The performance of the derived phase filters is illustrated by comparison with standard optical systems and with previously reported phase filters.     

Phase filter design for sharper focus of radially polarized beam

Based on vector diffraction theory, a phase-only filter with cosine function is proposed and a sharper focal spot of radially polarized beam is obtained on the focal plane. The function parameters of the filter are optimized and a series of optimized filters for different Strehl ratio S are given. The optimization results show that there is a significant improvement on obtaining sharper focal spot with this new type of filter. Compared with other results, this type of filters has superior supperresolution effect and higher energy utilization ratio. The numerical calculation results about the phase filter may facilitate new approaches to get superresolution.     

Infrared super-resolution imaging method based on retina micro-motion

With the wide application of infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA), military, aerospace, public security and other applications have higher and higher requirements on the spatial resolution of infrared images. However, traditional super-resolution imaging methods have increasingly unable to meet this requirement in technology. In this paper, we adopt the achievement that the human retina micro-motion is the important reason why the human has the hyperacuity ability. Based on the achievement, we bring forward an infrared super-resolution imaging method based on retina micro-motion. In the method, we use the piezoelectric ceramic equipment to control the infrared detector moving variably within a plane parallel to the focal plane. The motion direction is toward each other into a direction of 90°. In the four directions of the movement, we get four sub-images and generate a high spatial resolution infrared image by image interpolation method. In the process of the shifting movement of the detector, we set the threshold of the detector response and record the response time difference when adjacent pixel responses are up to the threshold. By the method, we get the object’s edges, enhance them in the high resolution infrared image and get the super-resolution infrared image. The experimental results show that our proposed super-resolution imaging methods can improve the spatial resolution of the infrared image effectively. The method will offer a new idea for the super-resolution reconstruction of infrared images.     

基于Offner结构分视场成像光谱仪光学设计

为满足航天应用中仪器小型和轻量化、大视场的观测要求,通过分析现有Offner成像光谱仪,给出了一种简单的采用凸面光栅设计成像光谱仪的方法。并据此方法设计了一应用于400 km高度,波段范围为0.4~1 μm,焦距为720 mm,F数为5,全视场大小为4.3°的分视场成像光谱仪系统。分视场采用光纤将望远系统的细长像面连接到光谱仪的三个不同狭缝而实现。三狭缝光谱面共用一个像元数为1 024×1 024,像元大小18 μm×18 μm的CCD探测器。通过ZEMAX软件优化和公差分析后,系统在28 lp·mm-1处MTF优于0.62,光谱分辨率优于5 nm,地面分辨率小于10 m,能很好的满足大视场应用要求,该光学系统刈幅宽度相当于国内已研制成功的同类最好仪器的三倍。     

A compressed sensing approach for enhancing infrared imaging resolution

This paper presents a novel approach for improving infrared imaging resolution by the use of Compressed Sensing (CS). Instead of sensing raw pixel data, the image sensor measures the compressed samples of the observed image through a coded aperture mask placed on the focal plane of the optical system, and then the image reconstruction can be conducted from these samples using an optimal algorithm. The resolution is determined by the size of the coded aperture mask other than that of the focal plane array (FPA). The attainable quality of the reconstructed image strongly depends on the choice of the coded aperture mode. Based on the framework of CS, we carefully design an optimum mask pattern and use a multiplexing scheme to achieve multiple samples. The gradient projection for sparse reconstruction (GPSR) algorithm is employed to recover the image. The mask radiation effect is discussed by theoretical analyses and numerical simulations. Experimental results are presented to show that the proposed method enhances infrared imaging resolution significantly and ensures imaging quality.     

Software lens compensation applied to athermalization of infrared imaging systems

A different approach, aiming to achieve the constant blur status of point-spread function (PSF) at a certain defocused plane, is described. The correlation between the two PSF is used to control the PSF blur similarity, and simultaneously the Strehl ratio is also used to control the PSF blur minimization. By designing the PSF so that it is significantly insensitive to defocus or related defocus quantity, for example, due to temperature change, all the constantly blurred images can be accurately de-blurred by a simple inverse restoration filter for an adequate range of defocus. We refer to that as “software lens compensation” and apply a design method to solve the athermalization of middle wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging systems. The resultant PSF is almost invariant in the temperature range from −10 to 50°C at the same focal plane. Consequently, the constant blur spot can be removed by a simple digital signal processing. Thus, clear and sharp de-blurred images at different temperatures are obtained.     

基于衍射理论的无像散场曲的分析与处理

 基于衍射成像理论,用洛默尔函数得到仅有场曲的像点的光强分布积分式,进而得到像面对高斯面的偏离误差——场曲的解析式,结合模拟实验,探讨了无像散场曲和无像散像点的光强分布,分析它的三维形态图、斯特列尔比、逆滤波场曲校正等,所得结果有利于衍射成像理论与技术的应用。