Action-at-a-distance electrodynamics in quasi-steady-state cosmology

Action-at-a-distance electrodynamics – alternative approach to field theory – can be extended to cosmological models using conformal symmetry. An advantage of this is that, the origin of arrow of time in electromagnetism can be attributed to the cosmological structure. Different cosmological models can be investigated, based on Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, and only those models can be considered viable for our Universe which have net full retarded electromagnetic interactions, i.e., forward direction of time. This work evaluates the quasi-steady-state model and demonstrates that it admits full retarded and not advanced solution. Thus, quasi-steady-state cosmology (QSSC) satisfies this necessary condition for a correct cosmological model, based on action-at-a-distance formulation.     

The quasi-steady state cosmology: Theory and observations

This is a review of an alternative cosmology, recently proposed by Fred Hoyle, Geoffrey Burbidge and this author. It begins with a brief discussion of why one needs an alternative cosmology, when the standard hot big bang cosmology is claimed to be doing well. It is argued that the observational and theoretical constraints on the standard big bang cosmology, from various directions, leave a very narrow window, if any, in the parameter space of plausible models. There is thus a strong case for alternative cosmologies. The rest of the review concentrates on one alternative, the quasi steady state cosmology (QSSC) and summarises the recent work on this model. This includes, the theoretical formulation and simple exact solutions of the basic equations, their relationship to various observations, the stability of solutions and the toy model for understanding the growth of structures in the Universe.     

ICP-AES法测定造纸污泥中金属元素

金属元素,特别是重金属元素是造纸污泥资源化利用需要考虑的因素。采用ICP-AES法测定安徽山鹰纸业2种造纸污泥,福建青山纸业1种造纸污泥,福建中竹纸业1种造纸污泥的17种金属元素。结果显示,4种造纸污泥都含有不同量的金属元素,其中Al和Ca的含量最大,既有毒性较大的重金属,如Cr,也有过量才具有毒性的金属,如Fe,还有对植物生长有益的P和K等。福建中竹纸业污泥各元素的回收率为94.4%～107.3%。重金属元素含量低于国家标准GB/4284—84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》。重金属含量的顺序为： 福建中竹纸业<福建青山纸业污泥<安徽山鹰纸业污泥。此测定结果可为造纸污泥的资源化利用,尤其是土地利用和肥料利用提供重要的理论参考。     

层析滤纸拉曼光谱特性研究

为了研究层析滤纸在表面增强拉曼光谱和层析技术联用中的影响。在785 nm激发波长下分别测试了层析滤纸, 涂布银胶后层析滤纸的拉曼特征谱, 以及氧化乐果在层析滤纸上的拉曼光谱和表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)。结果表明, 层析滤纸在800~1500 cm-1光谱区域具有丰富的拉曼特征峰, 分析认为主要来源于纤维素, 并对其进行了归属; 涂布银胶后, 由于银颗粒的作用, 层析滤纸拉曼强度整体降低, 并发生特征峰相对强度的变化; 同时, 氧化乐果在层析滤纸上的SERS谱也表明涂布银胶能够有效抑制层析滤纸拉曼特征峰, 增强待测物质拉曼强度, 但在800~1500 cm-1光谱区域仍需考虑层析滤纸的影响。     

应用数字散斑投影测量纸页厚度

传统的纸张厚度测量方法只能测量纸页某一点厚度, 该类方法会因为纸张厚度全场分布不匀带来测量误差。针对该问题, 提出利用数字散斑投影的纸页厚度检测方法, 向待测纸页投射散斑图案, 并构建散斑投影的实验测量系统, 通过三维数字图像相关的算法处理, 得到纸页的形貌以及厚度。实验表明, 对纸张厚度名义值为0.180 mm的实验样品进行测量, 结果为0.177 mm, 对该方法进行重复实验, 测得的相对误差小于4%, 而且该方法能够直观地显示纸页的全场分布。此外, 提出的纸页厚度测量方法具有结构简单、非接触式测量、全场测量等优点, 为纸页生产中的厚度检测提供了新思路。     

胶矾水中明矾对宣纸中纤维素、碳酸钙和明胶的影响

胶矾水是中国传统书画修复和装裱材料,但过量使用明矾会引起宣纸不同程度的酸化。为了解胶矾水中明矾对宣纸中不同成分的影响,明确传统胶矾水中明矾用量范围,减少其对宣纸的危害,采用傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)研究了明矾对宣纸中纤维素和碳酸钙的影响,并将傅里叶退卷积和二阶导曲线拟合的方法引入研究明矾对宣纸中明胶蛋白质二级结构的影响。XRD和ATR-FTIR结果表明明矾会不同程度溶解纸张中的结晶纤维素、非结晶纤维素和CaCO₃(生成CaSO₄),在明矾浓度超过5 Wt%后成分变化最剧烈。傅里叶退卷积和二阶导曲线拟合结果表明明矾会使宣纸中明胶蛋白质二级结构改变,使α-螺旋结构、β-转向结构和γ-随机结构向β-折叠结构转变。在明矾浓度超过5 Wt%后,蛋白质二级结构发生剧烈变化。研究得出了明矾对宣纸中不同成分的影响,在最小干预的文物保护原则基础上给出了明矾用量范围,为纸质文物中蛋白质二级结构研究引入了一种新方法,扩大了ATR-FTIR在纸质文物中的研究和应用范围。     

Imaging anisotropic elastic properties of an orthotropic paper sheet using photorefractive dynamic holography

An important material property in the paper industry is the anisotropic stiffness distribution due to the fibrous microstructure of paper and to processing procedures. Ultrasonic methods offer a means of determining the stiffness of sheets of paper from the anisotropic propagation characteristics of elastic Lamb waves along the machine direction and the cross direction. That is, along and perpendicular to the direction of paper production. Currently, piezoelectric ultrasonic methods are employed in the industry to measure the elastic polar diagram of paper through multiple contacting measurements made in all directions. This paper describes a new approach utilizing the INEEL Laser Ultrasonic Camera to provide a complete image of the elastic waves traveling in all directions in the plane of the paper sheet. This approach is based on optical dynamic holographic methods that record the out of plane ultrasonic motion over the entire paper surface simultaneously without scanning. The full-field imaging technique offers great potential for increasing the speed of the measurement and it ultimately provides a substantial amount of information concerning local property variations and flaws in the paper. This report shows the success of the method and the manner in which it yields the elastic polar diagram for the paper from the dispersive flexural or antisymmetric Lamb wave.     

纸币图像Gabor特征提取与识别

研究了基于Gabor滤波器组的人民币图像识别方法。针对纸币图像特点,设计了适合于其特征提取的Gabor滤波器组参数,得到了纸币图像多尺度多方向上的纹理特征,然后对纹理图像进行网格划分,并计算网格中像素灰度均值行列投影和,最后采用网格投影特征模板匹配法进行纸币识别。实验表明该法抗干扰能力较强,能够较大提高旧币和污染纸币识别率,并且耗时不长。     

Dosed charging: Application to the investigation of papers

A dosed charging–discharging method was applied to an investigation of the paper charging properties which may be important in toner transfer in electrophotographic printers and copiers. This investigation method, which is new for paper substrates, made it possible to reveal some characteristics of paper charging and discharging processes: the dependence of charge acceptance on charging intensity, which is different for coated and uncoated papers, the change in paper charging properties during charging, unconventional charge acceptance and potential decay dependence on thickness at higher relative humidity, and the role of paper polarization in the discharge of paper.     

纳米SiO_2掺杂对有水环境下间位芳纶绝缘纸性能影响的研究

为了进一步了解SiO_2纳米粒子掺杂对有水环境下间位芳纶绝缘纸性能的影响以及有、无水环境下芳纶绝缘纸性能的变化,本文利用分子动力学的方法建立了有水存在的芳纶分子模型、经SiO_2纳米掺杂后的芳纶分子模型以及无水参与的芳纶分子模型,研究了SiO_2纳米掺杂和水分对芳纶绝缘纸在玻璃转化温度、均方位移及力学模量方面的影响.研究结果表明,水分的存在使得芳纶绝缘纸的玻璃转化温度由原先的549 K降为523 K,在此基础上进行纳米SiO_2掺杂后玻璃转化温度可以由523 K提升到530 K.与无水环境芳纶绝缘纸的均方位移相对比可以发现,水分的存在在一定程度上提高了芳纶分子的链运动进而削弱了绝缘纸的热稳定性,而SiO_2纳米改性可以减弱水分对芳纶绝缘纸的这种不利影响.改性后的绝缘纸在有水环境下的力学性能得以提升,通过对比有、无水环境下芳纶绝缘纸的力学模量可以发现,一定水分的加入反而使得绝缘纸的力学性能得到了一定的提升.最后对所得模拟结果进行了理论分析,为提升芳纶绝缘纸的性能提供了有益的参考.     

Improvement of the adhesion between polyaniline and commercial carbon paper by acid treatment and its application in supercapacitor electrodes

Commercial carbon paper was coated with polyaniline (PANI) using in situ polymerization of aniline. Prior to the PANI coating, acid treatment was performed to carboxylate the surface of the carbon paper for enhancing PANI adhesion by sonication of the carbon paper in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. The loading mass density of PANI on the acid-treated carbon paper increased more than three times compared to that on the carbon paper without acid treatment. The specific capacitance also increased from 112 to 174 F/g in a two-electrode system (calculated using a total mass of carbon paper and PANI) due to better PANI coating on the acid-treated carbon paper. The simple acid treatment provides good adhesion of PANI to the commercial carbon paper and can be applied to prepare supercapacitor electrodes.     

载Au@Ag核壳复合双金属纳米棒的复合滤纸用作SERS基底

通过静电相互作用将单分散性良好的Au@Ag核壳复合双金属纳米棒(Au@AgNRs)负载于滤纸,制得载Au@AgNRs的复合滤纸。用扫描电子显微镜观察了使用不同Au@AgNRs溶液制备的复合滤纸Au@AgNRs中的分布情况,并统计了单位面积滤纸中Au@AgNRs的粒子数。将制得的载不同数量Au@AgNRs复合滤纸用作表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)基底,通过擦拭载玻片检测了其表面吸附的微量二硫化四甲基秋兰姆,发现使用150 nmol·L-1 Au@AgNRs溶液制备的复合滤纸具有较好的增强效果和检测重复性,十次重复检测结果的相对标准偏差为3.1%,检测线性范围为10-14~10-7 mol·L-1。载Au@AgNRs复合滤纸可作为SERS基底用于蔬菜水果表面农残的检测。     

Development of electrostatic paper separation and feed mechanism

A new paper separation and feed mechanism is proposed to realize a highly reliable paper handling system for printers and copiers. The paper-separation system consisted of a pair of parallel electrodes and a paper pile between the electrodes. Electrostatic separation of a piece of paper was possible from the top of the pile when the applied voltage exceeded the threshold needed to generate an electrostatic force larger than the weight of the paper. The threshold voltage was on the order of several kilovolts, and it agreed with the numerical value calculated using the finite element method (FEM) for the electrostatic field. Based on these basic investigations, a prototype mechanism for paper separation and feeding was constructed. It consisted of a roller-type separation electrode coated with an insulating film, a biased charger roller in contact with the separation roller to charge the insulating film on the separation roller, a ground electrode, and a paper pile situated between the electrodes. When an electrostatic field was applied between the biased charger roller and the ground electrode on which the paper pile was mounted, only the top sheet of paper separated, adhering electrostatically to the roller. The sheet was then fed rotating the separation roller. Using this system, reliable paper separation and feed was realized and a feed speed over 600 mm/s was demonstrated.     

大学物理实验试卷库建设与使用分析

阐述《大学物理实验》试卷库建设的必要性,介绍了大学物理实验试卷库建设的基本原则,并以近5年来具体实践的试卷分评价,从难易度、区分度等方面来说明试卷库实施的优点。     

Drying Characteristics-Property Correlationships in Gas-Fired Infrared Drying of Paper Obtained by Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR Spectroscopy

Introduction

Infrared (IR) drying of paper in a pilot scale has been investigated by several researchers in the past [1–3]. Both high-intensity electric heating and medium-intensity gas heating are now being used industrially either to preheat wet paper before conventional steam drying [1] or as a moisture-profile corrector just before paper sizing press [2]. Our own investigation [3] on the use of radiant energy from a gas-fired IR radiator have revealed that the drying efficiency of IR radiation is influenced by the nature of association of water molecules with cellulose in wet paper. Depending on the total moisture content of a paper, the free and bound moisture contents of paper will vary in wet paper sheet. Our previous study [3] has also confirmed that it is possible to remove free moisture more efficiently using gas-fired IR emitter operated at 1373 K rather than as 1223 K. It is reported that besides emitter temperature, the efficiency of drying also depends on the location of the emitter. In general, the efficiency is high if the emitter is installed near the preheating zone and the efficiency changes in the following order: falling rate < constant rate < preheating. Pikulik [4] compared the efficiency of hot gas impinging drying with conventional steam drying emphasizing the paper properties. The properties of a high-intensity hot gas-dried paper has been reported to be better than those of conventionally steam dried paper. An immediate quality improvement in terms of reduced moisture steaks and superior resistance to paper embrittleness was also observed when installing a high-intensity infrared drying system [5,6].     

微生物培养法推断纸张的相对生产时间

利用微生物培养法检测两种制浆方式的纸张,观察随着生产时间的不同,纸张上细菌和霉菌数量上的变化,根据其纸张上细菌和霉菌的变化规律,推断纸张的相对生产时间。该方法利用现代生物技术,对文件制成时间的检验提供一种新的思路和方法。     

Cleaning of artificially soiled paper using nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses

Cleaning of cultural assets, especially fragile organic materials like paper, is a part of the conservation process. Laser radiation as a non-contact tool offers prospects for that purpose. For the studies presented here, paper model samples were prepared using three different paper types (pure cellulose, rag paper, and wood-pulp paper). Pure cellulose serves as reference material. Rag and wood-pulp paper represent essential characteristics of the basic materials of real-world artworks. The papers were mechanically soiled employing pulverized charcoal. Pure and artificially soiled paper samples were treated with laser pulses of 28 fs (800 nm wavelength) and 8–12 ns (532 nm) duration in a multi pulse approach. Additionally, the cellulose reference material was processed with 30 ps (532 nm) laser pulses. Damage and cleaning thresholds of pure and soiled paper were determined for the different laser regimes. Laser working ranges allowing for removal of contamination and avoiding permanent modification to the substrate were found. The specimens prior and after laser illumination were characterized by light-optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as multi spectral imaging analysis. The work extends previous nanosecond laser cleaning investigations on paper into the ultra-short pulse duration domain.     

激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对激光打印文件墨粉厚度的分析研究

使用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,对六种品牌和型号的激光打印机分别在打印纸和高光相纸上打印的图文墨粉厚度进行测量。结果表明,测量普通打印纸张上激光打印形成墨粉厚度时,测量数据因纸张纤维凹凸不平的影响有一定波动,相纸上激光打印形成的墨粉厚度测量数据相对稳定,并总结出随着打印文件图文线条宽度与墨粉厚度的变化规律。实验表明激光打印文件墨粉厚度的数据测量具有可行性,同一台激光打印机的打印文件墨粉厚度相对稳定,该指标作为一种重要参数可以为激光打印文件检验提供量化依据,并为打印机的同一认定提供依据。     

Gas-liquid phase transition

A theorem has been proved giving a sufficient condition for a first order phase transition in a gas. The corresponding fugacity expansions for the isotherms in the different phases have been derived. A synopsis of this paper was presented at the International Conference on Statistical Physics at Budapest, 1975. This paper is the revised version of an earlier paper published by the author (Biswas 1973) and subsequently criticized by Groeneveld (Groeneveld 1973). This paper is self-complete and free from the objections raised by Groeneveld about the earlier paper.     

传统手工纸老化进程中微观结构的光谱检测与分析

作为传承人类文明和见证历史发展的重要载体,传统手工纸老化机制的研究及老化状态的评价至关重要。手工纸张老化后各项宏观性能的降低归根究底来源于微观尺度上物理和化学性能的衰减,因此传统手工纸微观尺度结构的表征分析是深入理解纸张老化机制和准确评估老化状态的关键,也是发挥手工纸使用价值的基础。光谱分析因其出色的时空分辨率,快速响应,高信噪比和良好的灵敏度备受关注,而其无损或微损的特点使珍贵纸质样品的测试不再受到限制,实现从微纳米尺度获得纸张的老化状态信息。基于手工纸的化学元素、化学结构、组分以及微观形态等方面,系统阐述近年来发展的红外光谱（IR）、紫外可见光谱（UV/Vis）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、核磁共振（NMR）、太赫兹时域光谱（THz）、X射线光谱（X-ray）、荧光光谱（LIFS）、光谱与显微镜联用等无损/微损表征技术,旨在从微纳米尺度获得纸张内部及表面多层次结构特性,并希望将其作为宏观性质的切入点,深挖手工纸在老化进程中宏观与微观之间的联系,从而促进手工纸在复杂环境中多尺度评价体系的建立以及老化机理的揭示,为手工纸保存状态的评估及修复工作的实施提供重要依据。