二维动态海面-气泡层中蓝绿激光的透射特性

为研究气-海跨介质的蓝绿激光传输特性,针对气-海跨介质界面及海面下气泡层,依据基尔霍夫近似、Mie理论与Beer理论建立了蓝绿激光通过海面-气泡层的下行传输模型。充分考虑了受风速影响的海面高度起伏、海水中气泡浓度变化、海水中洁净气泡和有薄膜覆盖气泡的混合等因素,数值计算了蓝绿激光经过海面-气泡层的透过率随风速、海水中的传输深度以及接收平面与发射平面夹角的变化关系。结果表明,蓝绿激光通过气-海界面及海水中的透过率主要取决于风速的大小与激光在海水中的传输深度;随着风速的增大,海面粗糙度与上层海洋中气泡浓度增大,激光透过率降低;与海水相比,气泡层对激光透过率的影响会随着深度的增加而降低;对于半径大于10μm的气泡,蛋白质薄膜的覆盖对蓝绿激光的衰减影响不大。     

机载激光测深海洋传输通道的吸收和散射特性分析

光在海洋中的传输特性对于机载激光测深有着重要的意义.本文从分析海水对光的吸收和散射的特性出发,对机载激光测深的海洋传输特性进行了细致的讨论,并阐述了其对机载激光测深的影响.     

复杂海况下激光气-海信道传输特性

在蓝绿激光对潜通信及对潜探测应用中,激光分别通过大气、气-海界面以及海水信道传输。由于海面上方覆盖海雾、风速引起海面粗糙度变化以及覆盖泡沫、海水信道中存在悬浮粒子等多种因素的影响,蓝绿激光传输信道呈现复杂特征。基于米散射理论、粗糙面散射理论及辐射传输理论,针对上述复杂海况开展海雾大气、泡沫覆盖风驱粗糙海面及考虑浮游植物分布的海水信道的激光传输特性研究,并详细讨论了风速、海雾能见度及浮游植物分布对激光功率的衰减作用。结果表明:海雾、粗糙海面泡沫和海水信道中浮游植物对传输激光功率共同起作用,其中海水信道中浮游植物对激光功率的衰减最为显著,风速改变带来的海面粗糙度变化以及覆盖泡沫主要对激光透射角域产生显著影响,同时对激光功率的透射极值产生一定的影响。     

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基于Mie散射理论和方法,研究了航天器尾喷焰等离子体中Al2O3粒子的光学散射特性,分析了复折射率对单个Al2O3粒子消光效率因子、散射效率因子、吸收效率因子、散射相函数以及单次反照率的影响。同时,基于多分散系粒子尺度单峰分布,分析了Al2O3粒子按粒径分布后散射场的有关效应因子及散射相函数的变化,并进行了相应的数值模拟。理论和数值模拟研究表明,航天器尾喷焰等离子体Al2O3粒子复折射率的虚部和实部、粒径的大小与分布对其散射相函数、消光和散射效率因子以及单次反照率均有明显的影响。     

外混合气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

以两种典型的气溶胶粒子组成的单分散和多分散处理混合气溶胶粒子系统的光散射的各效率因子，各散射截面和散射相函数分析了以等效折射率描述由具有不同折射率的各种粒子组成的混合气溶胶粒子系统的适用性，结果表明，对单分散系统，本不同的混合比下对于许多尺度参数吸收效率因子和散射相函数的等效性很差，对多分散系统，在不同的混合比下等效性较稳定但各散射光学量的余差很大，因而对多分散系外混合气溶胶粒子系统如使用等效折射     

覆盖泡沫粗糙海面的激光散射特性研究

对潜通信及对潜探测中蓝绿激光将穿透海水表面,大气/海水界面由于风速及其他外力作用而呈现复杂状况,将影响蓝绿激光在界面的传输特性。针对泡沫-海面复合模型,采用矢量辐射传输理论、米氏理论以及粗糙面散射理论对泡沫海面的散射特性进行了分析。采用基尔霍夫近似针对JONSWAP海谱,讨论了泡沫海面在蓝绿激光波段的后向散射系数与入射角、风速、风区以及海水温度、含盐度等参量的关系。结果表明:随着海面上方风速、风区及介电常数的增大,泡沫层对海面的激光散射具有相当大的影响,尤其是在入射角度较大的状态下。     

沙尘气溶胶粒子群的散射和偏振特性

根据Mie散射理论,以对数正态分布函数描述沙尘气溶胶粒子群的粒径尺度分布,计算了沙尘气溶胶粒子群在0.2～40μm波段间对太阳短波辐射和地球大气长波辐射的单次散射反照率、散射相矩阵函数,揭示了不同相对湿度时,沙尘粒子群对入射辐射的散射和偏振的特征。结果表明,沙尘粒子群的单次散射反照率随着入射波长的增加有较大起伏,不同相对湿度条件下,变化趋势基本一致;在可见光、近红外波段单次散射反照率随湿度增加而变大,湿度95%时非常接近于1;大于10μm的热红外波段单次散射反照率随相对湿度增加而减小,具有较强的吸收辐射能力。散射辐射强度受湿度影响较小,随散射角的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且增大的趋势随着波长的增加而减弱;不同波段上,线偏振和圆偏振随散射角和相对湿度变化存在差异;在前向和后向仅对入射辐射为圆偏振辐射产生圆偏振散射;散射光的偏振特性及其湿度差异主要表现在后向散射区,多以拱形形式体现。拱顶峰值散射角位置存在差异,且峰值散射角随相对湿度的降低向后向漂移。     

海洋赤潮温度盐度双参数检测技术研究

针对海洋赤潮的实时监测和预报,提出了一种通过检测海水中布里渊散射回波信号,获取海洋赤潮水体温度和盐度分布信息的双参数检测技术。通过分析布里渊散射理论,建立基于机载蓝绿激光雷达的布里渊散射信号频移量和布里渊散射信号能量与海水温度和盐度的关系模型。通过仿真计算,可由海水中的蓝绿激光布里渊散射回波信号的频移量和能量,分别得出海表及海水50 m深度以内温度和盐度的分布情况,从而可以实现海水温度和盐度的双参数实时获取,为实时判断海洋赤潮的消长过程提供理论依据。     

随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特性研究

利用离散偶极子近似方法研究卷云中随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的取向比对散射特性的影响,数值计算了在小尺度范围内随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特征量,包括散射相函数、消光效率因子、不对称因子、单次散射反照率和线偏振度。研究表明:取向比对随机取向六角形冰晶粒子散射特征量的影响比较明显,并且此影响随着粒子尺度参数的变化而变化,与入射波长无关;相同尺度参量和不同取向比粒子的散射相函数的角分布曲线均有一个交点,并且随着粒子尺度参量的增加,交点所对应的散射角度值逐渐向小角度方向移动。此研究结果为气溶胶粒形检测和识别提供了理论依据。     

沙尘天气下激光信号的传输特性

以小角度近似为条件,利用逐级递归的方法推导了激光信号在沙尘天气下的辐射传输方程,得到了多次散射下的光强分布函数,以及波长和不对称因子对光强的影响。同时,通过比较不同散射相位函数及沙尘粒子的散射特性,采用了修正的TTHG(Two Term Henyey-Greenstein)散射相位函数,更加全面地反映了沙粒散射后光强的变化规律。研究结果表明,随着光学厚度的增加,散射光强呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,且多次散射的比重相比于单次散射而言逐渐增大。当散射次数超过3次以上时,接收光强的变化可以忽略不计。相对于Mie理论下的结果而言,采用小角度近似理论,从辐射传输的角度分析沙粒的散射特性误差更小,实现了准确描述沙尘天气下激光信号传输特性的目的。     

两种按比例混合颗粒系的多次散射模拟

一种颗粒与其他种类的颗粒混合后, 会使其散射特性发生变化, 本文研究了水云中混有黑炭气溶胶后的散射特性变化. 根据Mie理论计算了水云和黑炭气溶胶散射相函数、单次散射反照率和不对称因子. 给出了混合颗粒系的蒙特卡罗模拟方法, 给出了颗粒碰撞类型抽样、自由程抽样和根据Mie相函数进行散射方向抽样的方法. 计算了光垂直入射时, 水云和黑炭气溶胶混合颗粒系的反射光强随观测角的变化, 并计算了平面反照率随入射角的变化, 讨论了黑炭气溶胶的有效半径、混合比例对整个混合颗粒系散射特性的影响. 计算结果表明, 水云中混合黑炭会加强其吸收, 且黑炭的比例和尺寸不同其散射特性差异较大.     

超短激光照射下颗粒的散射效应

对两个纳米颗粒受超短激光照射时表面吸收光强的分布情况进行了研究。基于米散射理论和蒙特卡罗方法建立程序来模拟和追踪光子的运动轨迹,米散射理论主要用于确定光子的散射方向,运用兰贝特定律和解析解对模拟结果进行验证。通过对比材料为金和黑体时双颗粒的光强分布发现,颗粒的散射和激光照射宽度的增加会使颗粒相邻处的光强增大,颗粒底部的光强主要取决于颗粒的反照率大小以及散射光强的分布情况。     

高功率激光传输过程中散射点对光束质量的影响

为了研究高功率激光传输过程中不透明颗粒引起的光束调制,通过分析这些不透明颗粒的形状和分布特点,建立了位置呈随机分布的高斯状散射点模型,从光束的衍射理论和干涉叠加理论出发,得到该模型下散射点对传输光束质量影响的解析式。数值分析了高斯状散射点的大小、密度、散射面积比及其传输距离对输出光束的近场分布、位相分布和光束透过率的影响,结果显示亚毫米量级散射点的衍射效应引起最大调制可达1．4,光学元件散射面积比小于0．003时才能满足元件透过率大于99．5％的需求。该结果可用于评价高功率激光装置光学元件的加工状况,并对光学元件加工要求和激光装置的洁净度要求有指导意义。     

UV laser irradiation of IR laser generated particles ablated from nitrobenzyl alcohol

Particles generated by 2.94 μm pulsed IR laser ablation of liquid 3-nitrobenzyl alcohol were irradiated with a 351 nm UV laser 3.5 mm above and parallel to the sample target. The size and concentration of the ablated particles were measured with a light scattering particle sizer. The application of the UV laser resulted in a reduction in the average particle size by one-half and an increase in the total particle concentration by a factor of nine. The optimum delay between the IR and UV lasers was between 16 and 26 μs and was dependent on the fluence of the IR laser: higher fluence led to a more rapid appearance of particulate. The ejection velocity of the particle plume, as determined by the delay time corresponding to the maximum two-laser particle concentration signal, was 130 m/s at 1600 J/m² IR laser fluence and increased to 220 m/s at 2700 J/m². The emission of particles extended for several ms. The observations are consistent with a rapid phase change and emission of particulate, followed by an extended emission of particles ablated from the target surface.     

Light absorption and scattering by aggregates: Application to black carbon and snow grains

A geometric-optics surface-wave approach has been developed for the computation of light absorption and scattering by nonspherical particles for application to aggregates and snow grains with external and internal mixing structures. Aggregates with closed- (internal mixing) and open-cell configurations are constructed by means of stochastic procedures using homogeneous and core-shell spheres with smooth or rough surfaces as building blocks. The complex aggregate shape and composition can be accounted for by using the hit-and-miss Monte Carlo geometric photon tracing method. We develop an integral expression for diffraction by randomly oriented aggregates based on Babinet's principle and a photon-number weighted geometric cross section. With reference to surface-wave contributions originally developed for spheres, we introduce a nonspherical correction factor using a non-dimensional volume parameter such that it is 1 for spheres and 0 for elongated particles. The extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor results for randomly oriented columns and plates compare reasonably well with those determined from the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) and the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) computer codes for size parameters up to about 20. The present theoretical approach covers all size ranges and is particularly attractive from the perspective of efficient light absorption and scattering calculations for complex particle shape and inhomogeneous composition.We show that under the condition of equal volume and mass, the closed-cell configuration has larger absorption than its open-cell counterpart for both ballistic and diffusion-limited aggregates. Because of stronger absorption in the closed-cell case, most of the scattered energy is confined to forward directions, leading to a larger asymmetry factor than the open-cell case. Additionally, light absorption for randomly oriented snowflakes is similar to that of their spherical counterparts under the condition of equal geometrical cross section area for both external and internal mixing states; however, nonspherical snowflakes scatter less light in forward directions than spheres, resulting in a substantial reduction of the asymmetry factor. We further demonstrate that small soot particles on the order of 1 μm internally mixed with snow grains could effectively reduce snow albedo by as much as 5-10%. Indeed, the depositions of black carbon would substantially reduce mountain-snow albedo, which would lead to surface warming and snowmelt, critical to regional climatic surface temperature amplification and feedback.     

Particle Size Characterization of an Extra Fine Milled Product

The present research aims to characterize the particle size distribution of sub micron particles suspended in a liquid. The particles milled are an organic poorly water soluble crystalline product. To characterize the size of these particles, different techniques have been tested: imaging techniques (SEM, CryoTEM), static light scattering techniques, dynamic light scattering techniques, centrifugation and flow field flow fractionation. The results indicate that the studied milled particles have a primary particle size close to 180nm and there is strong evidence of larger particles which are very likely aggregates. This is clearly seen from the Cryo TEM results. All the above mentioned techniques should in principle be able to measure samples of dispersion containing particles of ca 180 nm but several are disturbed by the presence of large aggregates. It is difficult to estimate the amount of aggregate present, but most of the time one is interested in what the primary particle size distribution is. It is clear that no single piece of equipment is capable of exactly determining the particle size distribution of our samples, but the static light scattering with low shear on mixing does give a good representation of what is seen with the image analysis by cryo TEM.     

Light transport in laser irradiated turbid media, application in medicine and image processing

Much effort is being made in the study of light propagation in human tissue due to the development and wide use of lasers for surgical and therapeutic applications. When a picosecond light pulse is incident on biological tissue, part of the light is reflected back owing to specular surface reflection and the rest of the light penetrates the tissue and encounters multiple scattering and absorption processes. An analysis has been presented for modeling of light distribution in human tissue. The influence of the refractive index, scattering phase function and scattering albedo on light distribution in laser irradiated tissue has been demonstrated.     

The Study on Infrared Scattering of Red Tide

Based on analyzing the infrared laser’s transmitting characteristic in the seawater, the concept about the red tide infrared scattering coefficient is introduced. By analyzing the relationship between the red tide infrared scattering coefficient and the red tide’s density, we bring forward a new method of monitoring the red tide based on detecting the red tide infrared scattering coefficient. According to Mie scattering theory, the scattering efficiency factor and the scattering phase function of the red tide particles in the ocean are simulated and calculated. The result proves that, as the radiuses of the red tide particles increase, the scattering efficiency factor oscillates, and the swing decreases gradually, and then approaches to 2. From the results of the scattering phase function, it can find that the scattering of the red tide particles is mainly a forward scattering for the infrared laser. Therefore, by analyzing the scattering efficiency factor and the scattering phase function of the red tide particles in the ocean, it can prove the feasibility of this red tide monitoring method in theory.