掺杂对随机取向团簇粒子辐射特性的影响

利用Bruggeman有效介质理论得到了占有不同体积份额杂质的团簇粒子的等效复折射率.采用离散偶极子近似方法对包含有不同化学成分的随机取向团簇粒子的散射相函数、消光、吸收、散射效率因子、单次散射反照率以及不对称因子等辐射特性参量进行了数值计算,深入探讨了掺杂量对随机取向团簇粒子辐射特性的影响.研究表明,掺杂对随机取向团...     

基于组合拟合法的冰晶粒子的光散射计算

利用组合拟合法计算了冰晶粒子的单次散射特性。给出了消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子的拟合公式,利用拟合公式对有效粒子尺度为20μm和120μm的六种冰晶粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照度及非对称因子进行了计算。结果表明,粒子的消光效率因子、单次散射反照率和非对称因子随着入射波长的增加有着较大的起伏,后两者随着波长的增加而变化趋势基本一致;对于单次散射反照率来说,在可见光波段,反照率非常接近于1;在短波段,粒子的非对称因子变化较小,并且随着波长的增加,非对称因子会逐渐增大。     

随机分布黑碳-硅酸盐混合凝聚粒子的消光特性研究

基于分形理论,采用蒙特卡罗方法对随机分布的混合凝聚粒子的空间结构进行了仿真模拟。利用Bruggeman有效介质理论得到了占有不同体积份额黑碳的内混合凝聚粒子的等效复折射率。采用离散偶极子近似方法对随机分布混合凝聚粒子在内外混合状态下的吸收、散射和消光效率因子等消光特性参量进行了数值计算,深入探讨了混合方式、容积含量、入射波长以及基本粒子粒径和数量对混合凝聚粒子消光特性的影响规律。通过将所得数值结果与T矩阵方法的数值结果进行比较发现,两种数值方法计算的结果非常相近。结果表明,随机分布混合凝聚粒子的散射效率因子对混合方式非常敏感,消光效率因子对混合方式较敏感,而吸收效率因子对混合方式不敏感。随着凝聚粒子尺度参数的增大,混合方式对散射和消光效率因子的影响逐渐显著。内外混合方式下,随着黑碳体积比的增大随机分布混合凝聚粒子的吸收、散射和消光效率因子均近似线性增大,并且增大的幅度随着粒子尺度参数的增大而增大。     

煤粉颗粒的后向散射特性研究

利用Mie理论研究了单分散煤粉颗粒对光波的散射特性,给出了单次散射相函数、消光效率因子、散射效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率随粒子尺寸的变化关系;当煤粉浓度较大时,需要考虑颗粒系的多次散射特性,根据辐射传输理论,利用蒙特卡洛方法研究了煤粉颗粒的多次散射特性,并给出了其后向散射随观测角度、粒子半径和光学厚度的变化关系,计算结果对煤粉颗粒反演具有一定指导意义。     

随机取向非球形沙尘气溶胶粒子的光学特性

利用离散偶极子近似法分析了一种随机取向旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶粒子模型在尺度参数变化范围为0.1~23时(波长0.55!m对应有效半径为0.01~2!m)的光学特性,研究了沙尘粒子非球形性程度对其光学特性的影响,并考察了非球形粒子的随机取向能否用等体积球体来代替。就随机取向单分散和多分散旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶而言,粒子非球形特征越明显,消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率基本上偏离其等体积球体越大;对于相同的非球形,不对称因子偏离其等体积球体的相对偏差要比消光效率因子和单次散射反照率要大。非球形粒子的随机取向并不能使其光学特性严格等效为其等体积球体的光学特性。如果粒子形状偏离球体较小,则非球形粒子的随机取向的平均效果能使其消光效率因子、不对称因子和单次散射反照率近似用等体积球体的对应光学参量来等效;而如果粒子形状偏离球形较大,仅有单次散射反照率可以近似用等体积球体的单次散射反照率来等效,例如,轴半径比为16的旋转椭球体沙尘粒子的单次散射反照率偏离其等体积球体仅在3%以内。     

掺杂对随机取向团簇粒子辐射特性的影响

利用Bruggeman有效介质理论得到了占有不同体积份额杂质的团簇粒子的等效复折射率.采用离散偶极子近似方法对包含有不同化学成分的随机取向团簇粒子的散射相函数、消光、吸收、散射效率因子、单次散射反照率以及不对称因子等辐射特性参量进行了数值计算,深入探讨了掺杂量对随机取向团簇粒子辐射特性的影响.研究表明,掺杂对随机取向团簇粒子的辐射特性产生显著的影响,并且此影响随着粒子尺度参量的变化而变化.这一工作对研究多种化学成分组成的混合气溶胶的辐射及气候效应具有重要科学价值.     

可见光波段卷云散射特性的研究

卷云一般分布在对流层上部到平流层下部,主要由各种形状的冰晶粒子组成。卷云散射特性的研究利用了前期建立的单个冰晶粒子散射性质数据库,并且假定卷云中粒子谱分布符合Г分布,计算得出可见光波段卷云平均散射性质：消光效率因子、吸收效率因子、单次散射反照率、非对称因子与有效尺度以及波长的变化关系。其次对计算得出的变化曲线进行分析得...     

随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特性研究

利用离散偶极子近似方法研究卷云中随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的取向比对散射特性的影响,数值计算了在小尺度范围内随机取向六角形冰晶粒子的散射特征量,包括散射相函数、消光效率因子、不对称因子、单次散射反照率和线偏振度。研究表明:取向比对随机取向六角形冰晶粒子散射特征量的影响比较明显,并且此影响随着粒子尺度参数的变化而变化,与入射波长无关;相同尺度参量和不同取向比粒子的散射相函数的角分布曲线均有一个交点,并且随着粒子尺度参量的增加,交点所对应的散射角度值逐渐向小角度方向移动。此研究结果为气溶胶粒形检测和识别提供了理论依据。     

取向比对圆柱状冰晶粒子光散射特性的影响

利用T矩阵方法研究卷云中圆柱状粒子取向比对散射特性的影响,计算了在小尺度范围内圆柱状冰晶粒子的散射特征量如散射相函数、消光效率因子、不对称因子及单次散射反照率,并将计算结果与等表面积、等体积及等效体积与投影面积比三种情况下的球形粒子的相应值进行了对比.结果表明:体积与投影面积比等效最接近真实值;取向比对不同尺度柱状粒子散射特性的影响存在相似性且有必要加以考虑;此外,发现等表面积、不同取向比粒子的散射相函数有一交点.     

掺杂对氧化铝粒子辐射特性的影响

本文分析了广杂质以及掺杂形态对固体发动机尾喷焰内Al2O3粒子辐射特性的影响.利用Bruggeman有效介质珲论研究了Al2O3粒子掺杂不同体积的炭黑后等效光学常数随温度的变化规律,考虑了粒子在熔点附近相态的变化,重点研究掺杂量对吸收指数的影响规律,发现随着含炭量增加,吸收指数逐渐增大.以米氏理论为基础研究了不同尺寸的含炭黑Al2O3粒子吸收因子的变化情况,发现在某一粒子尺寸参数(x=πD/λ)和复折射率组合下吸收因子的数值会出现峰值.     

内混合强吸收气溶胶粒子光散射的等效性

 以黑碳和水两种成分组成的内混合单分散气溶胶粒子为例，根据其各消光效率因子、吸收效率因子和散射相函数，分析了用等效折射率来描述含有不同成分的内混合气溶胶系统的适用性。结果表明：在瑞利散射区和几何光学区内，内核（碳粒）体积比为0.01,0.1,0.5,0.9时，消光效率在大多数尺度参数下等效性都很好，但在米散射区内相对较差；当体积比大于0.3时，其吸收效率、消光效率等效性较好；除瑞利散射区外，散射相函数在各体积比下的等效性都很差。当考虑内混合气溶胶粒子系统的散射和吸收特性时，一般不难找到等效折射率，但在光散射技术中，应用相函数反演等效折射率的可靠性还有待商榷。     

Radiative properties of cirrus clouds in the infrared (8–13 μm) spectral region

Atmospheric radiation in the infrared (IR) 8–13 μm spectral region contains a wealth of information that is very useful for the retrieval of ice cloud properties from aircraft or space-borne measurements. To provide the scattering and absorption properties of nonspherical ice crystals that are fundamental to the IR retrieval implementation, we use the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to solve for the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter of the phase function for ice crystals smaller than 40 μm. For particles larger than this size, the improved geometric optics method (IGOM) can be employed to calculate the asymmetry parameter with an acceptable accuracy, provided that we properly account for the inhomogeneity of the refracted wave due to strong absorption inside the ice particle. A combination of the results computed from the two methods provides the asymmetry parameter for the entire practical range of particle sizes between 1 and 10,000 μm over the wavelengths ranging from 8 to 13 μm. For the extinction and absorption efficiency calculations, several methods including the IGOM, Mie solution for equivalent spheres (MSFES), and the anomalous diffraction theory (ADT) can lead to a substantial discontinuity in comparison with the FDTD solutions for particle sizes on the order of 40 μm. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a novel approach called the stretched scattering potential method (SSPM). For the IR 8–13 μm spectral region, we show that SSPM is a more accurate approximation than ADT, MSFES, and IGOM. The SSPM solution can be further refined numerically. Through a combination of the FDTD and SSPM, the extinction and absorption efficiencies are computed for hexagonal ice crystals with sizes ranging from 1 to 10,000 μm at 12 wavelengths between 8 and 13 μm.

Calculations of the cirrus bulk scattering and absorption properties are performed for 30 size distributions obtained from various field campaigns for midlatitude and tropical cirrus cloud systems. Ice crystals are assumed to be hexagonal columns randomly oriented in space. The bulk scattering properties are parameterized through the use of second-order polynomial functions for the extinction efficiency and the single-scattering albedo and a power-law expression for the asymmetry parameter. We note that the volume-normalized extinction coefficient can be separated into two parts: one is inversely proportional to effective size and is independent of wavelength, and the other is the wavelength-dependent effective extinction efficiency. Unlike conventional parameterization efforts, the present parameterization scheme is more accurate because only the latter part of the volume-normalized extinction coefficient is approximated in terms of an analytical expression. After averaging over size distribution, the single-scattering albedo is shown to decrease with an increase in effective size for wavelengths shorter than 10.0 μm whereas the opposite behavior is observed for longer wavelengths. The variation of the asymmetry parameter as a function of effective size is substantial when the effective size is smaller than 50 μm. For effective sizes larger than 100 μm, the asymmetry parameter approaches its asymptotic value. The results derived in this study can be useful to remote sensing studies of ice clouds involving IR window bands.     

高分子介质中Al_2O_3微粒子的光学截面及散射强度分布的计算

本文利用 A.L.Aden和 M.Kerker微粒子 Mie散射理论计算了处于高分子介质中的Al2 O3微粒子的消光截面、散射截面以及散射强度分布函数 ,并和它们在空气介质中的结果进行了比较。     

Scattering and absorption of light by ice particles: Solution by a new physical-geometric optics hybrid method

A new physical-geometric optics hybrid (PGOH) method is developed to compute the scattering and absorption properties of ice particles. This method is suitable for studying the optical properties of ice particles with arbitrary orientations, complex refractive indices (i.e., particles with significant absorption), and size parameters (proportional to the ratio of particle size to incident wavelength) larger than ∼20, and includes consideration of the edge effects necessary for accurate determination of the extinction and absorption efficiencies. Light beams with polygon-shaped cross sections propagate within a particle and are traced by using a beam-splitting technique. The electric field associated with a beam is calculated using a beam-tracing process in which the amplitude and phase variations over the wavefront of the localized wave associated with the beam are considered analytically. The geometric-optics near field for each ray is obtained, and the single-scattering properties of particles are calculated from electromagnetic integral equations. The present method does not assume additional physical simplifications and approximations, except for geometric optics principles, and may be regarded as a “benchmark” within the framework of the geometric optics approach. The computational time is on the order of seconds for a single-orientation simulation and is essentially independent of the size parameter. The single-scattering properties of oriented hexagonal ice particles (ice plates and hexagons) are presented. The numerical results are compared with those computed from the discrete-dipole-approximation (DDA) method.     

Test of Mie-based single-scattering properties of non-spherical dust aerosols in radiative flux calculations

We simulate the single-scattering properties (SSPs) of dust aerosols with both spheroidal and spherical shapes at a wavelength of 0.55 μm for two refractive indices and four effective radii. Herein spheres are defined by preserving both projected area and volume of a non-spherical particle. It is shown that the relative errors of the spheres to approximate the spheroids are less than 1% in the extinction efficiency and single-scattering albedo, and less than 2% in the asymmetry factor. It is found that the scattering phase function of spheres agrees with spheroids better than the Henyey–Greenstein (HG) function for the scattering angle range of 0–90°. In the range of ～90–180°, the HG function is systematically smaller than the spheroidal scattering phase function while the spherical scattering phase function is smaller from ～90° to 145° but larger from ～145° to 180°.We examine the errors in reflectivity and absorptivity due to the use of SSPs of equivalent spheres and HG functions for dust aerosols. The reference calculation is based on the delta-DISORT-256-stream scheme using the SSPs of the spheroids. It is found that the errors are mainly caused by the use of the HG function instead of the SSPs for spheres. By examining the errors associated with the delta-four- and delta-two-stream schemes using various approximate SSPs of dust aerosols, we find that the errors related to the HG function dominate in the delta-four-stream results, while the errors related to the radiative transfer scheme dominate in the delta-two-stream calculations. We show that the relative errors in the global reflectivity due to the use of sphere SSPs are always less than 5%. We conclude that Mie-based SSPs of non-spherical dust aerosols are well suited in radiative flux calculations.     

On geometric optics and surface waves for light scattering by spheres

A geometric optics approach including surface wave contributions has been developed for homogeneous and concentrically coated spheres. In this approach, a ray-by-ray tracing program was used for efficient computation of the extinction and absorption cross sections. The present geometric-optics surface-wave (GOS) theory for light scattering by spheres considers the surface wave contribution along the edge of a particle as a perturbation term to the geometric-optics core that includes Fresnel reflection–refraction and Fraunhofer diffraction. Accuracies of the GOS approach for spheres have been assessed through comparison with the results determined from the exact Lorenz–Mie (LM) theory in terms of the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor in the size–wavelength ratio domain. In this quest, we have selected a range of real and imaginary refractive indices representative of water/ice and aerosol species and demonstrated close agreement between the results computed by GOS and LM. This provides the foundation to conduct physically reliable light absorption and scattering computations based on the GOS approach for aerosol aggregates associated with internal and external mixing states employing spheres as building blocks.