基于WSGGM模型修正的对冲火焰燃烧分区特性研究

本文利用灰气体加权平均模型(Weighted Sum of Gray Gases Model,WSGGM)对对流扩散火焰模型(OPPDIF)中的能量方程进行修正,并对高温扩散均相燃烧结构模型(Hot Diluted Diffusion Ignition,HDDI)在常规空气和富氧环境进行对冲火焰燃烧数值模拟。结果表明,相对于标准模型,采用修正模型所得到的温度分布在常规空气和富氧气氛下均较低且温度分布特性变化较大。本文进一步明确无焰燃烧的临界条件,对高温扩散均相燃烧模型分析表明,在T_f较高且X_f较低时,甲烷燃料的化学热解区域消失,燃料在燃烧周期内只表现出热释放特性。通过建立的燃烧区域和燃烧路径分析得知,无焰富氧燃烧相比于空气无焰燃烧更容易达到但更难维持,而相对于常规有焰燃烧,无论是在常规空气气氛下还是在富氧气氛下,其化学反应速率均下降一个量级。而由于富氧环境下的CO_2富集,抑制了H和OH基团的生成,使得C1反应链更加具有活性。     

煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱实验研究

针对煤粉燃烧辐射光谱问题,利用光纤光谱仪对煤粉平面火焰炉实验装置煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱进行了测量,详细分析了煤粉辐射光谱特征,并基于普朗克辐射传热定律,通过对光谱仪波长响应特性的标定,得到火焰绝对辐射强度随波长的分布情况,进而利用最小二乘法获得火焰温度与辐射率参数,由此提出基于煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱测量的火焰参数测量方法。利用该方法对不同燃烧条件下煤粉燃烧参数进行测量,开展了不同燃烧参数下煤粉火焰辐射光谱实验研究,研究结果表明：煤粉燃烧火焰辐射在200～1 100 nm波段具有较强且连续的光谱特征,基于普朗克辐射定律与最小二乘法可实现煤粉燃烧火焰温度与辐射率的测量;煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱在590,766,769和779 nm附近可见明显的Na和K等碱金属痕量元素原子光谱发射谱线,并且这些原子谱线的出现与火焰温度有关;随着煤粉浓度的提高,虽然燃烧温度变化不大,但由于火焰辐射率的增加,造成辐射光谱强度的大幅提升。这对锅炉煤粉燃烧优化具有重要参考价值。     

基于光谱诊断的烃类火焰碳烟形成机理研究综述

碳烟主要是烃类燃料不完全燃烧生成的产物,其对人类健康、空气质量以及燃烧装置的使用寿命都会产生有害影响。碳烟生成是一个复杂的物理化学过程,控制碳烟排放,需要克服碳烟生成和燃烧过程中物理和化学演化的巨大差异,这些差异表现为对碳烟纳观结构和表面官能团随碳烟氧化活性反应变化的深入探索研究。近些年,研究人员对碳烟的生成机理开展了系列研究,对碳烟生成各个物理化学反应阶段有了一定认识。结合光谱诊断技术可深入了解燃烧系统碳烟形成过程,确定碳烟颗粒分子组成、精细结构、浓度分布等特征,也可从碳烟结构变化、黑体辐射强度等方面详细了解碳烟形成过程。该文旨在阐述光谱诊断技术对烃类火焰碳烟表征的研究进展和发展趋势,探讨LIBS, LII和LIF等作为诊断工具在包含背景辐射的火焰中检测碳烟生成过程产生辐射强度准确性等问题。主要介绍了烃类火焰碳烟的形成机理(从前驱体产生、生长到颗粒生成、凝聚,最后进行颗粒氧化)。总结了探测碳烟性质光谱诊断方法的应用以及光谱诊断技术对燃烧过程中碳烟表征的研究现状,包括对碳烟体积分数、温度和基于图像处理的碳烟结构表征,反应碳烟前驱体(多环芳烃)、反应气氛、温度等对碳烟颗粒物生成的影响。最...     

红外光谱的二硫化碳火焰光谱辐射特性研究

近年来,化工领域对二硫化碳需求日益增多,而二硫化碳具有易燃易爆等特点。在生产过程中易发生火灾事故,危害性极大,易造成经济损失和人员伤亡。在火灾事故危害研究中,火焰光谱研究极有必要。因为火焰光谱中含有大量信息,包括火焰温度、燃烧组分、各个波段的热辐射强度等信息。以二硫化碳燃料为研究对象,搭建了火焰光谱测试平台,主要由VSR红外光谱仪、伸缩装置、燃烧器组成,测试了5 cm燃烧尺度下二硫化碳、苯乙烯、乙腈、乙酸乙酯燃料在1～14μm红外波段上燃烧火焰光谱,以及二硫化碳分别与苯乙烯、乙腈、乙酸乙酯三种不同燃料按照1∶1混合的火焰光谱,获取了二硫化碳火焰光谱特征波段,构建了二硫化碳火焰光谱特征库。在燃料单独燃烧火焰光谱研究中,二硫化碳燃料燃烧时火焰呈蓝色不发烟,其火焰光谱辐射主要来自于高温下SO_2, CO_2和H_2O三种分子辐射,其中SO_2特征峰为4.05, 7.4和8.51μm, CO_2特征峰为2.7和4.3μm, H_2O特征峰为2.5, 2.7和5.5～7μm,乙腈、乙酸乙酯燃料燃烧火焰光谱特征基本一致,火焰光谱辐射主要来自于高温下CO_2, H_2O分子辐射,苯乙烯火焰光谱辐射除了高温气体辐射外还有较强的炭黑辐射,炭黑辐射中心波长在7μm,温度大约在414 K。除此之外,苯乙烯燃料与其他三种化学品相比,在3.6μm波段处存在独有的C—H健伸缩振动峰。二硫化碳火焰燃烧产物与苯乙烯、乙腈、乙酸乙酯三种燃料相比具有独有的SO_2分子,其在4.05, 7.4和8.51μm处存在特有的特征峰,这些特征峰可作为航天探测识别其火灾依据之一;在燃料混合燃烧火焰光谱研究中,二硫化碳与苯乙烯、乙腈、乙酸乙酯三种燃料混合燃烧时,燃烧火焰光谱特征基本相似,火焰光谱辐射主要来自高温下CO_2, H_2O和SO_2分子辐射,实验表明,在混合燃烧时,二硫化碳的火焰光谱特征峰未被其他燃料的组分干扰,特征峰仍然明显。这一研究结果可为后续利用航天遥感探测技术探测识别二硫化碳火灾研究奠定基础。     

纳秒脉冲激光诱导空气等离子体的近红外辐射特性

开展纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体近红外辐射特性的实验研究,对波长为532 nm的脉冲ns激光诱导产生的空气等离子体的近红外光谱进行测量.结果表明:空气等离子体的近红外辐射在光谱范围为1100-2400 nm内由连续谱和线状谱组成,光谱指认表明线谱主要来源于N,O原子的中性原子谱和氮分子的振动光谱.通过对连续谱的分析得知,黑体辐射是连续辐射的主要来源.空气中波长1128 nm附近的辐射,可能是N和O中性原子谱的贡献.保持真空腔内气压不变,改变腔内氮气和氧气气体组分含量,分析测得的红外光谱数据,可知混合气体中氧气和氮气含量变化只对波长为1128 nm附近的辐射有影响.利用二元线性回归分析对数据进行分析后得知,氧气对波长为1128 nm附近的辐射贡献较大.最后从电离难易的角度分析造成这一结果的原因.     

0~#柴油燃烧初期火焰光谱分析

为推进柴油燃烧初期智能识别与抑制灭火技术的发展,通过小尺度油池实验和光谱分析的方法,首次对0~#柴油燃烧初期火焰光谱进行了初步研究,得到0~#柴油燃烧初期火焰光谱的整体特性:在200~380nm的近紫外波段,光谱强度最弱,强度与波长关系不大,特征谱带数量最少,基本没有明显的谱峰;在380~780nm的可见光波段,光谱强度最强,强度随波长的增大而增大,特征谱带最多,存在较多明显的谱峰;在780~1 100nm的近红外波段,光谱强度相对较大,在780nm处出现强度的拐点,强度随波长的增大而减小,特征谱带较多,存在一定数量较为明显的谱峰。进一步对其火焰光谱进行分析得到:燃烧过程中主要的中间产物自由基包括OH,CN,CH,C_2,H2O等;火焰光谱中主要的特征谱带包括OH自由基306.4nm系统谱带和振动转动谱带、CN自由基紫色光区和红色光区谱带、CH自由基431.5nm谱带、C_2自由基Swan和Phillips近红外谱带、H2O分子振动转动谱带等;特征谱带特征波长及时间的分布情况和主要生成机制;在本实验批次0~#柴油中存在金属K元素,其特征谱线在761和769nm处出现明显的谱峰;在431,512,516,547,589,766,769,891和927nm出现较为明显的特征谱峰,适合作为0~#柴油燃烧初期火焰识别的标志。     

低碳化学品火焰红外光谱辐射特性研究

低碳化学品火灾事故风险高、危害极大,探究低碳化学品火焰光谱特性对探测识别该类火灾危害污染意义重大,但目前国内外对大型低碳化学品火灾事故产生有毒、有害的硫化物（SO_X）和氮化物（NO_X）气体等相关研究较少。通过搭建1.2～12 μm红外波段火焰光谱测试实验平台,对二硫化碳、92#汽油和酒精进行5,14和20 cm三种不同燃烧尺度火焰光谱测试,探究火焰燃烧尺度对高温火焰分子辐射光谱的影响。随着燃烧尺度的增大,火焰辐射强度增强和特征波段出现增宽现象。分析5 cm 燃烧尺度下四种典型化学品中液化天然气（LNG）、丙烯腈、乙腈和95#汽油不同的火焰光谱特征。通过用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测量高温黑体炉的不同温度,对火焰光谱信号进行辐射定标,得出准确的辐射定标系数,从而得到高温火焰分子发射的辐射亮度值。并且与HITRAN数据库模拟大气压1 atm、温度1 300 K单一的SO₂,H₂O,CO₂和NO₂分子辐射光谱进行对比分析。其中高温火焰分子光谱主要有7.3～7.6,8.7和4.0 μm SO₂波段、1.8～2.1和6.4 μm H₂O波段和4.2～4.6 μm CO₂波段,以及2.5～2.9 μm H₂O和CO₂共同波段。高温NO₂气体未达到红外光谱仪的检测限,通过HITRAN数据库模拟可知6.0～6.4,3.4和2.4 μm NO₂波段。为了进一步区分各种化学品火焰光谱,对定标后的火焰光谱信号进行归一化处理,用db2小波基函数进行6层分解得到高频部分近似系数和低频部分的细节系数,通过对比不同化学品高温火焰光谱的近似和细节系数的差异。结果表明,二硫化碳火焰光谱特征和小波分析的化学品火焰光谱特征,可作为区分低碳化学品与油料重要依据,并为后续遥感探测低碳化学品特征污染物、组分浓度反演以及识别评估其污染危害奠定重要基础。     

测量冲击温度的六通道瞬态光学高温计

 研制了一台测量冲击载荷下材料光谱辐射的瞬态光学高温计。在可见光和近红外光谱范围内，把光源的热辐射取出六个波段进行测量。每个波段信号通过各自的光线传输，光电倍增管探测和示波器记录。系统的时间分辨率约为20 ns。冲击温度测量范围为2 400~9 000 K，测量误差小于3%。给出了以空气和NaI警惕为样品的若干爆轰实验结果。     

利用火焰发射光谱来研究汽油机的燃燃过程

本文用一套精密的光电转换系统，采集了一台汽油机燃烧过程中火焰辐射在可见光到近紫外波段内的光谱，探测到了燃烧中间产物ＣＨ、ＣＮ、Ｃ２、Ｈ２Ｏ等的特征光谱，并分析了这些产物在燃烧过程中的变化规律，以及随过量空气系数，缸内压力的变化。实验结果表明，汽油机三个不同的燃烧阶段具有不同的燃烧光谱特征：着火过程中，存在着大量的处于激发态的分子、原子、离子、自由基等活化中心的束缚态光谱，随着燃烧发展，ＣＨ、Ｃ２自     

气化炉内柴油火焰光谱辐射特性及CH*二维辐射特性研究

火焰的自发辐射光谱与火焰的结构、温度分布等燃烧特征参数密切相关。对激发态自由基辐射的辐射强度与二维分布进行研究,可清晰地反映火焰燃烧状态而不对火焰产生扰动。基于多喷嘴对置式气流床气化实验平台,利用光纤光谱仪和配置CCD相机的高温内窥镜,对柴油扩散火焰的辐射光谱及CH*辐射二维分布特性进行研究。考察了当量比和撞击作用对火焰辐射光谱和CH*辐射分布的影响。结果表明,柴油火焰在306.47及309.12 nm处存在OH*辐射特征峰,在431.42 nm处存在CH*辐射特征峰,且存在明显的碱金属原子Na*(589.45 nm),K*(766.91和770.06 nm)发射光谱。此外,由于柴油不完全燃烧生成大量碳黑,在辐射光谱的可见光波段产生了强烈的连续黑体辐射。火焰中的黑体辐射对CH*辐射特征峰的检测存在干扰,且当量比越低时背景辐射越强,对自由基特征峰检测干扰越大。基于普朗克定律利用插值法可扣除430 nm附近波段背景辐射。柴油火焰中CH*辐射峰值随当量比的增加单调减小,CH*辐射等值线沿火焰发展方向依次出现三峰状、双峰状及单峰状,最终收缩为以反应核心区为中心的圆核。随着当量比的提高,出现各个形状的CH*辐射强度阈值不断降低,火焰主反应区面积减小且向下游移动,当量比增加到1.0附近时,理论上柴油完全燃烧,CH*辐射强度显著降低,贫燃火焰的CH*辐射强度及分布区域几乎稳定不变。利用CH*辐射强度值判定火焰举升长度,对于单喷嘴射流火焰,火焰举升长度随当量比的增加经历了显著增加后小幅下降的过程。相同当量比时两喷嘴撞击火焰CH*辐射强度峰值始终高于单喷嘴射流火焰对应值;火焰举升长度随当量比的增加小幅增加。火焰撞击的约束作用使得火焰举升长度不易随着当量比变化发生较大波动,燃烧更加稳定。这为定量判断火焰燃烧状态提供了一种直观、有效的方法,同时为柴油燃烧的化学动力学研究提供了实验依据。     

Effect of stoichiometric mixture fraction on soot fraction and emission spectra with application to oxy-combustion

Many proposed oxy-combustion concepts for carbon capture incorporate the recycling of flue gas which is used as a dilution gas to aid in the control of temperature and heat flux. Improvements in efficiency may be realized by significantly reducing the recycle flue gas (RFG), however, in application, care must be taken to avoid excessive radiant heat flux and gas temperature. One of the features oxy-combustion, unlike air-fired combustion, is that the oxygen and dilution gases are initially separated. RFG can, for example, be strategically blended with either the fuel stream, or oxidizer stream, or both, which affects the stoichiometric mixture fraction, Z_st. In this work, the effects of the amount of dilution, or RFG, and Z_st on soot fraction are experimentally investigated in a laminar coflow flame. Carbon dioxide is employed as the dilution gas to simulate the recycling of dry flue gas. Soot fraction and temperature are quantitatively determined by a flame image processing technique. In addition, the visible and near-IR emission spectra are given. When dilution, or RFG, is reduced, while holding Z_st constant, soot formation and thermal radiation increase due to higher temperature. However, high temperature flames with reduced or zero soot are achieved by increasing Z_st via the combination of fuel dilution and oxygen enrichment. This study highlights the inherent flexibility of oxy-fuel combustion, which offers the opportunity to control flame temperature and gas volume while independently controlling soot formation and radiant heat transfer.     

The importance of thermal radiation transfer in laminar diffusion flames at normal and microgravity

The importance of radiation heat loss in laminar and turbulent diffusion flames at normal gravity has been relatively well recognized in recent years. There is currently lack of quantitative understanding on the importance of radiation heat loss in relatively small scale laminar diffusion flames at microgravity. The effects of radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption on the structure and soot formation characteristics of a coflow laminar ethylene/air diffusion flame at normal- and microgravity were numerically investigated. Numerical calculations were conducted using GRI-Mech 3.0 combustion chemistry without the NO_x mechanism and complex thermal and transport properties, an acetylene based soot formation model, and a statistical narrow-band correlated-k non-grey gas radiation model. Radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption in the microgravity flame were found to be much more important than their counterparts at normal gravity. It is important to calculate thermal radiation transfer accurately in diffusion flame modelling under microgravity conditions.     

Effects of radiation heat loss on laminar premixed ammonia/air flames

Ammonia (NH₃) direct combustion is attracting attention for energy utilization without CO₂ emissions, but fundamental knowledge related to ammonia combustion is still insufficient. This study was designed to examine effects of radiation heat loss on laminar ammonia/air premixed flames because of their very low flame speeds. After numerical simulations for 1-D planar flames with and without radiation heat loss modeled by the optically thin model were conducted, effects of radiation heat loss on flame speeds, flame structure and emissions were investigated. Simulations were also conducted for methane/air mixtures as a reference. Effects of radiation heat loss on flame speeds were strong only near the flammability limits for methane, but were strong over widely diverse equivalence ratios for ammonia. The lower radiative flame temperature suppressed the thermal decomposition of unburned ammonia to hydrogen (H₂) at rich conditions. The equivalence ratio for a low emission window of ammonia and nitric oxide (NO) in the radiative condition shifted to a lower value than that in the adiabatic condition.     

Prediction of soot and thermal radiation in a model gas turbine combustor burning kerosene fuel spray at different swirl levels

Combustion of kerosene fuel spray has been numerically simulated in a laboratory scale combustor geometry to predict soot and the effects of thermal radiation at different swirl levels of primary air flow. The two-phase motion in the combustor is simulated using an Eulerian–Lagragian formulation considering the stochastic separated flow model. The Favre-averaged governing equations are solved for the gas phase with the turbulent quantities simulated by realisable k–? model. The injection of the fuel is considered through a pressure swirl atomiser and the combustion is simulated by a laminar flamelet model with detailed kinetics of kerosene combustion. Soot formation in the flame is predicted using an empirical model with the model parameters adjusted for kerosene fuel. Contributions of gas phase and soot towards thermal radiation have been considered to predict the incident heat flux on the combustor wall and fuel injector. Swirl in the primary flow significantly influences the flow and flame structures in the combustor. The stronger recirculation at high swirl draws more air into the flame region, reduces the flame length and peak flame temperature and also brings the soot laden zone closer to the inlet plane. As a result, the radiative heat flux on the peripheral wall decreases at high swirl and also shifts closer to the inlet plane. However, increased swirl increases the combustor wall temperature due to radial spreading of the flame. The high incident radiative heat flux and the high surface temperature make the fuel injector a critical item in the combustor. The injector peak temperature increases with the increase in swirl flow mainly because the flame is located closer to the inlet plane. On the other hand, a more uniform temperature distribution in the exhaust gas can be attained at the combustor exit at high swirl condition.     

Numerical study of the effects of gravity on soot formation in laminar coflow methane/air diffusion flames under different air stream velocities

Numerical simulations of laminar coflow methane/air diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure and different gravity levels were conducted to gain a better understanding of the effects of gravity on soot formation by using relatively detailed gas-phase chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties coupled with a semi-empirical two-equation soot model. Thermal radiation was calculated using the discrete-ordinates method coupled with a non-grey model for the radiative properties of CO, CO₂, H₂O, and soot. Calculations were conducted for three coflow air velocities of 77.6, 30, and 5 cm/s to investigate how the coflowing air velocity affects the flame structure and soot formation at different levels of gravity. The coflow air velocity has a rather significant effect on the streamwise velocity and the fluid parcel residence time, especially at reduced gravity levels. The flame height and the visible flame height in general increase with decreasing the gravity level. The peak flame temperature decreases with decreasing either the coflow air stream velocity or the gravity level. The peak soot volume fraction of the flame at microgravity can either be greater or less than that of its normal gravity counterpart, depending on the coflow air velocity. At sufficiently high coflow air velocity, the peak soot volume fraction increases with decreasing the gravity level. When the coflow air velocity is low enough, soot formation is greatly suppressed at microgravity and extinguishment occurs in the upper portion of the flame with soot emission from the tip of the flame owing to incomplete oxidation. The numerical results provide further insights into the intimate coupling between flame size, residence time, thermal radiation, and soot formation at reduced gravity level. The importance of thermal radiation heat transfer and coflow air velocity to the flame structure and soot formation at microgravity is demonstrated for the first time.     

Effect of soot shape on soot radiation

It is increasingly recognized that soot particles play an important role in the radiative heat transfer from flames and smoke. After their formation, these minute particles usually conglomerate into different forms, with the limiting shapes being the spheres and long chains which can be modeled as infinite cylinders. The present work analyzes the effect of soot shape on soot radiation. The spectral extinction coefficient of spheres, being lower than that of the cylindrical particles, falls off rapidly in the near i.r. The shape effect on soot radiation is found to be more pronounced at low temperatures than at high temperatures. In flame radiation calculations the radiative contribution of the various conglomerated soot shapes can be properly accounted for by assuming spherical and polydisperse soot particles. Based on the extinction characteristics of the particles, an experimental method for determining the amount of spherical and cylindrical particles in a soot cloud is suggested.     

A computational framework for predicting laminar reactive flows with soot formation

Numerical modeling is an attractive option for cost-effective development of new high-efficiency, soot-free combustion devices. However, the inherent complexities of hydrocarbon combustion require that combustion models rely heavily on engineering approximations to remain computationally tractable. More efficient numerical algorithms for reacting flows are needed so that more realistic physics models can be used to provide quantitative soot predictions. A new, highly-scalable combustion modeling tool has been developed specifically for use on large multiprocessor computer architectures. The tool is capable of capturing complex processes such as detailed chemistry, molecular transport, radiation, and soot formation/destruction in laminar diffusion flames. The proposed algorithm represents the current state of the art in combustion modeling, making use of a second-order accurate finite-volume scheme and a parallel adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm on body-fitted, multiblock meshes. Radiation is modeled using the discrete ordinates method (DOM) to solve the radiative transfer equation and the statistical narrow-band correlated-k (SNBCK) method to quantify gas band absorption. At present, a semi-empirical model is used to predict the nucleation, growth, and oxidation of soot particles. The framework is applied to two laminar coflow diffusion flames which were previously studied numerically and experimentally. Both a weakly-sooting methane–air flame and a heavily-sooting ethylene–air flame are considered for validation purposes. Numerical predictions for these flames are verified with published experimental results and the parallel performance of the algorithm analyzed. The effects of grid resolution and gas-phase reaction mechanism on the overall flame solutions were also assessed. Reasonable agreement with experimental measurements was obtained for both flames for predictions of flame height, temperature and soot volume fraction. Overall, the algorithm displayed excellent strong scaling performance by achieving a parallel efficiency of 70% on 384 processors. The proposed algorithm proved to be a robust, highly-scalable solution method for sooting laminar flames.     

燃料敏感性对内燃机部分预混燃烧(PPC)光谱特性的影响研究

在一台光学发动机上,利用火焰高速成像技术和自发光光谱分析法,研究了燃料敏感性(S)为0和6时对发动机缸内火焰发展和燃烧发光光谱的影响。试验过程中,通过改变喷油时刻 (SOI=-25,-15和-5°CA ATDC) 使燃烧模式从部分预混燃烧过渡到传统柴油燃烧模式。通过使用正庚烷、异辛烷、乙醇混合燃料来改变燃料敏感性。结果表明,在PPC模式下(-25°CA ATDC),火焰发展过程是从近壁面区域开始着火,而后向燃烧室中心发展,即存在类似火焰传播过程,同时在燃烧室下部未燃区域也形成新的着火自燃点。敏感性对燃烧相位影响较大,对缸内燃烧火焰发展历程影响较小;高敏感性燃料OH和CH带状光谱出现的时刻推迟,表明高敏感性燃料高温反应过程推迟,且光谱强度更低,表明碳烟辐射强度减弱。在PPC到CDC之间的过渡区域(-15°CA ATDC),燃烧火焰发光更亮,燃烧反应速率比-25°CA ATDC时刻的反应速率更快。高、低敏感性燃料对缸压放热率的影响规律与-25°CA ATDC相近,此时的燃烧反应更剧烈,放热率更高,碳烟出现时刻更早。该喷油时刻下的光谱强度高于PPC模式下的光谱强度,说明此时的CO氧化反应与碳烟辐射更强。在CDC模式下(-5°CA ATDC),由于使用的燃料活性较低,燃烧放热时刻过于推迟,放热量很小,缸内燃烧压力低,因此燃料敏感性对缸压和放热率的影响不明显,但从燃烧着火图像中可以看到高敏感性燃料的火焰出现时刻较低敏感性燃料推迟。低敏感性燃料的燃烧初期蓝色火焰首先出现在燃烧室中心,着火火焰出现时刻更早,之后蓝色火焰从中心向周围扩散,呈现火焰传播为主导的燃烧过程;燃烧后期,局部混合气过浓区导致亮黄色火焰面积逐渐增大并向周围扩散。高敏感性燃料的火焰发展趋势与低敏感性燃料类似,黄色火焰的亮度与面积更小。尽管高、低敏感性燃料的OH和CH带状光谱的出现时间相近,但高敏感性燃料的光谱强度仍更低。综合分析,火焰发展结构与自发光光谱特征主要受喷油时刻的影响,燃料的敏感性主要影响着火时刻和火焰自发光光谱强度,且高敏感性燃料的光谱强度更低。     

基于光谱分析的油料池火内部传热特性研究

油料池火焰内部分为不同燃烧区域,目前对油池火内部传热特性研究较少。针对油池火内部传热特性研究不足的现状,构建了红外火焰光谱测试系统,研究分析了92#汽油、95#汽油及润滑油池火焰红外光谱特性,对油池火焰不同燃烧区域的光谱信息进行了提取分析,结果表明：三种油料池火焰光谱特征相似,存在多个CO₂,H₂O及炭黑颗粒等燃烧产物的特征发射波段,3.4 μm处C—H伸缩振动峰明显;火焰烟气区主要光谱特征为4～4.5 μm波段范围内高温CO₂发射峰,该区域火焰与空气换热剧烈,温度变化不稳定,火焰脉动频率较高;火焰间歇区的光谱特征是4～4.5 μm波段范围内高温CO₂发射峰,与烟气区相比,火焰间歇区脉动频率相对较低;与烟气区及间歇区相比,火焰连续区燃烧较为稳定,该区域的光谱特征明显,在2.5～3 μm波段范围内炭黑粒子发射光谱强度较高,且在3.4 μm处存在C—H伸缩振动峰,表明油料池火焰光谱3.4 μm处的特征峰由高温油蒸汽产生。油池火焰不同燃烧区域光谱特征分析表明,油池火焰液态油表面的“富燃料层”吸收火焰传热,引起3.4 μm附近油蒸汽分子能级的改变。油池火焰不同燃烧区域发射光谱强度计算表明,火焰连续区的强度最大,其次为间歇区,火焰烟气区与空气对流强烈,测得的发射光谱强度最低。研究结果为火焰—油料传热模型的修正提供了参考。