表面颗粒污染物诱导薄光学元件初始损伤的机理

基于光传输理论研究了前表面颗粒污染物诱导薄光学元件产生初始损伤的原因,提出了颗粒遮光效应和颗粒造成的光学元件局部热变形两者共同作用对光束进行扰动的损伤机理.研究结果表明:对于高功率激光光束,薄光学元件局部热变形对光束的扰动是产生较高光强调制的重要原因;随着激光脉冲发射次数的增加,局部热变形的表面形状、位相延迟幅度、热扩散长度不断变化,会在光学元件内不同厚度处和后表面xy方向上的不同位置处产生较高的光强调制,不仅容易引起后表面产生多个损伤点,也可能在光学元件内就产生损伤,并且在厚度方向上的损伤点是分散的.     

激光器光学系统光机热集成分析方法

论述了光机热集成分析方法原理及接口多项式,并将其应用于某激光器光学系统进行光机热集成分析。该分析方法首先对光学系统进行热分析、结构有限元分析计算,获取激光辐照下光学元件表面的结构变形;其次,对有限元计算的光学元件变形结果数据进行Zernike面形拟合处理;最后将变形后的光学表面导入到通用光学设计分析软件,分析激光器光学系统变形后产生的各类光学像差。结果表明:利用集成分析方法能够分析光学元件产生热变形对激光系统成像质量造成的影响,为光学系统设计提供参考。     

大口径光学元件重力变形补偿的设计分析

根据弹性板壳理论,建立了大口径光学元件的几种理论模型.提出了一种补偿大口径光学元件重力变形的方法,该方法通过在透镜镜框边缘施加作用力,使透镜产生与重力变形反向的挠性变形,抵消重力变形的影响.建立了带镜框的大口径透镜的分析模型,证明了通过优化施加力的大小和支撑点位置使透镜产生挠性变形的方法能有效消除重力变形的影响.     

表面杂质诱导薄膜元件的热应力损伤EI北大核心CSCD

基于薄膜元件的热力学理论,建立了强激光连续辐照下薄膜元件的热分析模型,模拟了薄膜元件表面杂质吸热后向周围薄膜进行热传递的过程,并讨论了表面洁净度等级和杂质尺寸对薄膜元件热应力损伤的影响。研究结果表明:强激光连续辐照下,表面杂质会吸收激光能量产生较大的温升,激光辐照时间越长,功率密度越大,杂质的温升也越大;吸热后,达到熔点的杂质和未达到熔点的杂质分别通过热传导和热辐射的方式向周围薄膜传递热量,通过热传导作用在薄膜元件表面引起的温升明显高于热辐射作用引起的;杂质向周围薄膜传递热量后会在薄膜元件上产生非均匀的温度梯度,进而产生热应力,热应力随着温度梯度的增加而增大,且处于一定尺寸范围内的杂质,更容易诱导薄膜元件热应力损伤;此外,薄膜元件的表面洁净度等级越高,杂质粒子的数目越多,越易于造成薄膜元件的热应力损伤。     

大口径光学元件重力变形补偿的设计分析

根据弹性板壳理论,建立了大口径光学元件的几种理论模型。提出了一种补偿大口径光学元件重力变形的方法,该方法通过在透镜镜框边缘施加作用力,使透镜产生与重力变形反向的挠性变形,抵消重力变形的影响。建立了带镜框的大口径透镜的分析模型,证明了通过优化施加力的大小和支撑点位置使透镜产生挠性变形的方法能有效消除重力变形的影响。     

一阶不连续光学元件MRF流体动力学分析方法

一阶不连续光学元件的磁流变抛光问题是制约我国高精高效光学制造领域发展的难题之一,其涉及锥形、矩形等几何形貌元件的光学元件加工问题以及常见光学元件的边缘效应控制问题。提出了基于一阶不连续光学元件的磁流变抛光流体动力学方法,建立了该类元件抛光区域流体动力分析的理论方法和数值手段。首先,对磁流变抛光工况下的流场进行了合理假设,其次,从微元流体动力方程出发,建立了适用于一阶不连续面形的流场分析方法,最后,基于有限差分法和数值迭代方法建立了流场控制方程的数值计算方法。通过对切入距离为1~18 mm的抛光过程进行数值仿真,发现该方法所获取的一阶不连续面形的压力分布形态是正确的,产生的不连续压降与实验观测一致。     

表面杂质诱导薄膜元件的热应力损伤

基于薄膜元件的热力学理论,建立了强激光连续辐照下薄膜元件的热分析模型,模拟了薄膜元件表面杂质吸热后向周围薄膜进行热传递的过程,并讨论了表面洁净度等级和杂质尺寸对薄膜元件热应力损伤的影响。研究结果表明:强激光连续辐照下,表面杂质会吸收激光能量产生较大的温升,激光辐照时间越长,功率密度越大,杂质的温升也越大;吸热后,达到熔点的杂质和未达到熔点的杂质分别通过热传导和热辐射的方式向周围薄膜传递热量,通过热传导作用在薄膜元件表面引起的温升明显高于热辐射作用引起的;杂质向周围薄膜传递热量后会在薄膜元件上产生非均匀的温度梯度,进而产生热应力,热应力随着温度梯度的增加而增大,且处于一定尺寸范围内的杂质,更容易诱导薄膜元件热应力损伤;此外,薄膜元件的表面洁净度等级越高,杂质粒子的数目越多,越易于造成薄膜元件的热应力损伤。     

力学边界对透射型光学元件激光破坏阈值的影响

 建立了激光与透射型光学元件相互作用的热弹性力学模型,解析求解了自由、固定以及一种人为边界条件下光学元件热-力学响应的定解问题。研究发现,不同的边界条件对破坏阈值有很大的影响。针对光学元件中热应力的演变情形,设计了一种“最佳”边界,消除了激光作用过程中产生的拉应力,从而使破坏阈值在理论上达到最大值。     

干涉检测中环境温度引起的镜面变形分析

在达到1 nm量级的光学元件表面面形干涉检验时,被检元件由温度变化引起的面形偏差是不能忽略的.分析了干涉检验时存在的各种环境温度情况,对不同情况下被检元件内外温度分布进行了仿真,并将温度场作为静力学分析的载荷条件,进行了镜面温度变形分析.计算出了带支撑的直径为300 mm凸球面透镜在不同温度分布下的镜面变形量,并通过球...     

用于激光二极管抽运固体激光器热畸变补偿的MEMS微变形镜设计

以MEMS微变形镜驱动方式的选取为出发点,从光学特性和力学特性两方面对MEMS微变形镜进行分析.从中得出相关结构参数对微变形镜性能的影响关系.并在此基础上结合补偿激光二极管抽运固体激光器(DPL)热畸变的使用要求设计了一种新型MEMS连续面型微变形镜,并采用设计的MEMS变形镜搭建了一个闭环自适应光学实验系统,补偿了激光光束的热畸变.实验结果显示该MEMS连续面型微变形镜可对腔内畸变进行有效补偿,同时提高了激光器的输出功率及光束质量.     

激光辐照热障涂层中平面应变问题的热弹性变分分析

 针对激光辐照热障涂层材料的平面应变问题，提出热障涂层热弹性分析的基本方程，对定常温度场给出级数形式解析解，并用最小余能原理和变分法分析了结构的热弹性应力场，研究了最大应力和界面应力的分布特征，并就一些物理参数的影响进行了讨论。结果表明，热障涂层的主要破坏因素为表面拉伸应力，界面应力相对较小，但在自由边界有集中现象，剥落应力大于剪切应力，是导致涂层破坏的重要原因。涂层厚度增加会改变厚度方向上的应力分布，界面应力向中心集中。     

High temperature thermal behaviour modeling of large-scale fused silica optics for laser facility

High temperature annealing is often used for the stress control of optical materials.However,weight and viscosity at high temperature may destroy the surface morphology,especially for the large-scale,thin and heavy optics used for large laser facilities.It is necessary to understand the thermal behaviour and design proper support systems for large-scale optics at high temperature.In this work,three support systems for fused silica optics are designed and simulated with the finite element method.After the analysis of the thermal behaviours of different support systems,some advantages and disadvantages can be revealed.The results show that the support with the optical surface vertical is optimal because both pollution and deformation of optics could be well controlled during annealing at high temperature.Annealing process of the optics irradiated by CO2 laser is also simulated.It can be concluded that high temperature annealing can effectively reduce the residual stress.However,the effects of annealing on surface morphology of the optics are complex.Annealing creep is closely related to the residual stress and strain distribution.In the region with large residual stress,the creep is too large and probably increases the deformation gradient which may affect the laser beam propagation.     

Optical design and active optics methods in astronomy

Optical designs for astronomy involve implementation of active optics and adaptive optics from X-ray to the infrared. Developments and results of active optics methods for telescopes, spectrographs and coronagraph planet finders are presented. The high accuracy and remarkable smoothness of surfaces generated by active optics methods also allow elaborating new optical design types with high aspheric and/or non-axisymmetric surfaces. Depending on the goal and performance requested for a deformable optical surface analytical investigations are carried out with one of the various facets of elasticity theory: small deformation thin plate theory, large deformation thin plate theory, shallow spherical shell theory, weakly conical shell theory. The resulting thickness distribution and associated bending force boundaries can be refined further with finite element analysis.     

Edge misfit dislocation formation at the interface of a nanopore and infinite substrate with surface/interface effects

The model of an edge misfit dislocation at the interface of the hollow nanopore and the infinite substrate with surface/interface stress is investigated. Using the complex variable method, analytical solutions for complex potentials of a film due to an edge misfit dislocation located in the film with surface/interface effect are derived, and the stress fields of the film and the edge misfit dislocation formation energy can be obtained. The critical conditions for edge misfit dislocation formation are given at which the generation of an edge misfit dislocation is energetically favourable. The influence of the ratio of the shear modulus between the film and the infinite substrate, the misfit strain, the radius of the nanopore and the surface/interface stress on the critical thickness of the film is discussed.     

栅极热变形对离子推力器工作过程影响分析

栅极热变形是影响离子推力器性能和寿命的重要因素. 采用三维粒子方法对栅极系统等离子体输运过程进行模拟, 对比、分析栅极热变形前后栅极系统的电子返流限制、导流系数限制、离子通过率和发散角损失. 结果表明: 栅极热变形增大了屏栅离子通过率和推力器推力值, 并由于加速栅截止电流阈值的提高拓展了推力器工作电流区间, 但电子返流阈值的明显降低对栅极系统可靠工作造成了不利影响.     

Finite‐element modelling of multilayer X‐ray optics

Multilayer optical elements for hard X‐rays are an attractive alternative to crystals whenever high photon flux and moderate energy resolution are required. Prediction of the temperature, strain and stress distribution in the multilayer optics is essential in designing the cooling scheme and optimizing geometrical parameters for multilayer optics. The finite‐element analysis (FEA) model of the multilayer optics is a well established tool for doing so. Multilayers used in X‐ray optics typically consist of hundreds of periods of two types of materials. The thickness of one period is a few nanometers. Most multilayers are coated on silicon substrates of typical size 60 mm × 60 mm × 100–300 mm. The high aspect ratio between the size of the optics and the thickness of the multilayer (10⁷) can lead to a huge number of elements for the finite‐element model. For instance, meshing by the size of the layers will require more than 10¹⁶ elements, which is an impossible task for present‐day computers. Conversely, meshing by the size of the substrate will produce a too high element shape ratio (element geometry width/height > 10⁶), which causes low solution accuracy; and the number of elements is still very large (10⁶). In this work, by use of ANSYS layer‐functioned elements, a thermal‐structural FEA model has been implemented for multilayer X‐ray optics. The possible number of layers that can be computed by presently available computers is increased considerably.     

Analysis of axisymmetric shell structures under axisymmetric loading by the flexibility method

A method is developed for the static stress and deformation analysis of axisymmetric shells under axisymmetric loading by reduction of the shell to ring sections. In particular, the wall thickness of the shell may vary and the method is applicable to the analysis of shells with irregular meridional geometry. Explicit expressions for the influence coefficients for each ring element are derived. In the development of these expressions, exact evaluation of stresses in the circumferential direction of the ring is used. The distribution of stresses in the meridional direction of the ring element is assumed to be linear with each element. By using the derived influence coefficients, the unknown forces at the junctures of the ring elements are found by the standard flexibility method of indeterminate structural analysis. Subsequently, the displacements and internal stresses are determined. Example solutions for a flat circular plate under transverse loading and for a cylindrical shell under a boundary edge loading show excellent agreement with solutions found by solving the governing differential equations.     

Magnetohydrodynamic and radiation effects on the heat transfer of a continuously stretching/shrinking sheet with mass transpiration of the horizontal boundary

The aim of this paper is the investigation of heat transfer regarding the cases of both stretching and shrinking sheets with a sponge-like horizontal wall that allows for mass transpiration. The effects of Prandtl number, radiation and external magnetic field are extensively examined. The Navier-Stokes equations are reduced to partial differential equations, which are eventually become ordinary differential equations and solved analytically. Furthermore, the power-law wall temperature and heat flux boundary conditions are imposed on the boundary layer energy equation for obtaining exact analytical solutions. The results revealed that in both the stretching and shrinking sheet scenarios the thickness of the thermal boundary layer decreases with either increasing of transpiration as well as the Chandrasekhar and Prandtl number numbers or decreasing radiation number. Additionally, the characteristics of the heat transfer regarding a shrinking sheet and those of a stretching sheet are found not to be similar. In fact, a new solution branch appeared which indicates that multiple solutions may emerge under certain circumstances. Finally, by using the present analytical relationships, theoretical guidelines can be given for regulating the procedure.     

Three-dimensional free vibration of thick functionally graded annular plates in thermal environment

The free vibration analysis of functionally graded (FG) thick annular plates subjected to thermal environment is studied based on the 3D elasticity theory. The material properties are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction. Considering the thermal environment effects and using Hamilton's principle, the equations of motion are derived. The effects of the initial thermal stresses are considered accurately by obtaining them from the 3D thermoelastic equilibrium equations. The differential quadrature method (DQM) as an efficient and accurate numerical tool is used to solve both the thermoelastic equilibrium and free vibration equations. Very fast rate of convergence of the method is demonstrated. Also, the formulation is validated by comparing the results with those obtained based on the first-order shear deformation theory and also with those available in the literature for the limit cases, i.e. annular plates without thermal effects. The effects of temperature rise, material and geometrical parameters on the natural frequencies are investigated. The new results can be used as benchmark solutions for future researches.     

─维热激波的解析解

 在小变形假设下，利用Laplace变换，导出了有限厚及无限厚材料中X射线辐照热激波的解析解。