利用SEM,XRD和FTIR研究四种化学预处理对楸木木屑酶解的影响（英文）

利用NaOH,Ca(OH)_2,H_2SO_4和HCl四种溶液对楸木木屑进行化学预处理,发现两种碱预处理均能显著提高楸木木屑的酶解效率。采用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对四种化学预处理后的楸木木屑进行观察和分析。SEM观察发现,四种化学预处理对楸木木屑的纤维表面均有不同程度的破坏与侵蚀,其中Ca(OH)_2的破坏效果最为明显。XRD谱图表明,碱预处理对楸木木屑纤维素的非晶体结构产生破坏,导致其结晶度升高,而经过酸预处理后楸木木屑纤维素的结晶度没有明显变化。FTIR谱图显示,酸碱预处理对楸木木屑中半纤维素和木质素的分子结构均有不同程度的破坏,碱预处理过程中木质素的高效溶出可能是楸木木屑酶解效率显著提高的主要原因。     

乙酸和亚硫酸钠协同处理对泡桐组分及结构特性的影响

预处理是木质纤维材料高效转化为燃料乙醇的关键步骤之一。通过预处理可以实现木质素及半纤维素等屏障性组分的大量移除,增加纤维素酶对纤维素的生产性吸附,从而有效提高后续的酶水解得率。泡桐(Paulownia)年产量大、生长周期短、加工废料多,是制备生物能源和其他化学品极具潜力的原料。为实现泡桐木质生物质原料到生物乙醇的高效转化,促进泡桐原料的高效酶水解,故而对原料进行预处理以打破其原有的生物抗性,降解并脱除酶水解屏障性组分,暴露并保留更多纤维素组分。本研究以泡桐作为实验材料,使用乙酸协同亚硫酸钠对原料进行化学预处理,分析不同处理方法对原料化学组分及结构特性的影响。组分分析显示:预处理后,样品葡聚糖相对含量均有不同程度增加,其中碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理泡桐增加最为明显。数据显示,碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理具有很好的脱木素作用,同时可以降解溶出部分木聚糖组分,因此其葡聚糖相对含量显著增加至67.48%(未处理泡桐的葡聚糖相对含量为46.81%)。此外,分别采用FTIR, XRD及XPS等表征方法对所有泡桐样品的理化结构进行分析,以探究不同预处理对样品结构产生的影响。FTIR分析表明:碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理后木质素特征吸收明显减弱,纤维素特征吸收增强,表明木质素有一定脱除,纤维素相对含量有所增加。XRD分析显示:预处理后泡桐纤维表面受到破坏,木质素及半纤维素等无定型物质被部分脱除,纤维素结晶度均有不同程度增加。其中,碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理后纤维素结晶度显著增加至58.98%(未处理材的纤维素结晶度约为40.23%), 002峰位向右侧偏移,衍射峰衍射强度明显增强,峰形变高且尖锐程度增大; XPS分析表明:碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理后,样品表面碳水化合物含量增加,表面木质素含量减少。所有表征分析均显示碱性亚硫酸钠协同处理对泡桐结构破坏性最大,木质素降解脱除程度最高,纤维素保留程度最好,这有助于增加纤维素酶对纤维素的可及性,有效提高后续的纤维素酶水解效率,进而促进泡桐原料到燃料乙醇的高效转化。结构表征分析结果与化学组分规律保持一致。     

抗降解屏障差异的杂交杨木萃取分离的FTIR光谱研究

植物细胞壁复杂的化学物理结构形成生物质抗降解屏障,严重阻碍了生物质材料的转化利用。本研究选用三种不同抗降解特性的自然变异杂交杨木,采用复合溶剂体系对原料木质素、半纤维素和纤维素进行萃取分离。利用FTIR和XRD表征样品萃取分离前后微观结构的变化。结果显示,2 910, 1 420, 1 100, 1 030以及900 cm^-1的吸收峰为纤维素的特征峰;这些特征峰在低抗降解性样品中强度变化高于抗降解性高的样品谱图;抗降解程度低的原料萃取分离效率高、纤维素固体得率高,其萃取处理后所得纤维素结晶度最高,达到84.5%,而HR-Factionation的木质素去除率和纤维素结晶度最低,仅为77.6%和81.3%。研究结果表明,在萃取分离过程中,原料抗降解性与木质素去除率成正比,与纤维素的结晶度和可消化率成反比。     

辐照前处理木质纤维素的研究进展

本文对几种主要的辐照前处理木质纤维素方法的效果和特点进行较为全面的比较和总结,旨在阐述微波、紫外线、γ射线、X射线、电子束、离子束等方式辐照前处理木质纤维素对其结构改变的机理尤其重点探讨了重离子辐照前处理引起木质纤维素同质异形体（I_α → I_β）的转换机制。木质纤维素结晶度与酶消化率呈强相关性,重离子辐照前处理可使木质纤维素中木质素和半纤维素部分破坏,导致其相对结晶度增加,从而增强了纤维素酶与木质纤维素的可及度,提高了酶解产率。因而,通过适当剂量的重离子辐照前处理可以显著提高酶对木质纤维素的生物转化效率和还原糖的产量,这为辐照前处理提高木质纤维素的综合利用提供了理论指导。     

XRD与NMR的热处理竹材结晶性能研究

木质纤维素的结晶度研究方法较多,但目前观点不一。采用三种不同的热处理方法(稀酸,碱及甘油高温处理)并基于X射线衍射(XRD)和固体核磁共振技术(CP/MAS 13 NMR),综合研究竹材结晶度变化规律,通过X射线衍射参数及高斯函数曲线分析结晶纤维素C-4区域的信号面积分析,获得不同的化学热处理介入下竹材化学成分及结晶度变化机理。结果表明:经过化学热处理后,竹材的结晶度指数总体增加,碱处理002峰尖锐程度增大,并向大角度方向偏移明显,002晶面宽度变大,结晶区层间距尺度变小。CP/MAS 13 NMR与XRD结果基本一致,但是计算值偏小。未处理竹材在84.6ppm信号处分裂成两个峰顶,88.7和83.1ppm,,表明C-4在热处理过程中发生了从纤维素Ⅰ~Ⅱ的化学转换,从化学结构变化的角度证明了碱处理可以有效破坏竹子纤维之间的内结合阻力,并产生高度活性纤维素,对于实现木质纤维素原料的高效生物转化利用提供指导。     

共聚焦显微拉曼光谱研究碱处理对稻秸发酵制沼气的影响

碱水解法以其方便高效成为稻秸发酵制沼气中广泛采用的化学预处理方法,但是碱水解对于稻秸细胞壁中高聚物成分及其空间致密交联结构的作用机理有待深入研究。采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱和透射电镜研究了NaOH碱处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。首先对未处理稻秸和碱处理稻秸进行微米级空间分辨率的拉曼光谱面扫描,然后对这两类样本进行主成分分析,发现累计贡献率达99%的前两个主成分空间中两类样本分别呈射线状分布,两类样本分界线清楚表明碱处理导致稻叶组织的拉曼光谱响应特性发生了明显变化;进一步分析前两个主成分的载荷图,发现拉曼峰1 739,1 508和1 094 cm-1是影响主成分的重要谱带,而这三个拉曼峰分别归属于半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼散射效应;结合半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼特征峰和显微图像信息实现了组织细胞中三种成分的化学成像分析,发现碱处理破坏了稻叶组织中上述三种成分的致密空间结构,并使它们的含量明显减少,尤其是木质素。由此得出结论：共聚焦显微拉曼光谱可实现稻叶组织细胞中半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的无损检测,结合显微空间信息可实现稻秸中三种成分的化学成像分析,该研究有助揭示碱处理促进秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的作用机理。     

基于XRD与FTIR的碱钢渣胶凝材料复合激发机理研究

以Na₂SiO₃、NaOH和Ca(OH)₂制备碱溶液,然后利用碱溶液对钢渣进行活化处理。分别研究Na₂SiO₃用量、NaOH用量和Ca(OH)₂用量对碱钢渣胶凝材料的力学性能影响,获得最优力学性能的碱钢渣胶凝材料。采用XRD,FTIR和SEM对最优力学性能的碱钢渣胶凝材料进行表征。结果表明,当NaOH用量为4.50 g、Na₂SiO₃用量为11.25 g和Ca(OH)₂用量为6.75 g时,碱钢渣胶凝材料的力学性能最优。Na₂SiO₃对碱钢渣胶凝材料的7 d抗压强度影响显著,NaOH对碱钢渣胶凝材料的3 d抗压强度影响显著,Ca(OH)₂对碱钢渣胶凝材料的28 d抗压强度影响显著。Na₂SiO₃,NaOH和Ca(OH)₂碱性物质的加入促使钢渣形成稳定的C-S-H凝胶与沸石类相。     

黑杨受拉木纤维细胞组分及孔隙分布拉曼光谱成像数据研究

倾斜阔叶木枝干弯曲部位的上端在拉伸应力影响下通常会形成受拉木。区别于受拉伸部位下方的对应木,受拉木细胞壁通常会出现理化特性变异的现象,主要归因于细胞次生壁内侧胶质层的形成。采用透射电子显微成像技术揭示了黑杨受拉木与对应木纤维细胞壁分层结构特点,并借助532 nm共聚焦显微拉曼光谱成像（空间分辨率约为0.5 μm）及图像叠加技术在原位状态对比了受拉木与对应木纤维细胞壁主要组分分布规律、分布相关性以及细胞壁水平的孔隙分布特点。通过纤维素、半纤维素及木质素-CH非对称伸缩振动（2 942 cm-1）特征峰峰面积积分成像成功地区分出受拉木与对应木纤维细胞壁各个亚层。在此基础上采用数据归一化处理实现平均拉曼光谱中纤维素（1 094 cm-1）与木质素（1 598 cm-1）、木聚糖（904 cm-1）与木质素（1 598 cm-1）特征峰成像叠加,结果表明相比于临近的次生壁及胞间层,受拉木胶质层含有更高浓度的纤维素;与对应木相比,受拉木纤维素和木聚糖浓度在整个细胞壁形态区域呈增强趋势,木质素浓度在次生壁区域有所增强。相邻细胞壁线扫描分析结果表明沿着细胞腔向复合胞间层区域过渡时纤维素、木质素及木聚糖的浓度均呈现明显的区域选择性及梯度变化规律。特征峰积分成像得出受拉木胶质层孔隙结构最为丰富,但其次生壁及胞间层区域孔隙分布程度较对应木低。以上研究结果有助于深化对受拉木特殊理化特性及形成机制的理解,同时拓展了显微拉曼光谱技术在植物细胞壁孔隙结构研究领域的应用。     

中低温下钠碱对氢氧化钙干式吸收HCl气体的改良

用很稀的NaOH、Na2CO3、NaCl溶液代替纯水消化生石灰,测试并比较生成的Ca（OH）2与不含这些物质的Ca（OH）2在中低温段（200～300℃）净化酸性气体HCl的反应能力．试验表明用钠碱NaOH和Na2CO3溶液消化生成的Ca（OH）2较用纯水和NaCl溶液消化生成的Ca（OH）2具有更高的反应能力,即钠碱对Ca（OH）2具有改良作用．初步研究表明,含有钠碱的氢氧化钙反应能力较高的主要原因有：（1）孔容积和比表面积提高;（2）孔隙率分布改善,最佳孔径区（50～200A）内的BJH孔隙率和比表面积递增密度增大;（3）反应产物层疏松多孔,减少了扩散阻力．     

热处理竹材的化学成分傅里叶变换红外光谱分析

化学热处理是实现可再生木质生物能源中纤维素高效利用及半纤维素糖化转换的关键步骤。通过预处理过程可以快速去除难溶木质素,实现细胞壁中半纤维素的物理化分离,使得植物细胞壁中化学成分发生变化,从而增加木质纤维素的产出量。以硫酸(H₂SO₄)、稀碱(NaOH)及甘油(glycerol)为预处理介质,采用不同的热处理温度(硫酸(H₂SO₄)、稀碱(NaOH)热处理温度为117和135 ℃;甘油(glycerol)热处理温度为117 ℃)),对竹材处理前后的主要化学组分进行对比分析,并通过傅里叶变换红外光谱进一步证实化学热处理前后竹材化学组分的变化,以获得不同的化学热处理介入下竹材化学成分转换的主要变化规律和机理。结果表明：热化学处理后竹材的纤维素产出量明显增加。纤维素得率及木质素的去除率在不同的处理介质条件下的变化规律为,稀碱(NaOH)处理效果优于稀酸(H₂SO₄)和甘油(glycerol);此外,在相同介质条件下135 ℃热处理效果比117 ℃热处理效果显著。对于不同处理条件的半纤维素的降解程度大小变化结果与此相同。通过红外光谱分析可知,热处理后纤维素环状C-O-C不对称伸缩振动峰出现峰值分解,半纤维素的红外吸收特征峰出现明显陡降变化,木质素苯环特征吸收峰明显减弱,证明纤维素产出量明显增加,半纤维素降解趋势明显,木质素去除效果良好。傅里叶红外变换光谱分析结果与标准测定结果一致。     

Enzymolysis kinetics and structural characteristics of rice protein with energy-gathered ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali pretreatments

This research investigated the structural characteristics and enzymolysis kinetics of rice protein which was pretreated by energy-gathered ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali. The structural characteristics of rice protein before and after the pretreatment were performed with surface hydrophobicity and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). There was an increase in the intensity of fluorescence spectrum and changes in functional groups after the pretreatment on rice protein compared with the control (without ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali processed), thus significantly enhancing efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis. A simplified kinetic equation for the enzymolysis model with the impeded reaction of enzyme was deduced to successfully describe the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice protein by different pretreatments. The initial observed rate constants (K_in,0) as well as ineffective coefficients (k_imp) were proposed and obtained based on the experimental observation. The results showed that the parameter of k_in,0 increased after ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkali pretreatments, which proved the effects of the pretreatments on the substrate enhancing the enzymolysis process and had relation to the structure changes of the pretreatments on the substrate. Furthermore, the applicability of the simplified model was demonstrated by the enzymatic hydrolysis process for other materials.     

N-乙酰化壳聚糖的FTIR和XRD研究

壳聚糖分子的脱乙酰度(DD)是影响壳聚糖性质的主要因素之一。文章通过壳聚糖的N-乙酰化反应制备了不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线衍射(XRD)分别研究了由N-乙酰化反应得到的不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖的红外光谱特性和晶体结构,并由此分别计算确定了样品的脱乙酰度和结晶度,探讨了N-乙酰化程度对壳聚糖脱乙酰度以及结晶度的影响。 由FTIR可知,随N-乙酰程度的增加,壳聚糖分子中剩余氨基的反应速度变慢。另外XRD也表明,伴随N-乙酰反应,壳聚糖分子的结晶区被破坏,规整度下降,并逐渐形成新的结晶区。     

Effects of ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatments on the enzymolysis and structural characteristics of rice protein

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of multi-frequency energy-gathered ultrasound (MFEGU) and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments on the enzymolysis and the mechanism of two pretreatments accelerating the rice protein (RP) proteolysis process. The results showed that MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments improved significantly (P < 0.05) the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and the protein elution amount of RP. Furthermore under the same DH conditions, ultrasound and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatments were more save the enzymolysis time than the unpretreatment. The changes in UV–vis spectra, fluorescence emission spectra indicated unfolding and destruction of RP by MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments. The circular dichroism analysis showed that both pretreatments decreased α-helix but increased β-sheet and random coil of RP. Amino acid composition revealed that MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments could increase the protein elution amount and the ratio of hydrophobic amino acids. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that both pretreatments destroyed the microstructures and reduced the particle size of RP. Therefore, MFEGU and MFEGU assisted alkaline pretreatments are beneficial to improving the degree of hydrolysis due to its sonochemistry effect on the molecular conformation as well as on the microstructure of protein.     

Alkaline and ultrasound assisted alkaline pretreatment for intensification of delignification process from sustainable raw-material

Alkaline and ultrasound-assisted alkaline pretreatment under mild operating conditions have been investigated for intensification of delignification. The effect of NaOH concentration, biomass loading, temperature, ultrasonic power and duty cycle on the delignification has been studied. Most favorable conditions for only alkaline pretreatment were alkali concentration of 1.75 N, solid loading of 0.8% (w/v), temperature of 353 K and pretreatment time of 6 h and under these conditions, 40.2% delignification was obtained. In case of ultrasound-assisted alkaline approach, most favorable conditions obtained were alkali concentration of 1 N, paper loading of 0.5% (w/v), sonication power of 100 W, duty cycle of 80% and pretreatment time of 70 min and the delignification obtained in ultrasound-assisted alkaline approach under these conditions was 80%. The material samples were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD and TGA technique. The lignin was recovered from solution by precipitation method and was characterized by FTIR, GPC and TGA technique.     

前驱溶液的pH值对制备Ca2Zn4Ti16O38 ∶ Pr3+,Na+ 发光粉物相、形貌和发光性质的影响

以钛酸丁酯、醋酸钙、醋酸锌、柠檬酸和乙二醇为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ ∶ Pr³⁺, Na⁺ 发光粉。研究了前驱溶液的pH值对溶胶-凝胶转变过程、发光粉物相组成、样品形貌和发光性质的影响。通过热重-差热分析(TG/DTA)、X射线衍射(XRD)分析、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对前驱物分解、发光粉物相和颗粒大小进行了研究。采用荧光光谱对材料的光谱性质进行了表征。研究发现前驱溶液pH ≤ 3时,所得发光粉样品为蓬松的、颗粒均匀的单相Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈粉末,红色余辉时间较长;随着pH值增大,逐渐有杂质相TiO₂、CaTiO₃和Zn₂TiO₄生成,并且样品颗粒逐渐变大,颗粒团聚呈现不规则形状,余辉时间变短。结果表明,只有在pH ≤ 3条件下以溶胶-凝胶法制备Ca₂Zn₄Ti₁₆O₃₈ ∶ Pr³⁺, Na⁺ 发光粉下才能获得被日光有效激发,并呈现余辉衰减慢的红色长余辉(644 nm)发光。     

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw Irradiated by Electron Beam in Presence of Peracetic Acid Solution

Abstract

Radiation pretreatments of wheat straw in the presence of peracetic acid solutions were carried out using an electron beam accelerator, in which the effects of various treatment conditions on the enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated in detail. As irradiation dose was increased, the effect of a combination of peracetic acid and irradiation on the enzymatic hydrolysis was remarkable. The combination of irradiation and pulverization was effective for reducing the size of wheat straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw irradiated with high irradiation doses (500 kGy above) was accelerated by a water-washing treatment after irradiation.     

纳米纤维素碱法制备及光谱性质

在纳米尺寸范围操控纤维素分子,由此创制出具有优异功能的新纳米材料是纤维素科学的前沿领域。纳米纤维素作为一种可再生生物材料已成为国内外研究热点,研究开发新型的简单、绿色、低能耗、快速、高效的纳米纤维素制备方法显得尤为重要。该研究采用简易可行的碱性水解法制备得到粒径较小且分散性较好的纳米纤维素。同时采用了电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪和傅里叶红外光谱仪对所制备纳米纤维素进行了表征,研究了其结构与谱学性质。所制备样品为准球形纳米纤维素,颗粒尺寸约为20～40 nm,样品仍属于纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为79.71%,晶粒平均尺寸为3～6 nm。结果表明,碱水解法制备纳米纤维素方法具有简易可行、得率高的优点,研究可为纳米纤维素的高效制备提供一条新途径。     

Different multi-scale structural features of oat resistant starch prepared by ultrasound combined enzymatic hydrolysis affect its digestive properties

In this research, oat resistant starch (ORS) was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation cycle (ORS-A), enzymatic hydrolysis (ORS-B), and ultrasound combined enzymatic hydrolysis (ORS-C). Differences in their structural features, physicochemical properties and digestive properties were studied. Results of particle size distribution, XRD, DSC, FTIR, SEM and in vitro digestion showed that ORS-C was a B + C-crystal, and ORS-C had a larger particle size, the smallest span value, the highest relative crystallinity, the most ordered and stable double helix structure, the roughest surface shape and strongest digestion resistance compared to ORS-A and ORS-B. Correlation analysis revealed that the digestion resistance of ORS-C was strongly positively correlated with RS content, amylose content, relative crystallinity and absorption peak intensity ratio of 1047/1022 cm⁻¹ (R_1047/1022), and weakly positively correlated with average particle size. These results provided theoretical support for the application of ORS-C with strong digestion resistance prepared by ultrasound combined enzymatic hydrolysis in the low GI food application.     

Effect of multi-frequency power ultrasound (MFPU) treatment on enzyme hydrolysis of casein

Effect of multi-frequency power ultrasound (MFPU) pretreatments on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and mechanism of casein during alcalase enzymolysis was investigated. Results showed that MFPU pretreatment in tri-frequency 20/40/60 kHz mode significantly (p < 0.05) improved the DH value of casein. Variation of intrinsic fluorescence spectrum indicated the unfolding and degradation of casein occurred after MFPU pretreatment. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that α-helix and β-sheet content of MFPU pretreated casein decreased, while β-turn and random coil content increased. Surface topography and nanostructures of caseins were found modified after MFPU pretreatments by the analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SEM analysis also indicated that the enzymolysis residues of casein pretreated by MFPU were smaller than untreated samples. In conclusion, the MFPU can be used as an efficient pretreatment method to promote the enzymolysis of casein.