基于三维表面增强拉曼基底的水中多环芳烃检测

为了快速检测水中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),制备了一种高灵敏度的三维表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)基底。将GMA-EDMA多孔材料与参数优化的金纳米颗粒相结合,形成了高灵敏度三维SERS活性基底。相比仅用参数优化的金溶胶SERS基底,该三维SERS基底的信号强度有近一个数量级的增强,相比未调pH值的金溶胶基底,增强效果有2~3个数量级的提高,且具有良好的重复性,该基底内探测相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.78%~9.27%,基底间RSD为2.05%。利用该基底对三种较有代表性的多环芳烃菲、芘、苯并(k)荧蒽进行了SERS光谱探测,得到检测限分别为9.0×10~(-10),2.3×10~(-10),5.9×10~(-10) mol·L~(-1)。结果表明,这种检测方法操作简便、重复性好、灵敏度高,可以实现水中多环芳烃的痕量检测。     

多环芳烃的表面增强拉曼光谱探测与分析

首次实现了以参数优化的金溶胶为表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)活性基底探测水中痕量的多环芳烃。采用化学还原法制备不同颗粒大小的金溶胶,实验确定了632.8 nm激发光下的最优金纳米颗粒的平均粒径为(32±3) nm,并以此金溶胶为基底,探索pH值对多环芳烃增强效果的影响,发现pH=13效果最佳,与pH=6相比谱线绝对强度提高约20倍。以粒径为(32±3) nm,pH=13的金溶胶为活性基底对不同浓度萘、菲、芘溶液进行了SERS光谱探测,探测到的最低浓度分别为20,4和4 nmol·L-1,特征峰强与浓度呈线性关系,线性拟合相关系数均在0.985以上,三者混合溶液的SERS光谱可清晰分辨出各自的特征峰。结果表明,该实验所采用的SERS活性基底灵敏度较高,具有广阔的应用前景。     

多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性研究

利用时间分辨荧光光谱技术,研究了菲、荧蒽、芴、蒽、芘等五种多环芳烃的荧光时间分辨发射光谱特性。以289 nm受激拉曼光作为激发光源,研究了289 nm激发光作用下五种多环芳烃的延时特性和门宽特性。并以多环芳烃随延时时间的荧光峰强度衰减关系曲线,得到菲、荧蒽、芴、芘的荧光寿命分别为37.0, 32.7, 10.9, 147.0 ns。不同荧光物质具有特定的荧光光谱特性,多环芳烃时间分辨荧光光谱特性的研究可以为复杂水体中不同种类多环芳烃的诊断提供依据。     

基于比色法和表面增强拉曼光谱双传感系统检测水中的芘

设计了一种基于AgNPs-AuNPs的核-卫星纳米结构检测水样中多环芳烃芘的比色和SERS双通道传感系统。首先将单巯基β-环糊精修饰到纳米金颗粒和纳米银颗粒的表面。受益于氧化态的四甲基联苯胺的触发,当体系中存在多环芳烃芘时,纳米颗粒会自组装形成AgNPs-pyrene-AuNPs的核-卫星结构。芘分子在其中充当分子桥的作用,拉近纳米粒子距离,使得纳米粒子发生一定的聚集。所以芘分子的个数直接影响AgNPs-pyrene-AuNPs的核-卫星结构数量,使溶液颜色发生变化,能够通过目测法建立溶液颜色与芘浓度的关系;组装形成的的核-卫星结构具有非常丰富的“热点”而表现出较强的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)活性,可通过SERS方法实现芘分子的高灵敏高特异检测。此结构可通过比色法和SERS方法实现水中芘的高灵敏高特异性检测。该方法可以在25 min内快速完成微量芘的检测,比色法对芘的检出限为3.4μmol·L^-1, SERS法的检出限为0.42μmol·L^-1。根据上述原理,基于AgNPs-PAHs-AuNPs核-卫星结构的SERS传感器可用来检测水样中的...     

蒽芘混合溶液二维相关荧光谱定量分析研究

为了实现对水中多环芳烃的快速、准确检测,基于同步二维相关荧光谱中自相关峰强度与水中多环芳烃浓度之间的关系实现其定量分析。配置蒽芘混合水溶液19个(芘浓度范围为1×10-6~1×10-4 g·L-1)。采集了所有样品在320nm波长激发下的荧光谱。在研究单组分蒽、芘水溶液一维荧光特性和蒽芘混合水溶液二维相关荧光谱特性的基础上,建立了同步二维相关荧光谱主对角线394nm处自相关峰强度与水溶液中芘浓度之间的数学关系:F=3 003.56-2843.86c+1 436.92 C2,其复相关系数为0.999。该研究为快速检测水中多环芳烃污染物提供了一种技术手段,同时该方法也可推广到环境中其他污染物的检测中。     

金纳米粒子的制备及其表面增强拉曼散射效应的研究

采用多巴胺化学还原法制备了分散性良好的纳米金溶胶,并检测了其作为表面增强拉曼散射(Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering,SERS)基底的性质。粒度和透射电子显微镜测试结果表明金溶胶为平均粒径30nm左右的球形颗粒,并且紫外-可见特征吸收峰出现在520nm,为典型的金纳米颗粒特征吸收峰。以罗丹明6G(R6G)为探针分子证明了金溶胶良好的SERS增强效果,用金溶胶对除草剂敌草快(DQ)进行检测,最低检测限可达1×10-7 mol/L。结果表明所制备的金溶胶具有良好的表面增强拉曼散射活性。     

半导体纳米粒子SERS基底对大肠杆菌的无损检测研究

很多致命的疾病都与细菌感染密切相关,快速、准确地检测和鉴定细菌及微生物,一直是微生物学家及有关科研工作者追求的目标,拉曼光谱可以提供丰富的谱图信息,而表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)有很高的检测灵敏度,然而一些贵金属SERS基底却容易使蛋白质变性,影响检测结果。以大肠杆菌(E.Coli)作为目标检测细菌,首先检测到大肠杆菌的拉曼光谱,之后采用两种不同的SERS基底(ZnO,Ag溶胶)进行检测。结果表明Ag溶胶基底有很强且较丰富的SERS信号,但是相对于E.Coli的本体拉曼谱峰有较大位移,说明与银溶胶相互作用的细菌存在一定的蛋白质变性过程;而ZnO纳米粒子与细菌作用的SERS信号虽然较弱,但是与E.Coli的本体拉曼信号较为相似,说明ZnO纳米粒子对E.Coli本体基本无损,这将有利于SERS在生物体系的无损检测。该结果可以为利用生物相容性好的半导体SERS基底进行细菌的检测提供有益的参考。     

基于空心海胆状金纳米粒子和银/氧化锌纳米结构SERS特性的基因类肿瘤标志物高灵敏检测

基因类肿瘤标记物microRNA(miRNA)的痕量检测对于癌症早期诊断具有重要应用价值.根据空心海胆状金纳米粒子和银/氧化锌(Ag/ZnO)纳米结构的表面增强拉曼散射特性,并基于碱基互补配对原理构建探针-核酸-基底组成的"三明治"结构,提出了一种基因类肿瘤标志物miRNA的高灵敏定量检测方案.首先将捕获DNA与修饰4-巯基苯甲酸(4-MBA)的空心海胆状金纳米粒子链接作为探针,同时在Ag/ZnO纳米结构上修饰靶DNA,经与miRNA-106a互补杂交后进行SERS信号检测,获得相应的剂量-响应曲线.实验结果表明,在1 fmol·L~(-1)至1 nmol·L~(-1)的检测范围内,对miRNA-106a的检测限达到1.84 fmol·L~(-1).同时,采用实时荧光定量多聚核苷酸链式反应方法验证了基于空心海胆状金纳米粒子和Ag/ZnO纳米结构SERS特性的miRNA检测方案的可靠性.     

表面增强拉曼光谱结合不同纳米基底快速检测酸性橙Ⅱ

酸性橙Ⅱ作为一种偶氮类化工染料,具有致癌致畸性,因此,禁止添加于食品中。但由于酸性橙Ⅱ色泽鲜艳、着色力强、价格低廉,不法商家出于利益考虑非法添加于食品中用于着色,严重威胁到食品安全和消费者健康。酸性橙Ⅱ传统检测方法主要是利用仪器分析技术进行分析,但存在前处理复杂、耗时费力等缺点,不能满足快速检测识别的目的。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术作为一种快速、灵敏的新兴指纹光谱分析技术,在食品安全检测领域的应用受到广泛关注,因此,本文采用SERS光谱结合不同纳米材料增强基底,探索酸性橙Ⅱ的快速检测方法。首先实验室自制了金纳米颗粒溶胶,金纳米棒溶胶基底,并对其结构性能进行了表征,纳米溶胶基底尺度均匀、分散性良好。基于金纳米颗粒溶胶对两种拉曼激发光源(波长为633和780 nm)对酸性橙Ⅱ分析的影响进行了研究,结果表明基于633 nm激发光源酸性橙Ⅱ的SERS响应信号更强。在此基础上,对比了Klarite~(TM)商业化固体基底、实验室自制金纳米颗粒溶胶和金纳米棒溶胶基底的增强性能,不同粒径金纳米颗粒溶胶对酸性橙Ⅱ的SERS分析有明显差异,粒径为(18.0±2.0) nm金纳米溶胶展现出较好的增强性能。利用增强性能差异不大的三种纳米材料基底(Klarite~(TM)固体基底,粒径为(18.0±2.0) nm的金纳米颗粒基底,横纵比为1.8的金纳米棒基底)对系列浓度的酸性橙Ⅱ进行了SERS检测,结果表明SERS结合三种基底对酸性橙Ⅱ的最低检出浓度分别为0.2, 0.1和0.1 mg·L~(-1)。SERS强度随着酸性橙Ⅱ浓度的增加而增强,因此探索建立了酸性橙Ⅱ的定量分析模型。研究选取1 184, 1 385和1 597 cm~(-1)三个特征主峰,确定其不同浓度酸性橙Ⅱ所对应的特征峰强度,建立酸性橙Ⅱ标准溶液浓度与单个SERS特征峰强度之间的线性回归模型,决定系数R~2的范围为0.861～0.938,RMSE为0.88～1.15 mg·L~(-1), RPD为2.5～4.0,其中, 1 597 cm~(-1)特征峰强度与浓度之间的线性回归模型最佳(R~2=0.933, RMSE=0.88 mg·L~(-1), RPD=4.0),具有良好的线性相关性。研究表明采用SERS光谱技术可对酸性橙Ⅱ进行定性定量分析,可作为一种简单、快速、高灵敏的检测方法用于色素类污染物检测。     

荧光光谱法和ABC-RBF神经网络在多环芳烃浓度检测中的应用

多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)具有强致癌性,极大威胁着人类身体健康。因此,寻找一种高效、精确的多环芳烃浓度检测方法十分必要。采用FS920荧光光谱仪分析了苯并(k)荧蒽(BkF)、苯并(b)荧蒽(BbF)、苯并(a)芘(BaP)混合溶液的荧光光谱特性。发现在激发波长260~400 nm、发射波长300~500 nm范围内,混合溶液的荧光光谱重叠严重。当混合物浓度配比不同时,荧光特性也存在很大差异。针对光谱图不能直接反映混合物各组分浓度的特点,将人工蜂群(ABC)算法优化的径向基函数(RBF)神经网络应用于浓度检测中,对比分析普通RBF和ABC-RBF神经网络模型。结果表明,ABC-RBF神经网络模型预测误差相对较小,训练到95次时,均方差精度达到10~(-3)。BkF、BbF和BaP的回收率平均值分别为99.20%、99.12%和99.23%,证明此网络适用于检测多环芳烃溶液,为检测多环芳烃浓度提供了一种快速、有效的新方法。     

Trace analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using calixarene layered gold colloid film as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

A surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active substrate for the detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was developed, which used 25, 27‐dimercaptoacetic acid‐26, 28‐dihydroxy‐4‐terbutyl calix[4]arene (DMCX) to functionalize a gold colloid film. This SERS‐active substrate prepared by self‐assembly method exhibits a high sensitivity, especially for the detection of PAHs. With the use of this SERS‐active substrate and with the application of the shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS) technique, Raman signals of pyrene and anthracene in aqueous solutions at low concentration level (500 pM) can be obtained. Moreover, because PAHs are blocked from being directly adsorbed on gold colloid by DMCX and the photochemical reactions of adsorbates are avoided, the Raman bands of PAHs adsorbed on DMCX‐fuctionalized gold colloid film can be one‐to‐one correspondence with those of solid PAHs, and additionally, this SERS‐active substrate can be easily cleaned and reused. The obtained results demonstrate that the DMCX‐functionalized gold colloid films prepared by self‐assembly method have great potential to be developed to an in situ PAHs detection substrate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An improved self‐assembly gold colloid film as surface‐enhanced Raman substrate for detection of trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution

To detect trace‐level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some investigations of an improved self‐assembly method are carried out using gold colloid films for the preparation of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active substrate. Extinction spectra and scanning electron microscopy images reveal that controllable surface plasmonic metal substrates can be obtained by increasing the temperature of (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane solution up to 64.5 °C. The SERS‐active substrates have a high enhancement factor, and they can be both easily prepared and reproducible. With the use of these substrates, different concentrations of pyrene and anthracene in aqueous solutions were detected by SERS. A further enhancement can be supported by shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. Raman signals of pyrene and anthracene adsorbed on gold colloid substrates up to limits of detection at 5 and 1 nmol/l, respectively, can be obtained. The quantitative analysis shows the possibility of in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons while such gold colloid film serves as a SERS‐active substrate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancement in SERS intensity with hierarchical nanostructures by bimetallic deposition approach

We investigate the plasmonic enhancement arising from bimetallic (Au/Ag) hierarchical structure and address the fundamental issues relating to the design of multilayered nanostructures for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. SERS‐active nanosphere arrays with Ag underlayer and Au overlayer were systematically constructed, with the thickness of each layer altered from 40 to 320 nm. The SERS responses of the resultant bimetallic structures were measured with 2‐naphthalenethiol dye as the test sample. The results confirm the dependency of SERS enhancement on the thickness ratio (Au : Ag). Compared with Au‐arrays, our optimized bimetallic structures, which exhibit nanoprotrusions on the nanospheres, were found to be 2.5 times more SERS enhancing, approaching the enhancement factor of an Ag‐array. The elevated SERS is attributed to the formation of effective hot‐spots associated with increased roughness of the outer Au film, resulting from subsequent sputtering of Au granules on a roughened Ag surface. The morphology and reflectance studies suggest that the SERS hot‐spots are distributed at the junctions of interconnected nanospheres and over the nanosphere surface, depending on the thickness ratio between the Au and Ag layers. We show that, by varying the thickness ratio, it is possible to optimize the SERS enhancement factor without significantly altering the operating plasmon resonance wavelength, which is dictated solely by the size of the underlying nanospheres template. In addition, our bimetallic substrates show long‐term stability compared with previously reported Ag‐arrays, whose SERS efficiency drops by 60% within a week because of oxidation. These findings demonstrate the potential of using such a bimetallic configuration to morphologically optimize any SERS substrate for sensing applications that demand huge SERS enhancement and adequate chemical stability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of calixarene to high active surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates suitable for in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater

The characteristics of the sol–gel matrix embedding Ag nanoparticles functionalized with 25,27‐dimercaptoacetic acid‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐4‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (DMCX) suitable for the in situ detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seawater is presented. The DMCX‐functionalized silver nanoparticles were produced by the thermal reduction method in xerogel film. The silver colloid blocks were formed in the sol–gel matrix, with a diameter ranging from 50 to 120 nm. DMCX forming the monolayer on the silver nanoparticle surface contributes to the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity due to the aggregation of silver nanoparticles and the preconcentration of PAH molecules within the zone of electromagnetic enhancement. When selected, PAH molecules e.g. pyrene and naphthalene were adsorbed onto the SERS substrate; Raman band positions of PAH were slightly shifted. A calibration procedure reveals that this type of SERS substrate has a limit of detection of 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol/l for pyrene and 13 × 10⁻⁹ mol/l for naphthalene in artificial seawater. The Raman signal response on a pyrene concentration change in artificial seawater was evaluated using a 671‐nm Raman setup with a flow‐through cell. This type of SERS substrate will be suitable for the in situ trace detection of pollutant chemicals in seawater. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nanogaps in 2D Ag‐nanocap arrays for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering

The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering substrate of Ag–Ag nanocap arrays are prepared by depositing Ag film onto two‐dimensional (2D) polystyrene colloidal nanosphere templates. When the original colloidal arrays are used as the substrate for Ag deposition, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enhancements show the strong size‐dependence behaviours. When O₂‐plasma etched 2D polystyrene templates are used as the substrate for Ag deposition to form nanogaps, the gap sizes between adjacent Ag nanocaps from 5 to 20 nm generate even greater SERS enhancements. When SiO₂ coverage is deposited to isolate the Ag nanocaps from the neighbours, the SERS signals are enhanced more. The significant SERS effects are due to the coupling between Ag nanocaps controlled by the distance, which enhances the local electric‐field intensity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved performance of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering on silver substrates prepared in nitric acid solutions

In this work, we propose a new electrochemical method to prepare surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)‐active silver substrates in nitric acid solutions. Experimental results indicate that the SERS intensity of adsorbed Rhodamine 6G (R6G) can be significantly increased, as compared with that of R6G adsorbed on a SERS‐active Ag substrate prepared by an electrochemical method in a chloride‐containing solution, which was generally employed in the literature. Moreover, the SERS of R6G on the newly developed substrate (prepared in a nitric acid solution) still performs well at a high temperature of 250 °C. However, the enhancement capability of the SERS‐active substrate prepared in a chloride‐containing solution is seriously destroyed at temperatures higher than 150 °C. Further investigations indicate that the oxidation states of roughened Ag substrates prepared in nitric acid solutions under different experiment conditions have less influence on the corresponding SERS performances. Instead, different surface morphologies of roughened Ag substrates and different contents of nitrogen‐containing dopping ions on the roughened Ag substrates demonstrate significant effects on the corresponding SERS performances. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

硫氰根在金银复合基底上的表面增强拉曼光谱研究

采用自组装技术在硅基底卜进行金银纳米粒子的复合组装,通过控制组装溶液中金溶胶和银溶胶的体积比进而控制基底上金银纳米粒子的密度.采用紫外可见漫反射和SEM对复合基底进行了表征,结果显示硅基底上金银同时存在且呈亚单层均匀分布.以硫氰根为探针分子研究了纯金、纯银以及混合组装时复合基底的SERS效应.通过一系列的校正表明,在金银同时存在的复合基底上,硫氰根的三键伸缩振动频率和特征峰的形状相对于单组分基底而言都接近于在银基底上的特征谱峰.对实验结果进行分析后认为,当金银同时组装在基底上时,金和银之间有一定的耦合作用,这种耦合作用最终导致金的SERS效应逐渐趋向于银.     

金银复合体系表面增强拉曼光谱分离

采用传统自组装技术在硅片表面进行金银纳米粒子的复合组装.以吡啶为探针分子,利用金银在不同激发光线下增强效应的不同,研究了不同波长的激发光下纯金、银以及复合组装时体系的SERS效应.结果表明在金银同时组装时的增强效应强于金弱于银,同时还通过一系列校正以及差谱方法分离出金银共存时SERS中金的增强效应,并进行了相关分析,结果表明在金银同时组装的复合体系中,金银之间产生一定的耦合作用.     

A facile high‐performance SERS substrate based on broadband near‐perfect optical absorption

Plasmonic systems based on metal nanoparticles on a metal film with high optical absorption have generated great interests for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this study, we prepare a broadband‐visible light absorber consisting Au nanotriangles on the surface of a continuous optically opaque gold film separated with a dielectric SiO₂ layer, which is a typical metal‐insulator‐metal (MIM) system, and demonstrate it as an efficient SERS substrate. The MIM nanostructure, prepared using nanosphere lithography with a very large area, shows a broadband with absorption exceeding 90% in the wavelength regime of 630–920 nm. We observe an average SERS enhancement factor (EF) as large as 4.9 × 10⁶ with a 22‐fold increase compared to a single layer of Au nanotriangles directly on a quartz substrate. A maximum SERS EF can be achieved by optimizing the thicknesses of the dielectric layer to control the optical absorption. Owing to the simple, productive, and inexpensive fabrication technique, our MIM nanostructure could be a potential candidate for SERS applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.