同轴虚阴极谐振效应研究

中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所的一些实验表明由阳极反射板、阳极网和阴极发射的电子束形成的环状虚阴极围成的准谐振腔是决定同轴虚阴极输出微波功率和传输模式的关键所在. 在二极管电压350kV，电流23kA条件下，获得了500MW的微波输出功率，能量转换效率约6.2％，工作频率3.3GHz，输出微波主要由TM₀₁模式和TE₁₁模式组成. 对同轴虚阴极的谐振效应进行了分析. 关键词： 高功率微波 同轴虚阴极 谐振腔 模式竞争     

同轴虚阴极振荡器实验研究

 介绍了中国工程物理研究院应用电子学研究所关于同轴虚阴极振荡器实验的最新进展。实验结果表明，带阳极反射板结构的同轴虚阴极振荡器比不带阳极反射板结构的同轴虚阴极振荡器输出微波功率更高，频谱更纯。在二极管电压350 kV，电流23 kA条件下，输出微波峰值功率500 MW，能量转换效率约6.2%，工作频率为3.3 GHz。对实验结果进行了理论分析。     

HEM11 mode magnetically insulated transmission[2mm] line oscillator: simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) in which a modified HEM₁₁ mode is taken as its main interaction mode (HEM₁₁ mode MILO) is simulated and experimented in this paper. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure. The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region, the interaction mode is HEM₁₁ mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively; and in the coaxial output region, the microwave mode is TE₁₁ mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, HEM₁₁ mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TE₁₁-like circular polarization mode. In a preliminary experiment investigation, high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz, an output energy of 43 J-47 J, and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV-450 kV, and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.     

向内发射同轴虚阴极振荡器实验研究

 同轴型虚阴极振荡器是一种较有发展潜力的虚阴极振荡器，对西北核技术研究所近期的同轴型虚阴极振荡器实验的结果进行了介绍。实验结果表明，在不带有阳极反射板的同轴虚阴极振荡器中，产生微波的主模为TE₁₁模，与常规的轴向发射虚阴极振荡器相比，其主频稳定且带宽较窄；在二极管电压300kV，电流18kA条件下，获得了功率约为200MW的高功率微波脉冲，效率约为3.6%，工作频率为2.7GHz。     

X波段三重轴相对论速调管放大器的设计

分析了同轴腔体间隙束流与电场的相互作用,推导了同轴腔体间隙的耦合系数和电子负载电导,并设计了10⁴ W级注入微波驱动的X波段三重轴相对论速调管放大器,产生了GW级的微波功率输出.通过三维粒子模拟,设计了工作频率为9.37 GHz的三重轴相对论速调管放大器,在注入微波功率为70 kW、束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA的条件下,获得的输出微波功率达到1.1 GW,效率为37%,增益为42 dB. 关键词： 同轴腔体 束波互作用 X波段 三重轴相对论速调管放大器     

HEM₁₁ mode magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator:Simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator(MILO) in which a modified HEM 11 mode is taken as its main interaction mode(HEM 11 mode MILO) is simulated and experimented in this paper.The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure.The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region,the interaction mode is HEM 11 mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively;and in the coaxial output region,the microwave mode is TE 11 mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated.Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA,the HEM 11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation.The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TE 11-like circular polarization mode.In a preliminary experiment investigation,high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz,an output energy of 43 J-47 J,and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV-450 kV,and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.     

L波段相对论返波振荡器初步实验研究

设计了一个紧凑型L波段相对论返波振荡器(RBWO),利用Karat 2.5维全电磁粒子模拟程序研究了器件内部束-波作用的物理过程。模拟结果表明:在二极管电压700 kV、电子束流10 kA、导引磁场为1.0 T时,能实现L波段2.23 GW高功率微波输出,平均效率约为31.8%。为验证模拟结果,在高阻加速器平台上进行了初步实验:当二极管电压为703 kV、电流10.6 kA、导引磁场为0.8 T时,实验获得了峰值功率1.05 GW、频率1.61 GHz、脉宽38 ns的高功率微波输出,其功率效率为14.4%。     

紧凑型P波段相对论返波振荡器的粒子模拟

 设计了一种紧凑型P波段相对论返波振荡器,其电动力学结构是由同轴慢波结构和同轴引出结构组成的。同轴慢波结构缩小了器件的径向尺寸;同轴引出结构缩短了器件的轴向长度,且提高了束波作用效率。通过粒子模拟研究了器件内束波作用的物理过程,模拟结果表明：器件具有结构紧凑、束波作用效率高的特点。在二极管电压700 kV,电流7 kA,导引磁场1.5 T时,器件在频率833 MHz处获得较高的微波输出,饱和后输出微波的平均功率达1.58 GW,效率约为32%,器件电磁结构尺寸仅为108 mm×856 mm。     

一种高效率和高功率的双同轴虚阴极振荡器

 提出了一种双同轴虚阴极振荡器，并对其进行了理论分析和数值模拟。这种振荡器采用了一种新的能量提取结构，将波束相互作用和能量提取分开进行。提取区内轴的左端面可以反射微波，为波束相互作用提供反馈机制；同时还可以吸收在下游漂移的电子，这有利于输出功率和效率的提高。在器件的入口处注入峰值电压为500kV的梯形脉冲时，模拟得到了瞬时峰值功率大于2.5GW，周期平均的峰值功率约1.2GW的微波输出，频率为2.175GHz，能量提取效率达到11％。输出的微波保持了传统同轴虚阴极振荡器的优点，模式纯度高、谱宽非常窄。     

Simulation and design of an X-band overmoded input cavity

The RF input cavity is an important component for velocity-modulating types of microwave device,providing velocity modulation and density modulation.Conventional RF input cavities,however,encounter the problem of power capacity in the high frequency band due to the scaling law of the working frequency and device size.In this paper,an X-band overmoded input cavity is proposed and investigated.A resonant reflector is employed to reflect the microwave and isolate the input cavity from the diode and RF extractor.The resonant property of the overmoded input cavity is proved by simulations and cold tests,with PIC simulation showing that with a beam voltage of 600 kV and current of 7 kA,an input power of 90 kW is sufficient to modulate the beam with a modulation depth of 3%.     

预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器数值模拟

提出一种高效率预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器,进行了数值模拟研究。研究表明:径向束流预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器利用在束-波互作用区加载金属圆环形成谐振腔,改变束-波互作用区的电场,对电子束进行调制。圆筒形金属形成的调制腔产生的电场既对电子束进行了调制,同时对微波频率进行了锁定,其谐振频率主要是由加载的金属圆筒的长度和两个圆筒之间的径向距离决定。经过优化设计,在600 kV,73 kA无外加引导磁场的条件下,预调制型同轴虚阴极振荡器获得了平均功率6 GW,频率为2.575 GHz的微波输出,效率达到13.94%。     

一种Ku波段高效率低磁场同轴相对论返波管北大核心CSCD

设计了一种工作在Ku波段的低磁场同轴相对论返波管。器件工作在同轴TM01近π模式,采用两段式慢波结构构型,在前后段慢波结构中分别主要进行电子束调制与能量提取,以实现高效率工作。通过设计非对称反射腔,引入电子束预调制,进一步加深电子束调制深度,提高了束波互作用效率。通过调节慢波结构中间漂移段长度,进一步优化器件内部场分布,提取段慢波结构处轴向电场强度得到显著增强,器件工作效率可提升至35%。最终,当磁场强度0.6、二极管电压490V、二极管电流7.5A时,获得1.27GW微波输出,效率约35%,微波频率为14.7GHz。     

X波段相对论大功率速调管放大器的高频结构模拟研究

采用MAGIC 2.5D模拟软件,建立了X波段11.424GHz相对论大功率速调管放大器的高频结构模型。该模型由5个简单药盒型谐振腔组成,包括1个输入腔、3个中间腔和1个输出腔。研究了该模型的高频特性,初步设计漂移管及各谐振腔结构参数,再结合热腔模拟,研究了输入腔的吸收匹配问题,依据各腔体对基波电流逐级调制情况,优化配合各腔体的间隙等结构参数,从而获得电子束的最佳调制状态,最后通过调节外加均匀磁场大小获得百MW功率输出,结果表明:在加速电压520kV、束电流460A、外加磁场0.4T的条件下,当注入信号功率为1kW时,基波电流调制深度达162%,最终输出功率105MW,效率43.5%,增益50dB。     

强流相对论环形电子束自调制振荡研究

 主要研究了强流相对论环形电子束在等位谐振腔内的非线性自调制振荡，用小信号理论分析了电子起振的条件，得出了电子起振的扰动频率。基于该理论分析，又提出了一种不外加磁场的新型高功率微波器件，该器件主要由一个圆柱谐振腔和一个同轴波导输出腔构成。用2.5维MAGIC粒子模拟软件对该非线性过程进行数值模拟，分析了输入电压、电流对输出微波功率的影响。模拟结果表明这种结构中确实存在非线性不稳定性，自调制的扰动频率则由电子束的初始能量、电荷密度和电子束的半径以及谐振腔的空间结构给定。利用谐振腔长为4.7 cm、二极管电压为2.8 MV、电流为20 kA的电子束，可以得到频率为4.29 GHz、功率为6 GW的微波输出，束-波转换效率约为11%。     

新型准光腔同轴虚阴极振荡器的研究

 集合准光腔型虚阴极振荡器和同轴虚阴极振荡器的优点，设计了一种新型的准光腔同轴虚阴极振荡器。采用自由电磁振荡理论分析了3反射镜准光学谐振腔中的场分布，并用2.5维全电磁PIC程序对该器件进行了粒子模拟。在输入电压为600 kV，二极管电流为50 kA的条件下，得到主频为7.0 GHz，峰值功率超过6 GW的功率输出，其平均功率达2.5 GW，平均束波转换效率为8.3%。     

同轴虚阴极振荡器数值模拟

 给出了同轴型虚阴极振荡器的数值模拟和部分理论分析结果, 指出许多几何结构参数包括阴极宽度、二极管间隙等都对输出微波的频率、带宽和能量转换效率有较大的影响。给出了这些参量之间关系的数值模拟结果，在一定程度上为同轴虚阴极振荡器的实验研究提供了理论基础。     

Explosive cathode gyrotron experiments

Experiments have investigated the behavior of explosive emission cathode gyrotrons using cylindrically symmetric coaxial diodes with centrally located knife-edged cathode and conical anode. Voltage probes and current shunts were exploited to monitor the diode electrical behavior when driven by a 3 μs 1/e time Marx power supply (up to 150 kV). Temporal reference signals permitted comparison of the diode's electrical evolution with the simultaneously measured microwave output signal from the gyrotron. The microwave output pulse duration was found to depend on the diode gap spacing (in the range 16-27 mm), the cavity magnetic field (range 1.3-3.3 T) and the cathode material, the termination being caused by the decay of the accelerating potential across the diode and the disruption of the diode geometry. The ratios of the cathode flare expansion velocities for graphite, copper and stainless steel cathodes were estimated as (1:(1.3±0.2):(2.2±0.5)) with a corresponding change in the duration of the microwave output signal [((590±17):(414±25):(325±10)) ns at 2.6 T]. Preliminary results are reported of recent experiments which have compared the optical emissions from the diode region during pulsed gyrotron operation with the simultaneously recorded diode electrical behavior and the gyrotron microwave output     

新型高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器

 提出了一种新型的高功率虚阴极径向反射速调管振荡器，它结合了虚阴极振荡器容易起振和速调管微波产生效率较高的特点。利用虚阴极反射电子束对调制腔的正反馈，可以减小起振电流和起振时间，而且提高了微波产生效率。它是一种结构简单、紧凑的器件。用2.5维PIC程序对这种器件进行了数值模拟研究。得到的数值模拟结果表明，输入电压620 kV，电流25 kA，输出微波周期平均功率为2.5 GW。虚阴极振荡频率被锁定，频率为1.25 GHz。     

同轴Super－Reltron的物理分析和数值模拟

 对同轴Super－Reltron进行了物理分析和数值模拟, 在调制腔电压125kV、加速间隙电压600kV和电流15kA时, 在C波段获得了峰值功率约2.5GW和效率约25%的结果, 都较以前大大提高。计算表明频率与箔的高度成反比。在电流达到空间电荷极限以前, 微波输出功率和电流的平方成正比。     

轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器的频率特性

 采用粒子模拟和实验相结合的方法对轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器进行了研究。结果表明，轴向反馈式虚阴极振荡器能够有效地锁定微波频率，提高输出功率。在二极管电压为450kV，束流为22kA的条件下，当阴阳极间距大于1.3cm时，辐射微波主频约为3.5GHz，此时与腔的耦合较好，微波辐射功率较高；当阴阳极间距小于1.3cm时，辐射微波主频约为4.8GHz。实验和模拟符合得较好。