聚龙一号装置的强电磁干扰对PDV的影响研究

光子多普勒测速系统(PDV)常采用全光纤模式, 操作方便, 已成为材料超高压动态实验获取动力学特性的重要诊断技术。测速范围和精度与光电传感器和数据采集仪器有关, 激光到达靶面后返回光电转换器, 速度由多普勒引起的频率变化直接解读。聚龙一号装置是开展材料动态实验的重要平台, 放电电流峰值5~8MA, 0~100%上升时间300~750ns。在装置放电过程中, 靶室和大厅中的强电磁干扰可以达到10~300MHz, 当干扰耦合进返回光信号后, 导致速度剖面解读困难。采用聚四氟乙烯绝缘膜和导电铝膜包覆测速探针很好地抑制了强电磁干扰信号对光信号的干扰, 大大提高了速度测量数据的有效性。     

光子多普勒速度测量系统的数据处理方法

光子多普勒速度测量（Photonic Doppler Velocimetry,PDV）系统是一种新型的激光测速系统,可广泛用于冲击波、爆轰波以及其他短时高速运动的测量。数据处理是PDV测速技术重要的组成部分,旨在从含有大量噪声的测量数据中获得靶面等运动体的速度信息。在分析PDV系统测速原理的基础上,讨论了激光冲击强化实验PDV数据中噪声的来源和特点,解释了条纹法的去噪原理,并针对小波变换的去噪问题,提出了一些新的处理方法。分别采用条纹法,短时傅里叶变换和小波变换法对激光冲击强化实验中的PDV数据进行了处理,从误差、处理的实时性和通用性等角度对三种方法进行了比较,并说明了小波变换法特别适合激光冲击强化实验PDV测速数据的处理。     

钝感炸药冲击起爆反应过程的 PDV 技术

为研究A型钝感炸药冲击起爆反应演化过程,进行了火炮驱动蓝宝石飞片的一维平面冲击实验。实验中采用光子多普勒测速仪(Photonic Doppler velocimetry,PDV)技术测量冲击起爆后台阶型炸药的粒子速度。在炸药不同厚度台阶的后界面固定镀铝膜的楔形氟化锂(LiF)窗口,利用阻抗匹配将PDV测量的LiF窗口波后粒子速度转化为炸药样品波后粒子速度。比较组合式电磁粒子速度计和PDV两种测速技术,结果表明,相较于组合式电磁粒子速度计,PDV测量的粒子精度更高。简要分析了PDV测速探头角度、探头孔径、窗口折射率等影响,得到PDV测速的相对不确定度小于1%。     

激光多点长景深连续测速系统研究

研制了一套激光多点长景深连续测速系统,可以同时测量1－16个点的速度,它同时具有速度的时间和空间分辨能力。该系统由光纤探头、共腔式多路VISAR、多路平衡分光系统、电光快门、激光器和信号记录与数据处理系统六部分组成。已经用该系统测量了高压冲击下钢、铜等多种材料的平面和园柱形靶上多点的速度,并与扫描相机及电探针测量的结果进行了对比,测速速度小于3％,测速景深大于30mm。     

光纤速度干涉仪

本文提出了一种用光纤作为延迟臂的新型速度干涉仪——光纤速度干涉仪,用以测量速度随时间的变化。选取不同长度的光纤,可测不同的速度范围。它扩展了测速范围,提高了测量精度。该系统提供两个相位差为90°的信号,因而提高了分辨率,并可鉴别加速与减速。     

33 GPa压力以下液氩冲击温度的实验测量

 利用液氮冷靶系统制取液氩样品，以二级氢气炮作为加载工具，驱动飞片对液氩样品进行平面冲击压缩，实验测量了33 GPa冲击压力以下液氩的冲击温度。飞片速度由磁测速系统测量，冲击波速度和冲击温度用光纤耦合高温计系统测量，粒子速度采用阻抗匹配法计算得到。实验测得当冲击压力为33 GPa时，液氩的冲击温度超过10 000 K；而当冲击压力超过30 GPa时，冲击温度的上升趋势与理论计算相比明显变缓，该压力点正好与以前测得的冲击波速度-粒子速度曲线的拐点一致。     

基于双光源干涉的PDV数据补偿方法

针对结构动态响应测试中的大量程负向速度测量问题,设计了基于双光源干涉的光纤速度干涉仪(PDV)测试系统,与单光源PDV系统相比,大幅拓宽了负向测速范围。但在爆炸实验中发现,由于光源波长波动产生了位移基线漂移和振荡问题。为此,引入一路参考反射镜,产生双光源干涉本底信号,用于补偿位移基线,并研究了数据补偿算法。经实验验证,补偿后的位移基线漂移量为微米级,双光源模式及补偿方法可行且有效。     

基于双远心镜头的空间分辨PDV探头研制

为了在材料动力学实验和结构响应研究中实现对平面靶约5 mm范围内多点速度的同时测量,基于光纤密排阵列和双远心镜头研制了一种与光子多普勒测速仪配套使用的具备空间分辨能力的激光发射接收探头。介绍了探头的光学设计和结构设计,并进行了装调和测试。输出光斑特性测试结果表明,探头垂轴放大率与设计值吻合,聚焦位置处最小光斑直径为109μm,最大为202μm。探头对漫反射靶的接收效率测试结果表明,探头中各光纤互不串扰,靠近中心的光纤的接收效率较大,而两侧的偏小。     

基于光频域反射仪的光纤水听器探头结构形变研究

光纤水听器探头在深海静水压力下存在变形，这会影响其对水下声信号的探测性能，甚至会使探头失稳而无法在深海环境中继续作业。传统电学传感器因受限于尺寸和电磁干扰等因素，故难以被用于水听器探头的形变监测中。光纤光栅点式传感器的空间分辨率较低，故也无法对尺寸小的光纤水听器探头进行全分布式力学监测。为此，提出了一种基于光频域反射仪的高空间分辨率、高精度的光纤水听器探头形变监测方法。在实验中，光纤紧密缠绕在水听器探头的表面，采用自主研制的分布式光纤形状监测分析仪测量了探头形变产生的光纤瑞利散射光谱的波长漂移，并采用逆向积分的方法实现了探头形状的二维重构。研究结果表明：随着静水压力的增大，水听器探头直径逐渐缩小，并沿周向出现周期性凹陷；当静压力达到6 MPa时，三个周期性凹陷深度达到124μm。该实验研究结果与基于ANASYS的耐压性仿真结果相符。     

偏振模耦合分布式光纤传感器空间分辨率研究

分析了偏振模耦合原理的分布式光纤传感器的自相干与互相干光；实验测量的干涉光证明了理论分析是正确的；利用偏振模耦合原理传感与白光干涉检测的分布式光纤传感器的空间分辨率是由光纤偏振色散系数与光源的谱宽决定的；由实验测量的偏振模耦合分布式光纤传感器的空间分辨率为6cm. 关键词： 光纤传感器 保偏光纤 空间分辨率 偏振模耦合     

Simultaneous Measurement of Particle Size and Particle Velocity by the Spatial Filtering Technique

The objective of this study was to compare the measuring results of a fiber‐optical probe based on a modified spatial filtering technique with given size distributions of different test powders and also with particle velocity values of laser Doppler measurements. Fiber‐optical spatial filtering velocimetry was modified by fiber‐optical spot scanning in order to determine simultaneously the size and the velocity of particles. The fiber‐optical probe system can be used as an in‐line measuring device for sizing of particles in different technical applications. Spherical test particles were narrow‐sized glass beads in the range 30–100 μm and irregularly shaped test particles were limestone particles in the range 10–600 μm. Particles were dispersed by a brush disperser and the measurements were carried out at a fixed position in a free particle‐laden air stream. Owing to the measurement of chord lengths and to the influence of diffraction and divergent angle, the probe results show differences from the given test particle sizes. Owing to the particle‐probe collisions, the mean velocity determined by the probe is smaller than the laser Doppler mean velocity.     

用于激光驱动飞片诊断的线成像速度干涉仪

设计并建立了一套完整的线成像激光干涉测速系统,用于激光驱动技术中小尺寸飞片或样品一条线上所有点的速度测量。它将激光压缩为线状照射到靶面,用成像物镜收集靶面的漫反射光并传递到广角迈克尔逊干涉腔中形成干涉,产生的梳妆干涉条纹作为信号载体,用变像管扫描相机记录条纹随时间的变化,用不同位置的条纹移动量反推出不同位置的速度分布,实现空间分辨。系统具有50 ps响应时间和20μm空间分辨能力。用该系统测量了激光驱动飞片的速度场,清晰的扫描干涉图像直观显示了飞片的运动过程和各点的速度差异。用傅里叶变换方法对干涉图像进行处理,得到了靶面一条线的速度和位移分布。     

Study of particle tracking algorithms based on neural networks for stereoscopic tracking velocimetry

Stereoscopic-tracking velocimetry can offer an excellent potential for continuously monitoring three-dimensional flow fields for all three-component velocities in near-real-time. Requiring only the deployment of two solid-state cameras with directional freedom in test-section illumination and observation, the system can be built to be compact and robust. For flow velocimetry measurement, increasing the number density in particle seeding is much desirable for maximizing spatial resolution, that is, number of velocity data points of the captured field. The challenge, however, is how to successfully track numerous crisscrossing particles with speed and reliability. In our approach, the task of particle tracking is converted to an optimization problem for which neural networks are applied. Here we present the design and development of the neural networks for particle tracking as well as the investigation results based on both computer simulations and real experiments. The approach appears to be appropriate for near-real-time velocity monitoring, being able to provide reliable solutions achieved by the massive parallel-processing power of the neural networks.     

全光纤白光任意反射面速度干涉系统

对离散任意反射面速度干涉系统和全光纤白光任意反射面速度干涉系统（ＦＶＩＳＡＲ）作了较全面的分析，论证了全光纤任意反射面速度干涉系统的主要意义在于实现了理想的空间相干、等程干涉、以及方便灵活的延时设置和极低的系统损耗。给关细的设计要点，报道了所研制的低激光二极管功率实验系统。以该系统进行了霍布金森杆一维应力加载下的自由面速度测试。实验结果与阻抗匹配法计算结果吻合很好，并获得了加载减载过程中产生的自由     

Reconstruction and interpretation of photon Doppler velocimetry spectrum for ejecta particles from shock-loaded sample in vacuum

The photon Doppler velocimetry(PDV) spectrum is investigated in an attempt to reveal the particle parameters of ejecta from shock-loaded samples in a vacuum. A GPU-accelerated Monte–Carlo algorithm, which considers the multiplescattering effects of light, is applied to reconstruct the light field of the ejecta and simulate the corresponding PDV spectrum.The influence of the velocity profile, total area mass, and particle size of the ejecta on the simulated spectra is discussed qualitatively. To facilitate a quantitative discussion, a novel theoretical optical model is proposed in which the singlescattering assumption is applied. With this model, the relationships between the particle parameters of ejecta and the peak information of the PDV spectrum are derived, enabling direct extraction of the particle parameters from the PDV spectrum.The values of the ejecta parameters estimated from the experimental spectrum are in good agreement with those measured by a piezoelectric probe.     

Measuring scanning acoustic microscope with a harmonic sounding signal

A concept of a scanning acoustic microscope with a harmonic sounding signal for measuring the parameters of local homogeneous regions of flat samples is proposed. The distinctive feature of the device is the utilization of the Doppler effect that occurs in the sounding wave reflected from the sample surface when the sample is uniformly moved relative to the focusing ultrasonic transducer of the microscope. It is theoretically demonstrated that the spectrum of the received signal is determined by the product of the reflection coefficient and the transfer function of the transducer. The errors of the measurement technique are considered, and the sources of signal distortions are analyzed. High sensitivity of the measurement results to the errors of the scanning system is demonstrated. The developed measuring microscope is described, in which an acoustic interferometer is used to provide the necessary precision of the scanning coordinate measurement. The microscope transfer function is measured for the frequency of the sounding signal 65 MHz, and the values of density and bulk wave velocities are determined for a homogeneous sample by the measured phase of the reflection coefficient using the technique of nonlinear estimation of parameters. With fused quartz used as an example, it is shown that the measurement error is 7.2% for density and 2.3 and 0.7% for the velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves, respectively. In addition, the velocity of a leaky surface wave (SAW) is determined by two methods. One method is based on measuring the position of the inflexion point for the experimental phase of the reflection coefficient, and the other is based on calculating the SAW velocity corresponding to the measured values of density and bulk wave velocities. The errors of these methods are found to be equal to 0.42 and 0.17%, respectively.     

Low-coherence self-referencing velocimetry

Low-coherence self-referencing velocimetry optically measures the relative velocity between a point in a particle-laden fluid and a (potentially moving) reference surface. Low-coherence light scattered off the particles and off the reference surface is coupled into an interferometer with variable optical delay in one arm and an acousto-optical modulator in the second arm. The measurement location is set relative to the reference surface. Its location can be scanned along a line by adjusting the optical delay in the interferometer. The spatial resolution is typically tens of micrometers. Only one low-coherence light beam is required for each component of the velocity vector. Proof-of-principle measurements in Taylor-Couette flow are presented.     

基于点源透过率的空间光学系统杂光测量

杂光测量是光学系统杂光分析的有效途径之一,它能够对消杂光设计结果进行准确的评估.针对空间光学系统的工作环境,考虑到其视场外有强烈辐射源(如太阳等),采用点源透过率方法来验证光学系统抑制杂光的能力.搭建了一套无中心遮挡的离轴抛物面反射式杂光测量装置,测量动态范围为10-1～10-11.利用该装置对口径为300mm、全视场...