基于杨氏模量仪的微小伸长量测量方法改进与实践

传统光杠杆测量系统存在尺读望远镜找标尺像过程困难、光路模糊、记录数据不便和实验室空间利用率低等问题。本文基于传统光杠杆测量系统研发了以低功率激光、螺旋测微计与多级反射镜为主体的测量系统,实验结果证明改进后的测量系统解决了上述问题,同时降低了实验安全隐患,且提高了杨氏模量的测量精度。     

基于旋转上升式光路的小型光杠杆

将传统光杠杆中平面镜和标尺之间的平面光路立体化,设计了多次反射、旋转上升式光路.以Solidworks软件为设计手段,利用3D打印技术,制作了激光器为光源的小型光杠杆装置.利用传统光杠杆和小型光杠杆对钢丝的杨氏模量进行了对比测量研究.实验结果表明,设计制作的小型光杠杆装置空间尺寸小,操作简单,仪器制作方便,测量结果准确.对于开拓学生思维,提高学生的创新能力有一定的借鉴意义.     

固体杨氏模量实验光学系统的改进

测量杨氏模量的方法很多,如静态拉伸法、梁的弯曲法等.通常当采用静态拉伸法测量金属丝做小的伸长量时,应用了光杠杆的放大原理.测量装置如图1所示.     

光杠杆放大法测量的误差分析及改进方法

分析了利用光杠杆放大法测量微小长度变化量的实验中,光杠杆镜面与望远镜光轴不垂直时,对测量结果所产生的误差。改进了实验装置,安装了两个量角器,可方便调节光杠杆平面镜与光学望远镜的角度,使光杠杆镜面与望远镜光轴能达到严格垂直的效果,从而减小因光杠杆镜面法线与望远镜光轴存在偏转角度而引起的测量误差。     

光杠杆读数装置的改进

1 光杠杆法测量中主要误差的分析 光杠杆法是高等学校基础实验的微小长度测量中经常采用的主要方法之一,此方法不论在设计思想上,还是在测量技能综合训练方面,都是很有意义的,它的优越之处还在于把微小长度变化量δ通过光杠杆放大为竖尺刻度的变化量△a=a′-a2D/bδ(这里D为光杠杆镜面到竖尺的距离,b为光杠杆后足尖到二前足尖连线的垂直距离).     

斜双镜光杠杆法测量金属丝杨氏模量

利用双镜多次反射可有效提高光杠杆法的放大倍数，但需要额外装置确定反射次数。提出了斜双镜光杠杆法，通过一面与光杠杆的镜面斜对放置的大平面镜与光杠杆组合精准控制反射次数为2级，增加光程的同时增加了一次角度变化，将放大倍数提升为传统杠杆法的4倍。理论分析并实验验证了斜双镜法用于测量金属丝的杨氏模量，实验结果与理论分析吻合良好，证实方法和理论的有效性。并且，在不大于80 cm的有限空间内，实现了高达84.36倍的放大倍数。     

基于光栅衍射的弹性模量小角度测量

根据入射光偏转角度与光栅旋转角度的关系,实现了小角度的放大测量,并设计了实验装置应用于弹性模量中金属丝微小伸长量的测量.理论分析和实验数据表明其角放大倍数可超过传统光杠杆法的放大倍数.     

光杠杆液体体胀系数测量仪简

针对实验室常见的液体体胀系数测量方法操作繁琐、劳动强度大、测定时间长、实验费用高等缺点,设计了光杠杆测量液体体胀系数的实验装置,使装入试管中的液体温度缓慢变化,通过光杠杆测量液面的高度的变化,可以准确地测量出液体的体胀系数。     

光杠杆液体体胀系数测量仪

针对实验室常见的液体体胀系数测量方法操作繁琐、劳动强度大、测定时间长、实验费用高等缺点,设计了光杠杆测量液体体胀系数的实验装置,使装入试管中的液体温度缓慢变化,通过光杠杆测量液面的高度的变化,可以准确地测量出液体的体胀系数。     

高分辨率调频连续波激光绝对测距研究

大空间精密测量在重大装备制造、空间科技、国防工业等方面发挥着重要作用,激光高精度绝对长度测量是大空间精密测量领域的重要研究课题.调频连续波激光测距是近年来激光绝对测距研究的热点,它克服了脉冲法测量分辨率低和相位法激光测距存在2π缠绕模糊度问题的缺点,有着测量精度高、量程大的优点.本文研究了调频连续波激光测距的原理,分析了影响其测距分辨率的主要原因,证明了利用等光频间隔采样来抑制激光调制非线性对测距结果影响的可行性.该方法可以提高测距分辨率,且系统构成简单、实用性强.搭建了光纤调频连续波激光测距系统,并加入了辅助干涉光路对测量信号进行等光频间隔采样.利用该系统进行了测距分辨率实验,实验结果表明,本系统测量分辨率可以达到50μm,测量范围达到了10m.     

光学非球面元件非球面度计算方法

详细介绍光学非球面元件非球面度计算的牛顿迭代法、近似法、最小二乘法3种方法，并根据工程实践比较了3种方法的优缺点，得出了工程应用中的结论：近似法适用于一些相对孔径较小的非球面，否则误差会较大；牛顿迭代法的精度较高，但计算量大也最复杂，且不能直接得到最接近参考圆的圆心位置坐标；最小二乘法的计算方法简单，不涉及求导、积分、迭代，适合编写计算程序，且可直接得到最接近参考圆的圆心位置坐标。     

复杂红外背景中运动小目标快速跟踪技术

在地面、海面、天空复杂背景下对红外小目标稳定跟踪是亟需解决的难题。为兼顾鲁棒性和实时性,以判别尺度空间跟踪算法为基础,应用可有效表征目标区域灰度突变特性和目标形状信息的广义结构张量算法作为特征提取方法。改进后的算法更适用于红外图像快速处理,能提高跟踪鲁棒性,且计算量小、效率高,目标特征维度低。为提高跟踪稳定性,依据置信度决定跟踪模型更新,避免模型被错误样本干扰。与判别尺度空间跟踪算法相比,所研究算法在准确性、实时性、鲁棒性方面均具有显著优势,且实现300 fps的跟踪速度@256×256像素图像。     

A novel spatial–temporal detection method of dim infrared moving small target

Moving small target detection under complex background in infrared image sequence is one of the major challenges of modern military in Early Warning Systems (EWS) and the use of Long-Range Strike (LRS). However, because of the low SNR and undulating background, the infrared moving small target detection is a difficult problem in a long time. To solve this problem, a novel spatial–temporal detection method based on bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and time-domain difference is proposed in this paper. This method is downright self-data decomposition and do not rely on any transition kernel function, so it has a strong adaptive capacity. Firstly, we generalized the 1D EMD algorithm to the 2D case. In this process, the project has solved serial issues in 2D EMD, such as large amount of data operations, define and identify extrema in 2D case, and two-dimensional signal boundary corrosion. The EMD algorithm studied in this project can be well adapted to the automatic detection of small targets under low SNR and complex background. Secondly, considering the characteristics of moving target, we proposed an improved filtering method based on three-frame difference on basis of the original difference filtering in time-domain, which greatly improves the ability of anti-jamming algorithm. Finally, we proposed a new time–space fusion method based on a combined processing of 2D EMD and improved time-domain differential filtering. And, experimental results show that this method works well in infrared small moving target detection under low SNR and complex background.     

空间激光通信及其关键技术

通信领域中激光通信技术由于自身的优越性得到了广泛的应用。通过将空间激光通信与微波通信比较，介绍空间激光通信的优点：大容量、低功耗及体积小、质量轻等。叙述空间激光通信的基本原理。重点阐述空间激光通信系统大功率光源技术、高灵敏度抗干扰光信号接收技术、通信链路的快速及精确的捕获、跟踪和瞄准技术等关键技术。激光通信可广泛应用于军事、经济等各个领域，必将有广阔的发展前景。     

Channeling chaotic transport in a wave-particle experiment

A numerical and experimental study of a control method aimed at channeling chaos by building barriers in phase space is performed on a paradigm for wave-particle interaction, i.e., a traveling wave tube. Control of chaotic diffusion is achieved by adding small apt modifications to the system with a low additional cost of energy. This modification is realized experimentally through additional waves with small amplitudes. Robustness of the method is investigated both numerically and experimentally. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Estimation of Uncertainty in an Analytical Inverse Heat Conduction Solution

The method of sequential perturbations is applied to find the uncertainty in estimated surface temperature and heat flux from a two-dimensional analytical inverse heat conduction problem related to impinging jet quenching experiments. It is shown that for meaningful uncertainty estimates, the inverse solution itself must be formulated such that it can be interpreted as giving average surface conditions over a small period of time and space. A procedure for estimating the time and space resolution limits of the solution is proposed.     

Effect of enclosed fluid on the dynamic response of inflated torus

Large inflatable structures have been the subject of renewed interest for scientists/engineers in recent years due to their potential space applications such as communication antennas, solar thermal propulsion and space solar power. The major advantages of using inflatable structures in space are their extremely low-weight, on-orbit deployability and inherent low launch volume. An inflated torus is a key component of many inflated space structures such as a thin membrane reflector. In view of their importance, structural static and dynamic behavior of inflated torus need to be investigated. In order to develop a more realistic model, dynamic interaction between the enclosed fluid and the torus has been included in the present work. An appreciable decrease in the modal frequencies is observed when fluid–structure interaction is taken into account. Some additional modes are also obtained. It is concluded that fluid–structure interaction significantly affects the dynamic behavior of inflatable space structures.     

Effect of diffusive and nondiffusive surfaces combinations on sound diffusion

One of room acoustic goals, especially in small to medium rooms, is sound diffusion in low frequencies, which have been the subject of lots of researches. Sound diffusion is a very important consideration in acoustics because it minimizes the coherent reflections that cause problems. It also tends to make an enclosed space sound larger than it is. Diffusion is an excellent alternative or complement to sound absorption in acoustic treatment because it doesn’t really remove much energy, which means it can be used to effectively reduce reflections while still leaving an ambient or live sounding space. Distribution of diffusive and nondiffusive surfaces on room walls affect sound diffusion in room, but the amount, combination, and location of these surfaces are still the matter of question. This paper investigates effects of these issues on room acoustic frequency response in different parts of the room with different source-receiver locations. Room acoustic model based on wave method is used (implemented) which is very accurate and convenient for low frequencies in such rooms. Different distributions of acoustic surfaces on room walls have been introduced to the model and room frequency response results are calculated. For the purpose of comparison, some measurements results are presented. Finally for more smooth frequency response in small and medium rooms, some suggestions are made.     

外部光注入的光泵浦自旋垂直腔表面发射激光器中的两个混沌偏振分量对两个复杂形状目标中的多区域精确测距

基于外部光注入的光泵浦自旋垂直腔表面发射激光器(vertical cavity surface-emitting laser,VCSEL)的两个混沌偏振分量,提出了对两个复杂形状目标中的多区域精确测距方案.这里,两个混沌偏振探测波具有飞秒量级快速动态并且被双极性sinc波形调制,使它们具有时空不相关特性.利用这些特性,通过计算多束延时反馈混沌偏振探测波形和与之相对应的参考波形的相关性,实现了对两个复杂形状目标多区域位置矢量精确测量.研究结果表明,对多区域小目标的测距具有非常低的相对误差(低于0.94%).当光电探测器的带宽足够大时,其测距的分辨率达到0.4 mm,并具有很强的抗噪声能力.本文的研究结果在复杂形状目标的精确测距方面具有潜在应用.