利用恒星辐射测量整层大气透过率的多目标星定标

 介绍了整层大气透过率测量仪及其测量原理和Langley-Plot定标方法,提出了基于恒星整层大气透过率仪测量大气透过率的多目标星定标方法,并分别进行了K,A光谱类型恒星定标试验,得到了基于K,A两种光谱类型恒星辐射的定标值。对多目标星定标方法与单颗恒星的Langley-Plot定标方法进行了对比实验,验证了多目标星定标方法的合理性与准确性。当实时测量同类型的恒星辐射整层大气透过率时,就可以根据对应的定标参数进行测量研究。     

夜晚整层大气透过率与水汽总量同步测量

为了同步获取夜间晴空视线无云下整层大气透过率和水汽总量,将望远镜、多波段滤光片与近红外增强型CCD相结合,搭建了利用恒星辐射进行测量的研究平台。首先通过望远镜收集恒星辐射,辐射通过分波段滤光片滤光,利用CCD采集恒星图像。进一步提取拍摄图像的灰度值,采用Langley标定法计算整层大气透过率,同时利用改进的Langley法计算大气水汽总量。对测量结果、激光雷达和微波辐射计的测量值进行比较,验证了测量方法的可靠性。所开展的工作丰富了夜晚同步测量整层大气透过率和水汽总量的手段,对空间遥感和气象研究有一定的应用价值。     

基于激光外差技术的高分辨率整层大气透过率测量

激光外差技术是一种高灵敏度的光谱探测技术,利用该技术研制的装置易于集成化小型化,可以进行地基或星载的地球大气或天文观测。基于激光外差光谱测量技术,结合自研的太阳跟踪仪建立了一套高分辨率整层大气透过率测量系统,系统分辨率约为0.006 cm-1。该系统利用太阳光和红外激光在非线性探测器中进行光学混频,通过对获取的混频信号进行电子学滤波和平方率探测,获得了高光谱分辨率的外差信号。采用Langley-plot定标法对测量系统进行定标,获取了仪器标定常数和对应的大气总光学厚度,实现了中红外波段整层大气透过率的实时测量。同时,将实测整层大气透过率与MODTRAN5.0软件仿真计算的结果进行对比分析,两者的一致性较好。分析表明该测量系统具有很高的分辨率并且性能稳定可靠,在大气科学、天文观测和激光大气传输等研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

可见到近红外波段整层大气光谱透过率的测量研究

利用太阳光谱辐射计进行了可见到近红外波段整层大气连续光谱透过率的测量研究.在对太阳辐射计可靠定标的条件下，通过测量太阳直射光谱，运用Langley方法推算到达大气层顶的太阳辐射，最终获得了该波段范围内的连续大气光谱透过率及特殊波长上的透过率的实际变化情况.通过分析晴天无云大气条件下不同时间、不同气溶胶含量、不同季节、不同气溶胶模式下的大气透过率特征，初步获得了其变化规律，为大气层外目标探测提供了一些基础.     

地基红外辐射测量系统联合辐射定标法

基于红外标准星和内部黑体标定源的联合辐射定标法可提高空间目标的红外辐射测量精度。黑体标定源位于红外辐射测量系统内部,用于定标光学系统响应率。依据大气消光模型,采用天文孔径测光法,通过观测不同仰角处的多颗具有较高光谱分辨率的红外标准星得到大气消光和系统透过率系数。700mm口径地基中波红外辐射测量系统验证性实验的结果表明,在恒星图像曝光充分的情况下,联合辐射定标法的恒星辐照度反演误差优于11%。联合辐射定标法操作简单、成本低,可随时对测量设备进行现场标校。     

激光外差光谱仪的水汽柱浓度反演研究

水汽是地球大气的重要组成部分,也是平衡地气系统辐射收支的一个重要因素,对天气和气候变化有着重要的影响。常用的水汽柱浓度测量设备,如无线电探空仪、激光雷达、微波辐射计、太阳光度计、DOAS仪器以及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等,难以兼顾高分辨率以及便携机动等应用需求。为此,基于一种高灵敏度、高分辨率光谱探测技术,围绕水汽柱浓度的探测开展了相关研究,取得的主要成果有：(1) 基于激光外差光谱技术,利用窄线宽带间级联激光器作为本振光源,与太阳跟踪仪结合,建立了一套高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置,光谱分辨率达到了0.002 cm-1。(2) 采用Langley-plot方法对高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置进行了现场定标,并于云南紫金山天文台观测站开展了外场测量,获得了2 831~2 833 cm-1波段太阳光谱的直接测量数据。对实测的太阳光谱进行归一化处理后,获得了高分辨率的整层大气透过率谱。(3) 利用逐线积分辐射传输模式（line by line radiative transfer model,LBLRTM）计算了整层大气透过率谱,并与实测的透过率谱进行了非线性最小二乘拟合,实现了水汽柱浓度的反演。同时利用微波辐射计进行了水汽柱浓度的观测,将反演结果与实测结果进行了对比分析,两者的一致性相对较好,最小相对偏差为16.59%,最大相对偏差为21.69%。(4) 反演结果与实测结果的偏差主要由反演算法误差和装置测量误差所导致。反演算法误差包括辐射传输模式的计算误差、实际大气温度的测量误差、甲烷浓度不确定性引入的误差、HDO丰度与自然丰度的偏差,装置测量误差包括装置定标误差、波长标定误差、系统噪声影响、背景信号以及直流信号的微弱起伏引起的误差。(5) 文中选取的2 831~2 833 cm-1波段同时包含了水汽和甲烷的吸收,在反演水汽柱浓度的同时,同步进行了甲烷柱浓度的反演。以甲烷初始柱浓度作为参考值,发现反演后的甲烷柱浓度相对初始柱浓度的数值平均增加了14.41%。高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置结合反演算法是一种有效的整层大气透过率以及水汽、甲烷柱浓度探测的综合设备,在多组分气体浓度探测方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

太阳光谱辐照度仪的自定标实现

为实现卫星遥感器地面定标中大气辐射特性的高精度观测,研制了高精度、光谱式太阳辐照度仪。结合野外工作中仪器存在的衰减与损耗,设计了适合于长期外场应用的自定标系统。自定标系统设计采用双通道镜像的方案,利用基于球面镜的耦合镜实现光路的切换,实现单色光进入棱镜。结合光路的设计方案,采用步进电机带动反射镜切换光路,同时利用单片探测器测量入射/出射光通量采集,通过比值计算实现单波长下棱镜透过率的测量。在实验室内外进行了自定标的性能测试,室内自定标结果的重复性误差为2.5%,室内外透过率对比的相对偏差小于2%,证明自定标系统可以用于户外仪器的监测与校正。     

合肥地区大气中CO_2和CH_4柱浓度季节变化遥测

针对全球变暖贡献最大的两种温室气体CO2和CH4,采用自行研制的地基傅里叶变换近红外光谱遥测系统连续观测了合肥地区2012年2月到2013年4月的直射太阳光光谱,进而获得整层大气透过率测量光谱。在前向模型中采用逐线积分、低阶多项式近似方法得到整层大气透过率模拟光谱。利用模拟透过率光谱在CO2的6 150~6 270cm-1波段、CH4的5 970~6 170cm-1波段对测量透过率光谱进行迭代拟合,获得气体柱浓度。以O2柱浓度为内标函数获得CO2和CH4的干柱体积混合比。CO2和CH4干柱体积混合比日均值都具有较大波动性和明显的季节周期性,它们的月均值整体上具有较强的一致性,但是变化特征不尽相同。与日本温室气体卫星瓦里关地区的报道结果相比,CO2含量峰谷值对应的时间相对滞后,并且峰值到谷值的转变时间较长;与利用SCIAMACHY资料分析的全国范围内CH4柱浓度平均值变化趋势相比,CH4含量表现出夏高冬低的单峰单谷型变化趋势。它们的变化特征与源和汇的平衡、气象和气候条件等复杂因素有关,还需长期观测和深入研究。     

直射太阳光红外吸收光谱技术遥测大气中二氧化碳柱浓度

大气中二氧化碳浓度持续增高导致环境和气候变化等问题成为人们关注的焦点. 为了实时遥测二氧化碳气体柱浓度, 研究了一种地基低分辨遥测系统和实时光谱数据反演分析方法. 利用该系统在合肥地区进行了连续观测, 从太阳吸收光谱中实时获取了整层大气透过率. 采用逐线积分非线性最小二乘光谱反演算法, 从整层大气透过率中反演了二氧化碳柱浓度和氧气柱浓度, 并以氧气柱浓度为内标函数获得了二氧化碳干空气柱体积混合比, 精密度优于3%. 将2012年9月25日12时到15时本系统测量的二氧化碳干空气柱体积混合比均值与此时段过境本站点区域的日本温室气体卫星观测结果进行了比较, 两者偏差小于1%.可见, 该系统和方法具有很高的精密度和准确度, 是一种有效的温室气体观测手段. 关键词： 红外吸收光谱技术 遥测 二氧化碳 柱浓度     

本振光功率锁定方法应用于激光外差辐射计的研究

激光外差辐射计具备成本低、体积小、光谱分辨率高等优势,可扩展现有的地面碳测量网络,验证卫星观测结果,并能在卫星观测区域外提供数据覆盖.本文在现有的激光外差辐射计的基础上,报道了基于掺铒光纤放大器的可实现本振光功率锁定的近红外激光外差辐射计原型机.该激光外差辐射计利用一个中心波长为1.603μm的分布反馈式半导体激光器作为本振光源,采用掺铒光纤放大器放大本振光功率,并利用自动功率控制电路实现掺铒光纤放大器输出端光功率的锁定,消除了由本振光功率变化引起的基线斜率,从而实现免基线拟合的整层大气透过率谱的测量.详细评估了基于掺铒光纤放大器的高度集成化的激光外差辐射计的仪器性能,并在合肥市科学岛(31.9°N, 117.2°E)地区进行了整层大气CO₂透过率谱的测量.在一天的测量时间内得到6组大气CO₂透过率谱,与大气辐射模型模拟结果进行比对,测量结果一致.实验结果表明,掺铒光纤放大器的应用可以提高激光外差辐射计的性能,优化其结构,进而为实现无人值守的长期大气CO₂浓度观测和构建全面的碳观测网络提供仪器设备的补充.     

Experimental demonstration of a fast calibration method for integrated photonic circuits with cascaded phase shifters

With the development of research on integrated photonic quantum information processing, the integration level of the integrated quantum photonic circuits has been increasing continuously, which makes the calibration of the phase shifters on the chip increasingly difficult. For the calibration of multiple cascaded phase shifters that is not easy to be decoupled, the resources consumed by conventional brute force methods increase exponentially with the number of phase shifters, making it impossible to calibrate a relatively large number of cascaded phase shifters. In this work, we experimentally validate an efficient method for calibrating cascaded phase shifters that achieves an exponential increase in calibration efficiency compared to the conventional method, thus solving the calibration problem for multiple cascaded phase shifters. Specifically, we experimentally calibrate an integrated quantum photonic circuit with nine cascaded phase shifters and achieve a high-precision calibration with an average fidelity of 99.26%.     

Further assessment of forward pressure level for in situ calibration

Quantifying ear-canal sound level in forward pressure has been suggested as a more accurate and practical alternative to sound pressure level (SPL) calibrations used in clinical settings. The mathematical isolation of forward (and reverse) pressure requires defining the The?venin-equivalent impedance and pressure of the sound source and characteristic impedance of the load; however, the extent to which inaccuracies in characterizing the source and/or load impact forward pressure level (FPL) calibrations has not been specifically evaluated. This study examined how commercially available probe tips and estimates of characteristic impedance impact the calculation of forward and reverse pressure in a number of test cavities with dimensions chosen to reflect human ear-canal dimensions. Results demonstrate that FPL calibration, which has already been shown to be more accurate than in situ SPL calibration, can be improved particularly around standing-wave null frequencies by refining estimates of characteristic impedance. Better estimates allow FPL to be accurately calculated at least through 10 kHz using a variety of probe tips in test cavities of different sizes, suggesting that FPL calibration can be performed in ear canals of all sizes. Additionally, FPL calibration appears a reasonable option when quantifying the levels of extended high-frequency (10-18 kHz) stimuli.     

Influence of in situ, sound-level calibration on distortion-product otoacoustic emission variability

Standing waves can cause errors during in-the-ear calibration of sound pressure level (SPL), affecting both stimulus magnitude and distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) level. Sound intensity level (SIL) and forward pressure level (FPL) are two measurements theoretically unaffected by standing waves. SPL, SIL, and FPL in situ calibrations were compared by determining sensitivity of DPOAE level to probe-insertion depth (deep and "shallow") for a range of stimulus frequencies (1-8 kHz) and levels (20-60 dB). Probe-insertion depth was manipulated with the intent to shift the frequencies with standing-wave minima at the emission probe, introducing variability during SPL calibration. The absolute difference in DPOAE level between insertions was evaluated after correcting for an incidental change caused by the effect of ear-canal impedance on the emission traveling from the cochlea. A three-way analysis of variance found significant main effects for stimulus level, stimulus frequency, and calibration method, as well as significant interactions involving calibration method. All calibration methods exhibited changes in DPOAE level due to the insertion depth, especially above 4 kHz. However, SPL demonstrated the greatest changes across all stimulus levels for frequencies above 2 kHz, suggesting that SIL and FPL provide more consistent measurements of DPOAEs for frequencies susceptible to standing-wave calibration errors.     

基于改进型反射率基法的资源三号卫星多光谱相机在轨辐射定标研究

针对资源三号卫星(ZY-3)多光谱影像特点,提出了一种改进型反射率基法,实现相机在轨辐射定标。该方法以ZY-3 Level 1A 级影像为数据源,建立严格的几何模型获取定标点处准确的观测几何参数,降低因影像重采样和成像几何产生的误差对辐射定标精度的影响。基于山东东营遥感综合实验,利用两点法和多点法获取ZY-3多光谱相机在轨辐射定标系数。与官方定标系数相比,多点法的定标精度高于两点法定标精度。通过分析各定标点与拟合直线间的离散程度后发现,水体定标点的残差较大,其中绿波段残差值约为67.39%。以置信度95.4%为标准,可将水体定标点判识为误差点。在剔除水体后,采用多点法获得的定标系数除近红外波段相对差异优于5%以外,其他波段相对差异均优于2%。该结果表明该改进型反射率基法能够获得精度可靠的绝对定标系数,可以为其他类似卫星在轨辐射定标提供参考依据。     

SmartPhantom--an fMRI simulator

Many informatics tools have emerged to process the voluminous and complex data generated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The interpretation of fMRI exams is largely determined by these tools. However, their performance is hard to evaluate because there is no independent means of calibration. A novel fMRI calibration system called SmartPhantom has been developed to simulate functional blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) imaging. SmartPhantom contains a quadrature radio frequency coil, comprising two perpendicular planar loops that can be externally activated or deactivated. The system is able to produce reasonably uniform signal enhancements in a calibration sample surrounded by the two loops during an MRI scan. The enhancement is controlled well in both magnitude and predefined timing and produces BOLD-like signals. Characteristics of SmartPhantom are discussed in detail, followed by a comparison of fMRI informatics tools. Two fMRI data sets are acquired with the SmartPhantom. One with high signal-to-noise ratio provides the calibration. Another with lower SNR is input into three software packages (BrainVoyager, FSL and Statistical Parametric Mapping 2) for data preprocessing and statistical analysis. Results from the three packages are compared in both sensitivity of detecting the activation and correlation between the predicted activation and calibration.     

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic room

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic environment has been developed. The precise and fast generation of the constant frequency-independent acoustic pressure field and reduction of digital voltmeter readout to sound pressure level were achieved by a newly designed software algorithm, assuming the system linearity. The performance test justified the assumed linearity, and showed that the searching speed was sufficiently fast within the small error limit.     

Level populations in plasmas RF discharges and sonic channel

An absolute intensity calibration has been made to previously reported spectrographic measurements in an extensively studied argon rf discharge downstream of the exciting coil, and sonic afterglow. This calibration allows calculation of neutral argon atom density and of individual level population. Neutral atom densities were calculated from the electron density, the electron temperature, and Saha's equation, assuming that the electron temperatures were equal to the excitation temperatures. The densities calculated by these methods were far higher than those obtained from the perfect gas law, the gas temperature, and the pressure. The observed under- population of the ground level is shown to correspond to the “terminal non-equilibrium” defined by PARK.⁽³⁾ The present data are compared with two existing experiments to show that agreement exists among seemingly inconsistent and confusing reports, provided the non-equilibrium phenomena are properly accounted for.     

基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标的方法研究

中温黑体是红外谱段常用的高精度辐射标尺设备,而近红外是处于其有效辐射范围边缘的谱段,所以该谱段的定标研究相对较少。研究了基于中温黑体的近红外光纤光谱仪辐射定标方法,主旨是探讨定标精度如何受定标模型的结构参数选择的影响,进而为近红外光谱辐射计量溯源提供技术参考。采用50～1 050 ℃的可调中温黑体对近红外光纤光谱仪(950～1 700 nm)进行辐射定标。针对定标的关键环节重点讨论了两个内容,首先是辐射传输模型的几何因子匹配问题,比较分析了传统的双圆盘辐射传输模型和光纤直接耦合模型。对于光纤光谱仪的辐射定标来讲,采用光纤直接耦合形式的辐射传输模型,结构上更简单,耦合效率更高。其次重点分析了辐射定标中模型的结构参数对定标精度的影响,其影响的原因是定标数据本身属性中的尺度结构特征,即通常所说的非线性问题。因此对于定标精度要求较高时,需要采用非线性定标模型进行校正,并尽可能保证测试点采样的尺度均衡,这是小样本数据解释非线性结构关系时无法回避的样本选择问题。数据分析结果表明,定标方程的不同结构参数的选择策略对定标精度有显著影响,校正方程的样本残差标准差带变化范围为±0.1%～±1%。     

Calibration of pressure-velocity probes using a progressive plane wave reference field and comparison with nominal calibration filters

A procedure for calibrating pressure-velocity (p-v) sound intensity probes using a progressive plane wave as reference field is presented here. The procedure has been checked for a microelectromechanical system technology-based Microflown(?) match-size probe by comparing the calibration results with the nominal correction curves available from the manufacturer. The reference field was generated along a wave guide by means of a dual cone loudspeaker supplying acoustic energy in the range 20 Hz-20 kHz through an impedance adaptor. Different from the current in-field procedures, the one proposed here allows the calibration of probes under test to be executed at once up to 10 kHz without any change in the experimental setup. After a detailed review of the general principles of calibration, the procedure has been finalized with three main stages: (a) determination of the full coherence calibration bandwidth of the probe, (b) comparison calibration of the probe built-in pressure microphone over the full coherence frequency range, and (c) relative calibration of the velocity sensor over the calibrated pressure one. Calibration results for the probe under test have been best fitted against the calibration filters modeled by the manufacturer and the direct comparison of the obtained data with the factory ones has been reported.