直射太阳光红外吸收光谱技术遥测大气中二氧化碳柱浓度

大气中二氧化碳浓度持续增高导致环境和气候变化等问题成为人们关注的焦点. 为了实时遥测二氧化碳气体柱浓度, 研究了一种地基低分辨遥测系统和实时光谱数据反演分析方法. 利用该系统在合肥地区进行了连续观测, 从太阳吸收光谱中实时获取了整层大气透过率. 采用逐线积分非线性最小二乘光谱反演算法, 从整层大气透过率中反演了二氧化碳柱浓度和氧气柱浓度, 并以氧气柱浓度为内标函数获得了二氧化碳干空气柱体积混合比, 精密度优于3%. 将2012年9月25日12时到15时本系统测量的二氧化碳干空气柱体积混合比均值与此时段过境本站点区域的日本温室气体卫星观测结果进行了比较, 两者偏差小于1%.可见, 该系统和方法具有很高的精密度和准确度, 是一种有效的温室气体观测手段. 关键词： 红外吸收光谱技术 遥测 二氧化碳 柱浓度     

空气CH4浓度变化及其与CO的相关性

CH4是一种重要的温室气体,在空气中的含量仅次于CO2.化合物之间的相关性在化合物的浓度测量和估算等方面都有重要的意义.通过分辨率为1 cm-1的长开放光路傅里叶变换红外光谱仪测量采样路径内的北京西四环高速公路附近空气CH4和CO透过率光谱,进行非线性最小二乘光谱拟合,计算出待测组分浓度.北京秋季空气CH4浓度变化趋势几乎一样.白天的浓度变化趋势表明城市中人为活动对CH4的排放影响极大,尤其是机动车尾气的排放,而晚上浓度主要是近地面的积累.2005年9月4日到2005年9月10日的连续浓度变化表明北京秋季每天CH4和CO浓度变化趋势相同,它们的浓度变化具有一定的相关性.     

基于地对空观测光谱的大气CO_2柱浓度反演分析（英文）

基于地对空高光谱观测获取大气CO2柱浓度(大气中CO2的垂直总含量)数据是验证和改进卫星高光谱观测反演CO2浓度的重要数据源之一,而目前在中国还没有基于地面光谱观测进行大气CO2柱浓度反演研究的报告。利用光谱分析仪与太阳跟踪仪等构成的地面观测系统在中国内蒙古锡林郭勒草原进行了地对空高光谱观测,基于高光谱观测数据反演了大气CO2柱浓度。在基于1.6μm大气CO2的光谱吸收特征进行CO2浓度反演过程中,评价分析了观测光谱的波长漂移和气象参数对大气CO2柱浓度反演精度的影响。结果显示观测期间平均大气CO2柱浓度为390.9μg·mL-1。波长的漂移将会导致反演浓度值整体偏低;波长漂移从-0.012~0.042nm范围时,将会导致1μg·mL-1以上的偏差。同时,研究发现光谱透过率在6 357~6 358,6 360~6 361和6 363~6 364cm-1谱段敏感于气象参数的变化。对比利用与光谱观测同时和非同时观测的气象参数进行的浓度反演结果发现,非同时观测气象参数的利用引起的浓度偏差最小在0.11μg·mL-1,最大可达4μg·mL-1;本论文的分析结果对基于光谱反演CO2柱浓度算法的改进有着一定的参考价值。     

激光外差光谱仪的水汽柱浓度反演研究

水汽是地球大气的重要组成部分,也是平衡地气系统辐射收支的一个重要因素,对天气和气候变化有着重要的影响。常用的水汽柱浓度测量设备,如无线电探空仪、激光雷达、微波辐射计、太阳光度计、DOAS仪器以及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等,难以兼顾高分辨率以及便携机动等应用需求。为此,基于一种高灵敏度、高分辨率光谱探测技术,围绕水汽柱浓度的探测开展了相关研究,取得的主要成果有：(1) 基于激光外差光谱技术,利用窄线宽带间级联激光器作为本振光源,与太阳跟踪仪结合,建立了一套高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置,光谱分辨率达到了0.002 cm-1。(2) 采用Langley-plot方法对高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置进行了现场定标,并于云南紫金山天文台观测站开展了外场测量,获得了2 831~2 833 cm-1波段太阳光谱的直接测量数据。对实测的太阳光谱进行归一化处理后,获得了高分辨率的整层大气透过率谱。(3) 利用逐线积分辐射传输模式（line by line radiative transfer model,LBLRTM）计算了整层大气透过率谱,并与实测的透过率谱进行了非线性最小二乘拟合,实现了水汽柱浓度的反演。同时利用微波辐射计进行了水汽柱浓度的观测,将反演结果与实测结果进行了对比分析,两者的一致性相对较好,最小相对偏差为16.59%,最大相对偏差为21.69%。(4) 反演结果与实测结果的偏差主要由反演算法误差和装置测量误差所导致。反演算法误差包括辐射传输模式的计算误差、实际大气温度的测量误差、甲烷浓度不确定性引入的误差、HDO丰度与自然丰度的偏差,装置测量误差包括装置定标误差、波长标定误差、系统噪声影响、背景信号以及直流信号的微弱起伏引起的误差。(5) 文中选取的2 831~2 833 cm-1波段同时包含了水汽和甲烷的吸收,在反演水汽柱浓度的同时,同步进行了甲烷柱浓度的反演。以甲烷初始柱浓度作为参考值,发现反演后的甲烷柱浓度相对初始柱浓度的数值平均增加了14.41%。高分辨率激光外差太阳光谱测量装置结合反演算法是一种有效的整层大气透过率以及水汽、甲烷柱浓度探测的综合设备,在多组分气体浓度探测方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于高分辨率激光外差光谱反演大气CO_2柱浓度及系统测量误差评估方法

利用实验室研制的近红外激光外差光谱仪,开展了基于最优估计算法的温室气体柱浓度反演和系统测量误差的近似评估等相关工作.首先,通过光谱数据库、参考正向模型计算结果与傅里叶变换红外光谱技术探测结果筛选出了探测窗口,并以此为依据选择了相应的激光器和探测器;其次,建立了基于参考正向模型最优估计浓度反演算法,采用Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)迭代方法,实现了整层大气CO_2柱浓度及垂直分布廓线的反演,并开展了长期观测对比实验,验证了反演算法的可行性;最后,通过模拟所选探测窗口波段在不同白噪声条件下的正向大气透过率谱,获得了系统SNR与柱浓度测量误差之间的近似对应关系.该研究是探测系统不可或缺的理论计算部分,将有助于完善激光外差技术在大气探测中的应用.     

基于太阳吸收光谱观测大气一氧化碳柱总量

基于地基高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱技术观测合肥地区一氧化碳(CO)垂直柱总量的变化,连续采集近红外太阳吸收光谱,获得2015年9月至2016年7月整层大气CO的垂直柱总量的时间序列。观测结果显示合肥地区大气中柱平均干空气混合比(XCO)有着明显的季节变化,在2015年10月有着较小值,然后逐渐增加,到2016年3月达到最大值,之后逐渐下降,在2016年7月底达到最小值,并分析了季节变化的原因。为了对地基近红外波段观测进行验证,采用MOPITT卫星数据和站点同一光谱仪采集的中红外光谱反演的CO柱总量与同期测量的数据进行比对。结果表明,MOPITT卫星数据与地基观测值的季节变化一致,而MOPITT观测值整体高于地基FTS观测值;近红外和中红外波段反演的CO柱总量季节变化范围一致。将地基观测和卫星观测数据进行日平均计算, 并进行相关性分析,得到的地基近红外和卫星观测、地基中红外的CO日平均柱总量的线型回归相关系数分别为0.85和0.91,显示出高的相关性,证明了地基近红外波段反演CO垂直柱总量数据的准确性。首次采用地基高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱技术观测合肥地区CO的垂直柱总量,并将得到的观测结果与卫星数据比对,得到准确的CO的垂直柱总量,为解大气CO的时空分布状况及其演变规律、追踪合肥地区CO的源汇分布提供理论依据。     

基于FTIR光谱辐射测量分析大气透过率

提出了一种利用FTIR光谱仪进行大气透过率测量的方法。通过黑体对系统的光谱响应进行标定,由两点温度校准得到测量光谱的辐射亮度谱。在一定的距离内实测并分析计算出了CO2红外吸收波段的大气透过率谱。采用非线性最小二乘方法将测量的CO2透过率谱与HITRAN数据库中的光谱拟合得到了干洁大气中的CO2浓度值。实验结果表明,该方法是测量大气透过率和定量分析气体组分的可行性方法。     

基于激光外差技术的高分辨率整层大气透过率测量

激光外差技术是一种高灵敏度的光谱探测技术,利用该技术研制的装置易于集成化小型化,可以进行地基或星载的地球大气或天文观测。基于激光外差光谱测量技术,结合自研的太阳跟踪仪建立了一套高分辨率整层大气透过率测量系统,系统分辨率约为0.006 cm-1。该系统利用太阳光和红外激光在非线性探测器中进行光学混频,通过对获取的混频信号进行电子学滤波和平方率探测,获得了高光谱分辨率的外差信号。采用Langley-plot定标法对测量系统进行定标,获取了仪器标定常数和对应的大气总光学厚度,实现了中红外波段整层大气透过率的实时测量。同时,将实测整层大气透过率与MODTRAN5.0软件仿真计算的结果进行对比分析,两者的一致性较好。分析表明该测量系统具有很高的分辨率并且性能稳定可靠,在大气科学、天文观测和激光大气传输等研究领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

多轴差分吸收光谱技术测量近地面NO2体积混合比浓度方法研究

多轴差分吸收光谱技术(MAX-DOAS)通过测量不同角度的太阳散射光, 获取痕量气体的柱浓度信息, 广泛应用于整层NO₂柱浓度的监测. 由于缺少有效观测距离的信息, MAX-DOAS无法获取近地面NO₂的体积混合比浓度. 本文分析了消光系数和有效观测距离的关系, 提出了利用能见度信息获取有效观测距离, 进而将MAX-DOAS测量的水平方向NO₂斜柱浓度转换为体积混合比浓度的方法. 并在合肥开展了相应的观测实验, 成功实现了基于MAX-DOAS的NO₂体积混合比浓度测量. 通过与主动式长程差分吸收光谱仪测量的NO₂浓度进行对比, 结果呈现出较好的一致性, 说明了方法的可行性.研究为MAX-DOAS监测近地面NO₂体积混合比浓度提供了一种简单有效的方法, 拓展了MAX-DOAS的应用领域. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱技术 大气消光系数 能见度 2体积混合比浓度')" href="#">NO₂体积混合比浓度     

基于地对空观测光谱的大气CO2柱浓度反演分析

基于地对空高光谱观测获取大气CO₂柱浓度(大气中CO₂的垂直总含量)数据是验证和改进卫星高光谱观测反演CO₂浓度的重要数据源之一,而目前在中国还没有基于地面光谱观测进行大气CO₂柱浓度反演研究的报告。利用光谱分析仪与太阳跟踪仪等构成的地面观测系统在中国内蒙古锡林郭勒草原进行了地对空高光谱观测,基于高光谱观测数据反演了大气CO₂柱浓度。在基于1.6 μm大气CO₂的光谱吸收特征进行CO₂浓度反演过程中,评价分析了观测光谱的波长漂移和气象参数对大气CO₂柱浓度反演精度的影响。结果显示观测期间平均大气CO₂柱浓度为390.9 μg·mL-1。波长的漂移将会导致反演浓度值整体偏低;波长漂移从-0.012～0.042 nm范围时,将会导致1 μg·mL-1以上的偏差。同时,研究发现光谱透过率在6 357～6 358,6 360～6 361和6 363～6 364 cm-1谱段敏感于气象参数的变化。对比利用与光谱观测同时和非同时观测的气象参数进行的浓度反演结果发现,非同时观测气象参数的利用引起的浓度偏差最小在0.11 μg·mL-1,最大可达4 μg·mL-1;本论文的分析结果对基于光谱反演CO₂柱浓度算法的改进有着一定的参考价值。     

The magnetic structure of Cs0.4 Mn0.4 Fe1.6 F6 and of Cs0.4 Ni0.4 Fe1.5 F6

The magnetic structure of the two compounds as determined by neutron diffraction is reported. Both compounds are antiferromagnetic with Néel-temperatures of 115 and 100 K respectively. Both compounds show a very pronounced diffuse scattering.     

Lithium motion in Li0.33 TiS2 and Li0.94 TiS2

We have studied the motion of lithium ions in Li_xTiS₂ (x = 0.33, 0.94) using pulsed NMR techniques. The temperature dependences of the spin lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T_1?) suggest comparable activation energies for lithium ion diffusion for both samples, 3370 K, but an appreciably longer hopping time for the x = 0.94 sample. Low temperature values of T₂ agree with calculated and measured second moments for both materials.     

Wing profile measurements of the Na-doublet lines in C2H2/O2/N2, H2/O2/N2 and H2/O2/Ar frames at 1 atm

Fluorescence-excitation (wing) profiles of the Na-D doublet lines were measured over a wavelength range extending from 0.3 to 200 Å from the line center for the red D₁ and blue D₂ wings and from 0.3 to 3 Å for the red D₂ and the blue D₁ wings, respectively. The line profiles were determined with the aid of a tunable CW dye-laser as a background source by measuring the total fluorescence intensity observed on detuning the laser wavelength. The flames were premixed, laminar, shielded flames at 1 atm, with temperatures ranging from 1860 to 2270 K; N₂ and Ar served as diluent gases. The line core and near-wing profiles (i.e. the region covering 0.3<Δλ<7 Å for the outer wings and 0.3<Δλ<3 Å for the inner ones) in all of the flames studied appeared to have the same frequency dependence, regardless of the nature and concentrations of the gases used. The blue D₂-line profile followed an unexpected (-2.2) law, while the other three profiles obeyed the theoretically expected (-2) law (the dispersion profile function). The line profile in the Δλ range between the impact and quasistatic regions was found to depend on the main perturbers involved. We found that the far blue D₂- and red D₁-wings in the Ar-diluted H₂/O₂ flame obeyed the (-$\text{5}\text{4}$) and (-$\text{3}\text{2}$) laws, respectively, as predicted by the quasi-static theory for the Lennard-Jones interaction. For the N₂-diluted C₂H₂/O₂ and H₂/O₂ flames, we did not find these wing dependences in the Δλ range investigated.     

The ν9 + ν11 − ν11, ν10 + ν11 − ν11 hot band system in allene-d4

The hot band system ν₉ + ν₁₁ ? ν₁₁, ν₁₀ + ν₁₁ ? ν₁₁ in allene-d₄ was studied at a resolution near 0.010 cm^?1. About 1500 partly overlapped hot band rotational lines were assigned and fitted to a model taking into account z-Coriolis resonance between the combination levels ν₉ + ν₁₁ and ν₁₀ + ν₁₁ as well as vibrational l-type resonances within these levels. Upperstate constants have been derived from an analysis in which the constants for the ν₁₁ level were constrained. A detailed study of rotational as well as vibrational l-type doublings occurring in the KΔK = ?1 subband is presented, and the sign of vibrational l-type doubling constants for the ν₁₀ + ν₁₁ level is determined. A localized (x, y)-Coriolis resonance between ν₁₀ + ν₁₁ and ν₄(B₁) + ν₁₁ is discussed and the interaction parameter is obtained as well as some constants for ν₄ + ν₁₁.     

The ν3 and 2ν3 bands of SO3, SO3, SO3, and SO3

This sixth of a series of publications on the high-resolution rotation-vibration spectra of sulfur trioxide reports the results of a systematic study of the ν₃ and 2ν₃ infrared bands of the four symmetric top isotopomers ³²S¹⁶O₃, ³²S¹⁸O₃, ³⁴S¹⁶O₃, and ³⁴S¹⁸O₃. An internal coupling between the l=0(A₁^′) and l=2(E^′) levels of the 2ν₃ states was observed. This small perturbation results in a level crossing between |k−l|=9 and 12, in consequence of which the band origins of the A₁^′,l=0 “ghost” states could be determined to a high degree of accuracy. Ground and upper state rotational constants as well as vibrational anharmonicity constants are reported. The constants for the center-of-mass substituted species ³²S¹⁶O₃ and ³⁴S¹⁶O₃ vary only slightly, as do the constants for the ³²S¹⁸O₃, ³⁴S¹⁸O₃ pair. The S-O bond lengths for the vibrational ground states of the species ³²S¹⁶O₃, ³⁴S¹⁶O₃, ³²S¹⁸O₃, and ³⁴S¹⁸O₃ are, respectively, 141.981 99(1), 141.979 38(6), 141.972 78(8), and 141.969 93(8) pm, where the uncertainties, given in parentheses, are two standard deviations and refer to the last digits of the associated quantity.     

Nonplanar domain walls in ferroelastic Gd2(MoO4)3 and Pb3(PO4)2

A new stable, mobile zigzag-shaped domain wall configuration has been discovered in the Gd₂(MoO₄)₃ and Pb₃(PO₄)₂ structures. Previous work on these materials had not predicted this type of domain wall. The zigzag walls have mobilities 30–40 times that of planar walls in the same material. This increased mobility can be explained as a geometrical effect.     

The ν2, 2ν2, 3ν2, ν4, and ν2 + ν4 bands of 15NH3

The ir absorption of gaseous ¹⁵NH₃ between 510 and 3040 cm^?1 was recorded with a resolution of 0.06 cm^?1. The ν₂, 2ν₂, 3ν₂, ν₄, and ν₂ + ν₄ bands were measured and analyzed on the basis of the vibration-rotation Hamiltonian developed by V. ?pirko, J. M. R. Stone, and D. Papou?ek (J. Mol. Spectrosc.60, 159–178 (1976)). A set of effective molecular parameters for the ν₂ = 1, 2, 3 states was derived, which reproduced the transition frequencies within the accuracy of the experimental measurements. For ν₄ and ν₂ + ν₄ bands the standard deviation of the calculated spectrum is about four times larger than the measurements accuracy: a similar result was found for ν₄ in ¹⁴NH₃ by ?. Urban et al. (J. Mol. Spectrosc.79, 455–495 (1980)). This result suggests that the present treatment takes into account only the most significant part of the rovibration interaction in the doubly degenerate vibrational states of ammonia.     

Two-dimensional critical behaviour in antiferrodistortive Al ur6(CIO4)3 and Ga ur6(ClO4)3

Critical behaviour with dimensionality d = 2 has been observed for the 300 K antiferrodistortive phase transition in Al ur₆(ClO₄)₃ and Ga ur₆(ClO₄)₃ by means of the temperature dependence of the ESR parameter D. The systems exhibited d = 2 behaviour in the static critical behaviour for T<T_c?40 K for T>T_c + 40 K. From the ESR data including line width measurements the local order parameter relaxation rate ω₁ has been obtained for various temperatures above T_c, with a lowest value of ω₁ = 150 MHz at T_c + 15 K     

Magnetic susceptibility studies of (CH2)3(NH3)2FeCl2Br2 and (CH2)6(NH3)2FeCl2Br2

The magnetic susceptibility of the layered compounds (CH₂)₃(NH₃)₂FeCl₂Br₂ and (CH₂)₆(NH₃)₂FeCl₂Br₂ has been measured in the range 80 < T < 300 K. The results follow a Curie-Weiss behavior in the range 120 < T < 300 K but are field dependent for T < 120 K. The results are interpreted in terms of a two-dimensional antiferromagnetic interaction which is canted. A comparison with the corresponding pure chloride compounds is given.     

Splitting of the near infrared absorption bands of Sm in POCl3:SnCl4, POCl3:ZrCl4 and POCl3:TiCl4

The near infrared absorption spectra of Sm³⁺ in POCl₃:SnCl₄, POCl₃:ZrCl₄ and POCl₃:TiCl₄ consist of a series of bands, attributed to the ⁶H_5/2 → ⁶F_J transitions. Each one of these absorption bands is split into three components. The extent of splitting differs slightly from state to state. For each component of the ⁶F-multiplet the splitting decreases gradually from POCl₃:SnCl₄ to POCl₃:ZrCl₄ and POCl₃:TiCl₄. Energy differences between adjacent components of the near infrared absorption bands vary from a maximum of 166 cm⁻¹ to a minimum of 123 cm⁻¹. The band half-widths of the corresponding components vary from 86 to 120 cm⁻¹. At lower temperatures the intensity of the high energy component increases whereas the intensity of the entire absorption band envelope, associated with each component of the ⁶F-multiplet, remains almost constant. The splitting observed is attributed to the Stark splitting of the ⁶H_5/2-state of Sm³⁺ into three components, in conjunction with appropriate Stark splitting of the states of the ⁶F-multiplet.