三腔整管RKA相位的理论与模拟的比较分析

首先采用运动学理论和空间电荷波理论推出了计算中间腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用调制电子束激励中间腔的非线性理论估算中间腔和输出腔间隙电压的幅度和相位,并提出了估算输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用这些理论和二维粒子模拟比较了中间腔和输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位、中间腔和输出腔间隙电压相位。中间腔和输出间隙入口处调制电流相位误差为2.627°(模型1)和3.857°(模型2)。中间腔间隙电压幅度的相对误差是1.47%,输出腔幅度的相对误差是5.42%,中间腔相位的误差是4.017°(模型2)和5.427°(模型3),输出腔的相位的误差是12.32°。最后根据二维粒子模拟得出了三种模型调制电流的相位与距离的关系。相关理论计算结果与2D的PIC模拟结果进行了比对,验证了理论估算结果的可信度。     

Numerical study on the splitting of a vapor bubble in the ultrasonic assisted EDM process with the curved tool and workpiece

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a powerful and modern method of machining. In the EDM process, a vapor bubble is generated between the tool and the workpiece in the dielectric liquid due to an electrical discharge. In this process dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble affects machining process. Vibration of the tool surface affects bubble behavior and consequently affects material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble in an ultrasonic assisted EDM process after the appearance of the necking phenomenon is investigated. It is noteworthy that necking phenomenon occurs when the bubble takes the shape of an hour-glass. After the appearance of the necking phenomenon, the vapor bubble splits into two parts and two liquid jets are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble. The liquid jet developed on the upper part of the bubble impinges to the tool and the liquid jet developed on the lower part of the bubble impinges to the workpiece. These liquid jets cause evacuation of debris from the gap between the tool and the workpiece and also cause erosion of the workpiece and the tool. Curved tool and workpiece affect the shape and the velocity of the liquid jets during splitting of the vapor bubble. In this paper dynamics of the vapor bubble after its splitting near the curved tool and workpiece is investigated in three cases. In the first case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are flat, in the second case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are convex and in the third case surfaces of the tool and workpiece are concave. Numerical results show that in the third case, the velocity of liquid jets which are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble after its splitting have the highest magnitude and their shape are broader than the other cases.     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的煤岩识别方法研究

煤岩识别一直是制约煤矿无人化开采的关键问题之一。传统的人工采煤因为工作环境极其复杂,很难精准地找到煤岩的分界面,容易造成欠切割或过切割现象。太赫兹光谱技术作为一种无损探测技术,能够反映出被测物体的物理和化学信息,可以成为研究煤岩识别的有效方法。采用太赫兹时域光谱技术与多元统计法—聚类分析（CA）和主成分分析（PCA）相结合的方法来识别不同种类的煤岩。通过透射式太赫兹光谱仪获得六种煤岩样品的太赫兹光谱,对其进行FFT等一系列数学计算可以得到各种样品的折射率、吸收系数以及介电常数。计算结果表明不同种类的煤岩在折射率、吸收系数上都存在差异。分析各类煤炭样品的折射率和吸收系数与样品的各组成成分含量之间的关系,可以发现碳含量是影响其样品折射率大小的因素之一,灰分含量是影响其样品吸收系数大小的因素之一。聚类分析中两类样品的欧氏距离与主成分分析中的第一主成分（PC1）得分都能反映煤岩样品之间的相似性和相异性,并且CA与PCA的结果保持一致。分别将各类样品在0.5～2.5 THz频率范围内的折射率、吸收系数与CA和PCA结合,组成太赫兹数据与煤岩之间的模型。分析表明：根据不同样品之间的相似性,两种模型中六种煤岩样品均被分为两类;在各种样品的吸收系数与CA-PCA组成的模型中,四种煤炭被聚集在一起,并且石英砂岩（GSR-4）具有很好的独特性：石英砂岩拥有最小的PC1得分值以及石英砂岩与第二类之间的欧氏距离最大,为219.03。由此可见采用太赫兹技术与多元统计方法结合,可以实现煤岩的准确识别,识别准确率可以达到100%。     

激光透射成像法测量石英管的外径与壁厚

为了同时同位测量石英管的外径和壁厚,建立了激光透射成像系统,对系统测量原理进行研究。基于几何光学和菲涅尔公式,分别导出平行光垂直照射石英管后的透射光线偏向角、相对光强与入射光线离轴距离之间的关系;通过数值计算,分析了偏向角、相对透射光强随入射光线离轴距离的变化特点;针对物方远心光路,分析了光阑对偏向角和相对光强的限制;基于CCD成像原理,通过引入标定系数和补偿因子,导出石英管外径与壁厚的计算公式。实验结果表明:外径绝对误差和相对误差的平均值分别为0.119mm和0.91%,壁厚绝对误差和相对误差的平均值分别为0.153mm和6%。     

采用AVR控制器的GPS授时与定位装置的设计与制作

本文以解析GPS的时间信息和位置信息为目标,通过使用嵌入式GPS模块和AVR控制器,设计和制作GPS授时与定位装置,实现时间信息和位置信息的解析和显示等问题。本文首先给出了基于GPS模块和AVR控制器的授时与定位装置的整体构架,然后对各个部分的 硬件进行详细设计,给出了硬件设计电路和软件设计框图。最后对所设计的基于GPS模块和AVR控制器的授时与定位装置进行实物制作,证明了设计内容的正确性和可行性,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于流场模拟的涡旋压缩机涡齿应力变形分析

为了更准确地计算涡旋压缩机涡旋齿的应力和变形,提出一种基于流场模拟的应力变形计算方法。通过对涡旋压缩机工作过程进行气体流动的数值模拟,得到其压力场和温度场分布。将流场分布作为载荷边界条件进行涡旋齿的受力变形计算,得到涡旋齿在气体压力、热载荷及其同时作用下的应力分布和变形规律。分析了涡旋齿的径向变形和轴向变形,讨论了不同主轴转角下的涡旋齿应力和变形,比较了动涡旋齿和静涡旋齿的变形。结果表明:在压缩结束时刻动涡旋齿的应力和变形最大,最大应力位于齿头根部,最大变形位于齿头顶部。     

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer in the Ground and Lowest Excited Singlet States of the Ethyl Esters of 1- and 2-naphthoic Acid

The absorption spectra of ethyl 1-naphthoate in hexane and in water demonstrate normal dependences upon solvent hydrogen bonding and polarity properties while the absorption spectra of 1-naphthoic acid do not. This is attributed to inhibition of conjugation by steric interference between the carbethoxy group of the ester or the hydrated carboxyl group of the acid and the peri-hydrogen atom of the naphthalene ring in the 5-position, in the ground electronic state. The anomalous fluorimetric titration characteristics of the 1- and 2- naphthoic esters and of 1-naphthoic acid are attributed to hydrogen bonded exciplex formation in the lowest excited singlet state.

In a recent study of the solvent and acidity dependences of the electronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of 1- and 2-naphthoic acid (1) several phenomena were observed which were rather unusual and whose explanations were beyond the scope of the previous study. Among these were 1) the red shift of the absorption spectra upon going from water to hexane media and 2) the destruction of the conjugate relationship between the excited acidium cations and neutral molecules of the 1-isomer as evidenced by the fluorimetric titrations of these species occurring in different pH regions In order to more closely examine these phenomena and perhaps to explain them in terms of the interactions of the protonated and neutral car box y groups with the solvent and the naphthalene ring, the present study of the lectronic absorption and fluorescence spectra of the ethyl esters of 1- and 2-naphthoic acid was undertaken.     

均聚物结晶与熔融化转变的稳态和亚稳态统计理论Ⅴ 分子分凝统计结晶动力学—结晶增长速率对结晶生长机制和高聚物起始结构的依赖性

首先对结晶增长速率同浓度、分子量和链柔性依赖性进行总结，然后基于微晶核和粒——高分子键组网络结构模型和高分子分子分凝统计结晶动力学，根据高分子链组是微晶粒同连接链段复合体的结构特征及它们间存在的四个相关性（并存性、简并性、顺反式构象共存性和物料守恒性）的事实，成功地把连接链段缩短增长动力方程同微晶粒体积增大增长动力方程有机结合在一起，从理论上创建出一种微晶粒数增长速率和微晶粒尺寸增长速率表达的一般化计算法，推导出结晶体系的微晶粒数增长速率和微晶粒尺寸增长速率同四种增长机制（近邻折叠，近邻伸直，近邻折叠同近邻伸直并联并存和近邻折叠同近邻伸直串联并存）、结晶温度和高分子起始结构（分子量）间定量表达式．当把分子量的指数同链的构象分数相连后，就又从理论上得到了分子量指数同温度和链柔性间的关系式，并讨论了它们同增长机制间的关系，最后以大量结晶动力学实验数据对上述所得到的关系式进行了验证，结果表明它们均能同实验结果很好符合．     

Optical Spectroscopy and the Structure of Polyfunctional Hydrocarbon Compounds and Oil Products

The optical and physicochemical properties associated with the change (oxidation, thermolysis and photolysis), during the operation, of the spatial and electronic structures of the polyfunctional hydrocarbon compounds, oils, oil products, and N-, O-, and S-containing heteroaromatic compounds and additives, which comprise a variety of fuel and lubricant compositions involved in the structural and phase rearrangements, as well as in the formation of colloidal and micelle aggregates altering the structure with respect to their hydrocarbon, chemical, and fractional compositions, are investigated. The spectroscopic-luminescent properties of the compounds and their ion-radical forms were studied using optical and spectroscopic methods and quantum-chemical calculations when the excitation energy in the full spectra of singlet and triplet (for the ion, quartet and doublet) electronic excited states was deactivated. Intramolecular mechanisms of the hyperfine electron–nucleus interaction between the active groups of quasi-oscillators in the structure of polyfunctional compounds in the paramagnetic states of hydrocarbons, which form the electronic structure of the triplet–triplet transitions induced by pumping in the optical absorption spectra, are studied. It is shown that the mechanism of multistep ionization, fragmentation, and appearance of radicals and the electronic-vibrational mechanism of an increase in the vibration temperature up to T = 6000–7000 K are developed during the action of the ultraviolet (UV) pumping pulse of a nanosecond duration until the light emission, which gives rise to thermolysis and recombination that create the conditions for the combustion and explosion when the excitation energy is localized on a limited number of groups of quasi-oscillators in the structure.     

铜丝水中电爆炸能量沉积特性

对s脉冲电压作用下铜丝水中电爆炸的能量沉积过程进行了实验研究,利用自积分Rogowski线圈和电阻分压器分别测量铜丝电爆炸时的电流和电压。利用测量电压波形确定了熔融起始、熔融结束、汽化起始和击穿时刻点,将铜丝电爆炸划分成熔融、液态和汽化3个阶段。通过数学方法计算了3个阶段和击穿前的沉积总能量。通过实验和计算,分析了电路参数,包括放电电压和回路电感,以及铜丝特性,包括铜丝长度和直径,对铜丝电爆炸过程中3个阶段和击穿前沉积总能量的影响。结果表明:在s脉冲电压作用下,放电电压、回路电感、铜丝长度和直径对熔融阶段能量沉积影响较小,但对液态和汽化阶段能量沉积影响较大,通过调节电路参数提高电流上升速率,可以显著提高汽化和击穿前的沉积能量。     

某机载惯导设备原位测试仪设计

针对某机载惯导设备在外场的测试需求,设计了以PC-104为显示、控制和数据处理核心,并扩展程控数字表、多通道矩阵板,构建了原位测试仪的硬件电路。根据系统的功能要求和硬件电路特性,利用LabWindows/CVI虚拟仪器平台编制了人机接口界面和测试程序,控制硬件电路对某惯导设备的静态电阻和在线电压进行测试,并接收、分析、处理惯导原位工作时输出的实时串行数据,完成对惯导设备的静态测试和动态性能监测,实现对某机载惯导设备原位测试过程的自动化和测试结果管理的智能化,提高了测试效率和测试精度。该仪器通过改变或控制测试仪器的类别,可实现对多路信号多种性能指标的测试。应用结果表明,该测试仪具有性能稳定、操作简便、应用领域广、通用性强等特点。     

Application of the WKB method to calculating the group velocities and attenuation coefficients of normal waves in the arctic underwater waveguide

Algorithms based on the WKB approximation are proposed for the fast and accurate calculation of the group time delays and effective attenuation coefficients of normal waves in the deep-water sound channel of the Arctic Ocean. These characteristics of the modes are determined in the adiabatic approximation by integrating the local group velocity and attenuation coefficient over the horizontal distance between the ends of the propagation path. According to the WKB method, the local group velocity is the ratio of two quantities. The first one is the sum of the length of the ray corresponding to the mode and the side displacement of the ray at the reflection by the ice cover. The second one is the sum of the travel time of the sound signal along the ray cycle and the time delay caused by the side displacement. The grazing angle of the ray is determined from the condition of quantization for the phase integral. According to the WKB method, the local attenuation coefficient of the mode is specified as the ratio of the squared modulus of the coherent reflection coefficient at the lower boundary of the ice cover and the sum of the cycle length and the side displacement of the ray. Simple recurrent relations are proposed to estimate, with fair accuracy and short calculating time, the phase integral, the integral that describes the cycle length, and the related local group velocities and attenuation coefficients. The capacity and efficiency of the algorithms are confirmed by the comparison of the aforementioned mode characteristics calculated by using the proposed relations and the precise computer code. The calculations are performed with the sound speed profiles obtained from the temperature and salinity measurements during the SEVER and SCICEX-1995 expeditions.     

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy,momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.     

Features and states of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum-mechanics systems

In this paper, we present the elementary principles of nonlinear quantum mechanics (NLQM), which is based on some problems in quantum mechanics. We investigate in detail the motion laws and some main properties of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum systems using these elementary principles. Concretely speaking, we study in this paper the wave-particle duality of the solution of the nonlinear Schr?dinger equation, the stability of microscopic particles described by NLQM, invariances and conservation laws of motion of particles, the Hamiltonian principle of particle motion and corresponding Lagrangian and Hamilton equations, the classical rule of microscopic particle motion, the mechanism and rules of particle collision, the features of reflection and the transmission of particles at interfaces, and the uncertainty relation of particle motion as well as the eigenvalue and eigenequations of particles, and so on. We obtained the invariance and conservation laws of mass, energy and momentum and angular momentum for the microscopic particles, which are also some elementary and universal laws of matter in the NLQM and give further the methods and ways of solving the above questions. We also find that the laws of motion of microscopic particles in such a case are completely different from that in the linear quantum mechanics (LQM). They have a lot of new properties; for example, the particles possess the real wave-corpuscle duality, obey the classical rule of motion and conservation laws of energy, momentum and mass, satisfy minimum uncertainty relation, can be localized due to the nonlinear interaction, and its position and momentum can also be determined, etc. From these studies, we see clearly that rules and features of microscopic particle motion in NLQM is different from that in LQM. Therefore, the NLQM is a new physical theory, and a necessary result of the development of quantum mechanics and has a correct representation of describing microscopic particles in nonlinear systems, which can solve problems disputed for about a century by scientists in the LQM field. Hence, the NLQM built is very necessary and correct. The NLQM established can promote the development of physics and can enhance and raise the knowledge and recognition levels to the essences of microscopic matter. We can predict that nonlinear quantum mechanics has extensive applications in physics, chemistry, biology and polymers, etc.      

FTIR光谱仪中基于定镜调整的动镜运动控制研究

动镜是FTIR光谱仪中唯一不断运动的部件,动镜的匀速运动性能以及动镜与定镜的准直性好坏影响干涉效果和光谱图质量,直接制约着仪器的精度和分辨率,对仪器整体指标起着重要作用。文章围绕FTIR光谱仪中干涉仪动镜运动的匀速性以及其与定镜的准直性展开研究,使用相位检测技术对定镜的姿态作出动态调整以补偿动镜与定镜间的倾斜夹角,并且设计了具有磁悬浮特点的动镜支撑系统。文章采用改进的模糊PID控制算法实现动镜运动速度的精确调节,对该控制方案从硬件设计和算法上实现。结果表明所研发的动镜运动控制系统具有足够的精度和实时性,能够保证FTIR光谱仪中干涉仪所需的准直性及动镜匀速性的要求。     

氢键分子系统的非线性激发和质子传递的理论

基于对氢键分子系统中质子激发和移动的特点的仔细分析，提出一个新的哈密顿函数和理论，用以研究由质子位移所导致的质子的局域性涨落和重离子子晶格的构象畸变而引起的质子的集体激发和质子传递的特性，给出了运动方程和相应的孤立子解，讨论了这些解的特征 关键词：     

基于表面增强拉曼技术的致病菌及其耐药性检测研究进展

随着抗菌药物广泛应用于临床,细菌耐药日益严重。实现快速、高灵敏、准确的细菌及其药物敏感性检测是缓解细菌耐药的关键环节。表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)具有快速、灵敏、无损等优点,可直接获取分子指纹信息,它已成为一种有效的细菌及其耐药性检测技术。不同种类细菌的分子组成和结构存在差异、抗生素处理前后细菌的特征拉曼信号会发生变化,这为表面增强拉曼光谱技术在致病菌及其耐药性检测中的应用提供了依据。基于分子组成与结构的差异, 结合传统多分类数据分析以及机器学习算法,表面增强拉曼光谱技术可以提供客观的诊断信息。这篇综述回顾了近年来表面增强拉曼光谱技术对于致病菌及其耐药性检测的研究进展, 阐述了当前表面增强拉曼光谱技术应用于致病菌检测面临的问题。首先,讨论了致病菌及其耐药性检测中常用SERS基底的材料和结构：金纳米粒子、银纳米粒子、银包金纳米粒子以及新型纳米材料与纳米粒子结合形成的复合SERS基底。然后,概述了SERS检测中捕获细菌的方法,主要介绍了基于核酸适配体、免疫磁性分离、微流控系统以及静电结合的捕获方法,包括上述捕获方法的原理以及捕获方式,综述了以上捕获方法的研究进展。最后,总结了致病菌SERS光谱的各种数据分析方法,通过光谱预处理,特征提取与分类识别,以及构建致病菌SERS光谱诊断模型,实现致病菌及其耐药性的检测;比较了传统的数据分析方法以及机器学习分析方法,重点介绍了深度学习算法在致病菌及其耐药性SERS检测中的优势与应用。文章也对表面增强拉曼光谱应用于致病菌及其耐药性检测的关键问题进行了讨论,并对基于表面增强拉曼技术的致病菌及其耐药性检测方法进行了展望,以促进表面增强拉曼光谱技术在临床检测中的应用。     

钢丝绳在线非接触测长系统研究

钢丝绳成品长度是供货合同的重要指标,与经济效益、企业信誉息息相关。针对在线钢丝绳纹理变化特点,提出一种基于线结构光的非接触测长系统,通过比较钢丝绳在不同时刻,不同位置的线结构光投射条纹图像的相似性,间接测量绳长。对投射条纹提取、条纹相似性度量等关键算法进行了阐述。实验证明,系统解决了传统接触测长固有的打滑、磨损等问题,避免了钢绳在线速度变化、捻距误差等因素的影响,具有准确、高效、实时性强的特点。     

均聚物结晶与熔融化转变的稳态和亚稳态统计理论III. 分子分凝统计结晶动力学～熔体内结晶增长速率的一般化表征和它们对生长机制的依赖性

首先对微晶粒尺寸增长速率的表征进行总结.从微晶核和粒—高分子链组网络结构特点(高分子链组是微晶核和微晶粒同连接链段的复合体)同增长速率间的三个相关性的特征: ①晶核和晶粒加大同连接链段缩短的并存性; ②微晶核和粒表面上连接链段的缩短机制存有简并性; ③微晶粒内和粒表面上stem的反顺式构象共存性出发.建议了一种评估和计算微晶粒尺寸增长速率的新方法和原则,基于该种计算方法和原则用统计力学和动力学相结合法推导出了高分子熔体内几种不同结晶生长机制(近邻折叠、近邻伸直分凝和近邻折叠同近邻伸直分凝并存等生长方式)下微晶粒—高分子链组中微晶粒数增长速率和微晶粒尺寸增长速率动力学方程.     

Effects of oceanic turbidity and index of refraction of hydrosols on the flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere-ocean system

The effects of the concentration and complex index of refraction of hydrosols on the flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere and ocean have been studied by solving the equation of radiative transfer in model atmosphere-ocean systems. Scattering and absorption by aerosols, hydrosols, air and water molecules, as well as reflection and refraction at the ocean surface, are taken into account by applying the matrix method to the combined atmosphere-ocean system. Nine values of the index of refraction and four values of the concentration are assumed for the hydrosols. The flux of the solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere, just above and below the ocean surface, and at several depths in the ocean is calculated in the spectral interval between 0.3 and 0.8 μm. The flux of solar radiation in the atmosphere and ocean is significantly affected by the oceanic turbidity, as well as by the complex index of refraction of hydrosols.