喷雾冷却的热逆转现象及其传热强化特性

针对高热流密度激光介质散热问题,利用实验方法研究了以十二烷基硫酸钠水溶液作为工质的喷雾冷却传热特性。结果表明,在特定的热流密度范围内,随着热流密度的增加,加热面温度不升反降,称之为热逆转。热逆转现象对对流换热系数的提升作用可高达94.0%,提升大小与热流密度有关。热逆转对应的热流密度区间为80～130 W/cm2,与浓度关系较小。热逆转现象与实验过程有关,该现象仅在热流密度逐渐升高的过程中出现,降低和任调热流密度过程中未发现此现象。热逆转具体原因还有待研究。     

一维均匀Morse晶格体系的热流棘齿效应

本文系统研究了系统两端无平均温差时一维均匀Morse晶格中的热流棘齿效应. Morse晶格的两端分别与两个热浴相接触, 其中一端热浴温度周期调制,另一端热浴温度保持不变, 两端热浴温度长时平均相等. 数值结果表明, 当对一端热浴温度进行周期调制时, 系统中便会有稳定的定向热流产生. 通过改变调制频率和强度, 可以控制热流的大小及方向. 在合适的频率范围内, 可观察到一种非常有趣的现象——非定态负热导现象, 即系统中产生的定向热流逆着系统温度梯度方向由低温端流向高温端. 通过热波动力学分析(分析热流及温度分     

细圆管内超临界二氧化碳对流换热的实验研究

本文对超临界压力二氧化碳在内径为1 mm的竖直细圆管中的对流换热进行了实验研究.分析了流体的热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及流动方向对超临界压力二氧化碳对流换热的影响.实验研究发现,热流密度、进口温度、质量流量以及浮升力对细圆管内对流换热的影响很大,对流换热系数在准临界温度附近存在峰值.在加热的前半段向上流动的对流换热强于向下流动,在加热的后半段则相反.随着热流密度与质量流量比值的不断增加,向上流动与向下流动对流换热强弱转换的交点不断向流体进口方向推移,并且向上流动的壁面温度出现峰值,发生换热恶化,而向下流动则没有出现换热恶化.     

热自然对流对热声起振行为的研究

主要研究热自然对流对热声发动机系统的影响。通过一系列的实验 ,发现热声发动机空间位置的变化对行波型热声机的起振温度、回热器的温度分布等重要参数有着相当大的影响。作者通过分析 ,对该现象进行了定性的解释。     

热声热机换热器的基本换热特性研究

基于弱非线性热声理论,对热声换热器的基本换热特性进行了理论分析。在前人研究基础上,增加了换热器内纵向温度梯度的影响,获得了二阶周期平均热流的解析表达式,并定义了适合表征热声换热器换热特征的无量纲换热量。计算分析了无量纲参数声导率Ya,对流与压缩性比Γ,动态雷诺数Re_w对换热器时均换热量的影响。分析表明,换热器产生时均吸热还是时均放热特性主要由临界声导率幅值央定,存在时均纵向温度梯度时,还取决于Re_w;声导率的相位角对时均热流的影响相对较小,但其影响会随着|Γ|和|Ya|的增大而增大;|Γ|的存在增强了换热;存在临界的Re_w值使得二阶周期平均热流取得极值。本文所定义的无量纲换热量能合理表征换热器换热特性,对热声换热器基本换热特征的研究将为进一步考察其实际复杂工作机理提供理论指导。     

全玻璃真空太阳能热水器内流场的影响因素分析

本文通过对均匀加热条件下的全玻璃真空管太阳能热水器内流场的计算流体力学模拟,研究了管内的对流换热过程,分析了器内流场的影响因素以及真空管与水箱连接处的流体速度、温度分布,计算与实验结果相一致,结果表明,在真空管与水箱连接处出现随机的涡流,对换热过程不利,特别是对于增加反射板的类似真空管双面受热的热水器情况,应采取措施确保管内对流换热流动的有序性。     

热声热机起振过程中回热器内气体的温度分布

文中研究了驻波型热声发动机回热器内的气体,研究时段为从加热到起振前的过程,对气体在此时段内建立数学模型并加以分析。通过求解该模型,得出了回热器内不同时间和位置点的温度变化,其计算结果与实验数据相吻合。最后对模型简化导致的误差进行了分析修正。     

双壁碳纳米管热驱动的分子动力学模拟研究

本文利用分子动力学模拟研究了双壁碳纳米管中的热驱动现象,当双壁碳纳米管的内管存在温差而产生热流时,外管总是沿着内管的热流方向运动。当内管温度梯度为几K/nm时,外管每个碳原子所受的热驱动力在3.5 fN到16 fN之间。根据热质理论,声子气的运动会对物质原子骨架产生作用力,它就是热流产生的热驱动力,这定性解释了热驱动现象的物理机制。此外,基于声子理论分析了热驱动机理,指出驱动力大小与热流成正比。     

热声发电系统中的拍频效应研究

热声发电是一种新型的发电技术,可有效利用太阳能、工业废热等低品位能源,具有广阔的应用前景。由于存在气体谐振管和发电机两个谐振机构,行波热声发电系统内可能会出现两个频率相近的压力波耦合振荡现象,即拍频现象,影响系统稳定运行。本文基于热力学分析法开展了热声发电系统中拍频效应的理论研究,在时域内得到并分析了不同加热温度下压力增长或衰减的拍频振荡现象。     

固体火箭尾舱对流加热机理

对某型固体火箭尾舱热环境进行了研究,发现尾舱热环境存在明显的天地差异,通过数值仿真结果分析了对流热环境产生的机理.在真实飞行环境下,火箭尾舱外部绕流产生的激波和发动机喷流激波之间存在剪切层,剪切层与尾舱连通,在激波与剪切层的相互作用下形成非定常漩涡结构,是尾舱内对流加热的来源.剪切层的强弱与对流热流的大小密切相关,根据对流热流产生机理,对一种减小对流热流的结构形式进行了研究,通过减弱火箭尾部的剪切层,大幅减小了对流热流,固体火箭尾舱热环境得到明显改善.      

振动激励条件下复合材料损伤生热的研究

为实现对复合材料表面及浅表面损伤的快速检测,采用振动热成像技术,对复合材料在疲劳、冲击等不同作用下产生的损伤进行了检测研究。分析了瞬时性和周期性两种内生热源形式下平板构件的表面温度场分布。基于有限元法计算了表面裂纹、浅表面分层及内部脱粘等不同类型损伤在振动激励条件下的生热情况。在设计制作复合材料疲劳裂纹试件和冲击损伤试件的基础上,利用超声波发生器和红外热像仪开展了试验研究。结果表明:振动热成像技术能够快速准确地检测到复合材料表面及浅表面的紧贴型损伤;通过红外序列图中热斑形状可判断损伤的类型。     

低频加热合成金刚石的时间温场

 在高温高压下合成金刚石，工频加热与低频加热合成效果不同。工频加热是向腔体恒热量输入，在腔体中形成空间温场；低频加热是脉冲式向腔体输入热量，在腔体中既形成空间温场又形成时间温场。用时间温场解释了一些实验现象和结果。     

Non-steady-state photoelectromotive force effect under linear and periodical phase modulation: application to detection of Doppler frequency shift

Non-steady-state photoelectromotive force effect in the presence of periodical and linear phase shift was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It was shown that superposition of oscillating and linear movements of the interference pattern leads to the appearance of the sharp peak in the frequency dependence of the photoelectromotive force output current when the frequency of periodical modulation matches the frequency of the linear phase shift. We demonstrated experimentally that this effect can be used for determination of a Doppler frequency shift between signal and reference beam.     

A multi-gate time-of-flight technique for estimation of temperature distribution in heated tissue: theory and computer simulation

Non-invasive determination of temperature distribution in biological media is important in many heating-related studies, such as thermal treatment. In this paper, we present an in vitro ultrasound technique for estimation of temperature distribution in heated tissue. Our technique consists of two major steps: (1) using multiple time gates to track echo signals scattered from tissue regions at different depths; (2) estimating temperature distribution based on heating-induced changes of arrival times of echo signals scattered from the targeted tissue regions. We use the conventional cross-correlation approach to track echoes. For temperature estimation, we have developed an iterative method that takes into account the influences of thermal expansion and heating-induced change in the speed of sound on the time of flight. We have introduced a concept of thermal sensitivity of the time of flight and used it to derive a theoretical formula that relates the achievable accuracy on the estimation of tissue temperature to seven parameters. The seven parameters are tissue thermal sensitivity of the time of flight, signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth and center frequency of the signal, degree of signal decorrelation induced by changes in tissue physical properties during tissue heating, and widths and spacing of the time gates. We tested our technique by computer simulation, using a random discrete scatterer model and temperature distribution data acquired in our laser heating experiments on prostate tissue of live dog. Simulation results showed that our technique could accurately estimate the temperature distribution in the heated tissue. Our technique is fast in terms of computation and could be used as a research tool for in vitro real-time monitoring of temperature distribution in tissue under hyperthermal heating.     

Spectral emissivity modeling of steel 201 during the growth of oxidation film over the temperature range from 800 to 1100 K in air

This study explores the spectral emissivity modeling of steel 201 during the growth of oxidation film over the temperature range from 800 to 1100 K at 1.5 μm. The radiance coming from the specimen is received by an InGaAs photodiode detector. The specimen temperature is obtained by averaging the two platinum–rhodium thermocouples, which are tightly welded in the front surface of specimen near the measuring area viewed by the detector. The variation of spectral emissivity with the temperature is studied at a given heating time. The variation of spectral emissivity with the heating time is evaluated at a definite temperature. The strong oscillations of spectral emissivity are observed and discussed in detail, which originate from the interference effect between the radiation stemming from the oxidization film on the specimen surface and the radiation coming from the specimen surface. The measurement uncertainties of spectral emissivity contributed only by the surface oxidization are about 3.2–14.1%. At a given heating time, the variation of spectral emissivity with the temperature abides well by a simple analytic functional form. And at a definite temperature, the variation of spectral emissivity with the heating time can also be well reproduced by fitting except for the periodical oscillations.     

等离子体合成射流能量效率及工作特性研究

基于等离子体激励器工作过程中气体放电的焦耳加热作用, 并结合局部热力学平衡等离子体物理假设, 开展了等离子体合成射流三维唯象数值研究, 获得了完整工作周期内等离子体合成射流流场发展演变过程. 研究结果表明, 单次能量沉积建立的自维持周期性射流中存在有实现激励器腔体"充分" 回填的最大脉冲工作频率––饱和频率. 大的能量沉积、小的激励器出口直径和相同腔体体积下大的径高比都可以产生速度更高的射流, 而射流速度的提高会伴随有饱和频率的降低. 一个饱和周期内, 最多约有16%的初始腔内气体喷出, 吸气复原仅能实现初始腔体质量90%左右的回填.一个大气压条件下, 容性电源供能的等离子体合成射流激励器电能向气体热能和射流动能的转化效率分别约为5%和1.6%. 关键词： 等离子体激励器 合成射流 能量效率 饱和频率     

Thermoreflectance and photodeflection combined for microscopic characterization of metallic surfaces

A non-contact technique is presented that provides information on thermal diffusivity at the cubic micron scale in metal surfaces. It relies on the simultaneous fit of the frequency dependence of two mechanisms that appear when heating the surface of the sample with a modulated laser beam, the thermoreflectance (change in reflectivity with temperature) and photodeflection (the deflection of the beam due to the surface deformation). A complete analytical model is presented that takes both mechanisms into account, showing that the relative importance of both mechanisms depends strongly on the material under test and varies in several orders of magnitude between different metallic alloys. By filtering the reflected signal with an adjustable knife edge, the photodeflection signal can be enhanced. It is also shown how the signal arising from each mechanism depends strongly on the relative position of the pump and probe beams. A characteristic modulating frequency appears at which a drop in the signal with frequency is observed that is coincident for both mechanisms. From the determination of the characteristic frequency, the local heat diffusivity can be determined as it is shown for the case of an AISI304 stainless steel sample. PACS 78.20.Nv; 65.40.-b; 72.15.Eb     

连续和重复频率激光对旋转壳体加热效率的数值模拟

 基于有效利用激光能量的目的，采用有限元分析方法分析并比较了重复频率和连续激光对旋转壳体的加热效率。数值计算结果表明：重复频率激光要比连续激光的加热效率高，而且加热效率与重复频率、占空比等有关；在平均功率密度相同的前提下，在频率相同条件下，占空比减小，温度上升加快，即加热效率随占空比的减小而增大；在相同占空比条件下，重复频率越小温度周期变化越明显，振荡峰值越大，当占空比较小时随着辐照时间的增加重复频率对加热效率影响减小。     

真空环境熔融金属成分检测的激光诱导击穿光谱系统

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是应用于冶金在线分析最具前景的技术之一。为了研究真空和高温条件下LIBS光谱特性和物质成分定量分析方法,设计并搭建了可实现真空环境高温熔融金属LIBS光谱测量的实验系统。系统以调Q Nd: YAG脉冲激光器为光源,采用不同焦距透镜实现激光聚焦和信号光采集,并利用光谱仪进行光谱检测,真空获取和高温加热通过真空泵和中频感应电炉实现,感应加热线圈通过陶瓷封接引线法兰与真空系统进行整合。经过安装测试,搭建系统在未加热情况下真空度可达1×10-4Pa,加热温度可达到1 600 ℃,可实现真空环境下铁、铝等金属加热或熔融,并获得相应环境下的LIBS测量光谱。利用该系统进行真空和熔融条件下标准钢样品的LIBS实验,得到了固态钢样品LIBS光谱在不同真空度下的光谱对比,以及真空环境熔融态和固态钢样品光谱对比。通过对测得的LIBS光谱进行数据处理和理论分析,所得初步实验结果与现有研究结论相符合,表明该系统工作状况良好,可满足真空环境下的熔融金属成分分析研究的基本需求。     

Effect of annealing temperature on determining trap depths of quartz by various heating rates method

The aim of this study is to determine the trap parameters (trap depth E, frequency factor s) of quartz using various heating rates method and also to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on determining trap depths. The method is based on the positions of the thermoluminescence peaks, obtained from the change in temperature of the peak at maximum caused by changing the heating rate at which the sample is measured. In the present work, powder quartz samples were annealed first at different temperatures before irradiation. Then samples irradiated to different doses were measured with a TL reader at different heating rates and the glow curves were recorded. In order to calculate the trap depth E and the frequency factor s, the glow parameter T_m was determined experimentally from the glow curve by measuring the shift of the maximum peak temperature depending on heating rate β. The calculation of trap parameters was repeated for each annealing temperature. Then the effect of annealing temperature on trap depths calculated by the various heating rates method was evaluated.