低温冷风与传统加工对磨削质量的对比分析

针对磨削加工传统方法的不足设计了一种新型低温冷风加工磨削装置,能够提供0～-80℃连续低温,压力在0.3～0.5MPa范围内变化,结构简单,操作控制方便,加工成本低。通过对比工件的表面粗糙度,发现使用低温冷风磨削效果优于传统磨削,并且低温冷风温度越低,压力越高则工件表面质量越好,机床参数与低温冷风参数相比对工件的表面粗糙度影响不很明显。     

轴对称非球面磨削表面粗糙度和波纹度的分布特性

基于光栅平行磨削的加工方式,分析磨削参数对轴对称非球面表面粗糙度的影响,揭示轴对称非球面表面粗糙度的分布规律。研究砂轮与工件加工过程的干涉现象,阐述其对轴对称非球面表面波纹度的作用机理并提出影响其分布和大小的主要因素。结合磨削实验表明,垂直磨削方向的表面粗糙度明显比平行磨削方向上的大且数值呈现中部小、边缘大的分布特点。砂轮振动和插补步距分别是平行磨削和垂直磨削方向上表面波纹度产生的主要因素。     

KDP晶体单点金刚石切削表面粗糙度预测及实验研究

采用单点金刚石切削的方法加工了KDP晶体,利用回归分析的方法建立了表面粗糙度预测模型,达到了在加工前设计、预测和控制表面粗糙度的目的。利用预测模型分析了进给量、切削速度、背吃刀量对表面粗糙度的影响。通过优化设计获得了KDP晶体在该条件下的最佳切削参数,得到的表面粗糙度的最佳估计值为6.3389nm。利用最佳的切削工艺参数,加工出了表面粗糙度值为6.895nm的超光滑表面。     

球面光学零件气囊抛光工艺参数优化的研究

针对球面光学零件,采用气囊抛光方法对其进行加工,以正交实验为实验方法,以球面光学零件材料去除率和表面粗糙度为目标,研究了5个主要影响因素(气囊压缩量、气囊转速、内部压力、抛光液浓度和工件曲率半径)对材料去除率和表面粗糙度的影响程度,并根据实验结果优选工艺参数,找出影响材料去除率和表面粗糙度的工艺参数优化组合。以去除率和表面粗糙度为目标工艺参数,在优选后的结果指导下,根据优选后的工艺参数,以控制表面粗糙度为目标,采用离散进动方式抛光球面光学零件,可获得超精密的光滑表面。     

气囊抛光工艺参数的正交实验分析

针对平面光学零件,以抛光去除率和表面粗糙度为考核指标,应用正交试验法分析了气囊抛光过程中的主要工艺参数,包括抛光工具气囊的压缩量、气囊转速、气囊内部充气压力、抛光液的浓度对抛光去除效率和表面粗糙度的影响规律。结合气囊抛光的抛光机理对其进行了分析,根据实验结果对工艺参数进行了优化,并进行了综合参数的气囊抛光加工实验,获得了超精密光滑的表面。     

平行磨削非轴对称非球面光学元件表面形貌

结合砂轮表面仿真及磨削过程的运动学仿真获得工件表面轮廓、形貌和粗糙度预计,可以作为磨削过程中的理论依据,是精密磨削加工技术中主要的研究内容之一。平行磨削技术是加工非轴对称非球面光学元件的重要手段,而相关的仿真过程报道还很少。提出一种基于平行磨削的精密磨削加工非球面表面生成的仿真方法,该方法主要包含使用高斯方法生成具有不同统计学特征的随机砂轮表面形貌,建立单磨粒运动轨迹方程和圆弧砂轮细分后与工件表面点接触的运动关系,据此给出平行磨削加工表面生成的数值算法,并对不同加工参数下的工件表面形貌进行仿真。仿真结果和测量结果的一致性验证了所给算法的正确性和有效性     

基于激光毛化技术的5052铝合金粘接试验研究

为了提高5052铝合金的粘接性能,利用脉冲光纤激光的短脉冲和高峰值功率的特性,对铝合金试件进行了激光毛化试验研究。通过正交实验法,研究了平均功率、扫描速度、脉冲频率和脉冲宽度等工艺参数对激光毛化质量的影响,以及各工艺参数的影响权重,并求得最佳工艺参数,最佳工艺参数为平均功率90 W、扫描速度10 mm/s、脉冲频率1000 kHz、脉冲宽度200 ns。根据优化后的工艺参数,加工获得了粗糙度2.35 μm,然后对激光毛化后的铝合金试件进行单搭接拉伸试验,研究发现粘接强度随着粗糙度的增大而增大,当粗糙度到达一定程度时,粘接强度反而会随着粗糙度的增大而减小。另外,粘接强度还跟铝合金表面的微织构的类型及疏密程度都有很大关系。     

基于激光散斑成像的零件表面粗糙度建模

表面粗糙度是衡量机械表面加工水平的重要参数. 通过构建一套激光散斑成像采集系统, 获取了不同表面加工类型和不同粗糙度值的零件表面激光散斑图像. 应用Tamura纹理特征理论提取图像的纹理粗糙度、对比度、方向度特征, 并分析了这三个特征与表面粗糙度的关系. 发现了纹理粗糙度特征与表面粗糙度的单调关系, 推导出平磨、外磨、研磨三种表面加工工艺的粗糙度值与图像纹理粗糙度特征的数学函数关系, 实现了表面粗糙度的测量. 同时, 利用Tamura纹理特征与加工工艺的依赖关系, 建立了基于贝叶斯网络的工艺识别推理模型, 推理出了零件表面加工工艺. 通过为多种加工类型表面建立粗糙度测量模型, 为粗糙度测量提供了新思路. 实验证明所提的粗糙度测量模型能以较高的准确率识别出零件表面加工类型并测量出其表面粗糙度值.     

基于自相关函数的非平面表面粗糙度的图像纹理研究

采用自相关函数对不同加工工艺形成的非平面工件表面粗糙度进行了研究。讨论了自相关函数及其扩展度参数与图像纹理特性的关系,构建了实验装置,利用图像处理软件对实验所得的激光散斑图像进行了处理,得到了自相关函数及其扩展测度参数随表面粗糙度的变化曲线。为研究非平面工件的粗糙度,提供了一种新的方法。     

轨迹成型法加工光学零件磨床中的微进给电控装置的研究

本文提出了一种在轨迹成型法加工光学零件磨床上实现脆性材料超精密磨削的微进给电控装置。试验表明,在轨迹成型法加工光学零件磨床上应用本装置对光学透镜进行磨削后,工件表面粗糙度可达Ｒａ＝０．０２μｍ,能够达到光学零件精磨的粗糙度要求。     

Theoretical and experimental investigations on rotary ultrasonic surface micro-machining of brittle materials

Many brittle materials, such as single-crystal materials, amorphous materials, and ceramics, are widely used in many industries such as the energy industry, aerospace industry, and biomedical industry. In recent years, there is an increasing demand for high-precision micro-machining of these brittle materials to produce precision functional parts. Traditional ultra-precision micro-machining can lead to workpiece cracking, low machined surface quality, and reduced tool life. To reduce and further solve these problems, a new micro-machining process is needed. As one of the nontraditional machining processes, rotary ultrasonic machining is an effective method to reduce the issues generated by traditional machining processes of brittle materials. Therefore, rotary ultrasonic micro-machining (RUμM) is investigated to conduct the surface micro-machining of brittle materials. Due to the small diameter cutting tool (<500 μm) and high accuracy requirements, the impact of input parameters in the rotary ultrasonic surface micro-machining (RUSμM) process on tool deformation and cutting quality is extremely different from that in rotary ultrasonic surface machining (RUSM) with relatively large diameter cutting tool (∼10 mm). Up till now, there is still no investigation on the effects of ultrasonic vibration (UV) and input variables (such as tool rotation speed and depth of cut) on cutting force and machined surface quality in RUSμM of brittle materials. To fill this knowledge gap, rotary ultrasonic surface micro-machining of the silicon wafer (one of the most versatile brittle materials) was conducted in this study. The effects of ultrasonic vibration, tool rotation speed, and depth of cut on tool trajectory, material removal rate (MRR), cutting force, cutting surface quality, and residual stress were investigated. Results show that the ultrasonic vibration could reduce the cutting force, improve the cutting surface quality, and suppress the residual compressive stress, especially under conditions with high tool rotation speed.     

Controlling subsurface damage in neodymium-doped phosphate glass

We investigate the removal mechanism of neodymium-doped phosphate glass dominated in loose abrasive grinding and bound abrasive grinding. Moreover, we investigate the surface roughness and subsurface damage change with optical fabrication parameters, such as different spindle speed, load and abrasive size under different grinding processes in details. For a range of experimental conditions, we find that fracture is the principal removal mechanism for loose abrasive grinding, while plastic scratching is the dominating mechanism for bound abrasive grinding. The load has more influence on subsurface damage for bound abrasive grinding than for loose abrasive grinding. However, the spindle speed has different effect on subsurface damage produced with loose abrasive grinding and bound abrasive grinding. Moderate spindle speed and low load is preferred to produce smaller subsurface damage for loose abrasive grinding. Moreover, higher spindle speed and lower load are preferred to plastic scratching for bound abrasive grinding. Bound abrasive grinding produces 4 times lower surface roughness and 3 times lower subsurface damage than loose abrasive grinding.     

金刚石砂轮在精密光学加工中的应用技术

在精密光学加工中,金刚石砂轮被广泛应用于精磨各种硬脆性材料。为了提高光学零件的表面质量,降低亚表面损伤,精密金刚石砂轮的制造及其光学加工工艺受到广泛的关注。综述了金刚石砂轮的结构、装夹方式、结合剂及基体的选用情况,对金刚石砂轮的静平衡和动平衡进行了分析,并提出了解决方案,运用该方案加工出的非球面零件面形精度Rt1 m,Ra＜0.3 m。实践证明,运用该方法加工出的零件达到了超精磨的水平,大大提高了后道工序的加工效率。     

磁流变抛光工艺参数的正交实验分析

对利用自行配制的水基磁流变抛光液和磁流变抛光实验样机进行了以抛光去除效率和表面粗糙度为考核指标的工艺实验。应用正交试验方法分析了磁流变抛光中主要工艺参数(磁场强度、抛光粉浓度、抛光盘的转速、抛光盘与工件间的间隙)对抛光去除效率和表面粗糙度的影响规律,并结合磁流变抛光机理对其进行了分析。根据实验结果对工艺参数进行了优化。     

真实加工表面后向散射特性分析及表面参数反演

无合作目标激光绝对测距中,远距离、真实表面的后向散射特性机理不明朗,严重影响测距结果,是制约测距技术发展的重要瓶颈。以立铣、平铣、平磨等三种典型实际机械加工方式下的粗糙表面为研究对象,测量了在1 550 nm红外激光照射下形成的后向散射场,探究了不同加工方式下特殊后向散射场形成的原因,深入分析了表面纹理、入射方位角、入射角度、粗糙度对后向散射场分布的影响。实验结果分析表明,加工制造表面的后向散射光谱形态分布受加工方式的影响很大,且相互入射几何关系和粗糙度对每种加工方式下的实际粗糙表面均有规律性影响。为了能够获取足够的后向散射能量,对表面参数的识别反演显得十分重要。进一步构建了一种加工表面多维参数反演模型,采用另外一种加工方式(刨床)的样块数据进行验证,加工方式能够被准确区分,入射方位角和粗糙度反演的相对误差分别达到1.21%和1.03%,反演精度较高。经实验验证,通过表面参数的反演极大拓宽了无合作目标激光绝对测距的范围,有效降低了表面纹理、入射方位角、粗糙度等对测距范围的影响。这一研究结果还对具有纹理特征加工表面的后向散射光谱的研究和在其他领域的应用均具有一定的参考价值。     

基于散粒磨料振动抛光非球面加工技术研究

鉴于非球面光学元件的应用日益广泛,非球面加工技术成为研究热点,提出一种基于散粒磨料振动抛光非球面的加工方法。非球面元件待抛光表面与磨粒均匀接触,通过振动抛光装置为游离磨粒提供抛光作用力,使材料去除均匀,降低表面粗糙度。以材料为ZK-10L、尺寸为Φ55 mm的光学元件为实验对象,分析了振动幅度、抛光液浓度、磨粒粒径和抛光时间对抛光效果的影响,当振动幅度为5 mm、抛光液浓度为80 g/L、磨粒粒径为1 mm时,振动抛光8 h后试件的表面粗糙度从84.4 nm降低到9.4 nm,而试件的面形精度基本不变,从而在保证面形的前提下达到抛光的目的。     

Vibration analysis of rail grinding using a twin-wheel grinder

Grinding is the final process of machining a rail. Conventionally, the rail’s surfaces are ground by a single-wheel grinder. The vibrations caused by the grinding process can greatly influence the final surface roughness and dimensional accuracy of the rail. This research investigates performance achieved by using two grinding wheels simultaneously and symmetrically on two opposite surfaces of a rail. In practical terms, the feed force from the two grinding wheels cannot be aligned perfectly, and the imbalance and/or imperfect roundness of the grinding wheels will certainly result in vibrations during the grinding process. This study applies an impedance method to determine rail vibration and the grinding instability, such as chatter caused by feed force misalignment and grinding wheel imbalance. When compared to conventional single-wheel grinding, the results indicate twin-wheel grinding reduces rail vibration, leading to low incidence of grinding chatter and better grinding performance. However, feed force misalignment between the two grinding wheels can lead to increased chatter, and both resonance and chatter may occur at lower grinding speeds as feed force misalignment increases. Results also show that feed force misalignment has a greater effect on rail vibration and chatter than imbalance asynchronization between the two grinding wheels.