一种基于图像处理技术获取尾流特性的新方法

提出了一种利用图像处理手段获取舰船尾流中气泡大小和密度的新方法.该方法对利用高速数字摄影设备拍摄的尾流图像进行处理；具有直观、实时、高效等特点，可以方便地应用在实际的工程项目中.     

水中高压放电气泡的实验研究

采用高速摄影方法对通过金属丝的水中高压放电所产生的气泡脉动现象进行了实验研究，发 现气泡脉动有以下基本规律：脉动参数主要取决于初始总电能大小，而与电容和充电电压的 具体取值关系不大；实验段脉动参数受池壁的边界效应影响很小. 气泡的脉动机械能占据了 放电总能量的20%—40%，第二次脉动与第一次脉动的能量比也与此接近； 喷射现象是造成 脉动能量减小的主要原因. 关键词： 高压放电 气泡 高速摄影     

水中脉冲放电等离子体通道特性及气泡破裂过程

利用高速摄影法对水中放电等离子体通道的边界层进行了研究,结果表明,当输入到单位长度通道内的功率密度较小时,通道边界存在较厚的过渡层,其亮度明显小于通道中间部分.根据等离子体通道的高速阴影照片指出该通道沿轴向具有非均匀性.另外,还给出了等离子体气泡最后破裂时的高速阴影照片,并对气泡破裂过程作了初步的探讨 关键词： 水中放电 等离子体     

基于高速摄影的烟火药水下燃烧喷口气泡与噪声研究

为分析烟火药水下燃烧的现象及声辐射特性,采用高速摄影技术,对烟火药水下燃烧喷口处的气泡进行了实验研究。在此基础上根据高速摄影的系列图像估计了气泡体积,通过对气泡体积的曲线进行拟合后再求二阶导数获得了其变化的加速度,基于脉动体积源点声源公式,计算了喷口噪声的声压。结果表明由于界面的Bjerknes力和浮力的作用,气泡主要呈现一种扁球体;烟火药水下燃烧喷口噪声的声压最高达到了177.1 Pa。     

基于数字全息术的水中气泡场获取方法的研究

水中气泡场是海洋和大气热交换的重要媒介,随着对海洋研究的深入,水中气泡场的研究越来越受到人们的重视。数字全息术由于具有可获取三维空间信息、可进行实时实地测量、不干扰被测对象等优点,所以可成为获取水中气泡场的有效手段。研究了数字全息技术在水中气泡场探测中的应用,并进行了数字全息拍摄的实验和再现,探讨了获取水中环境对获取气泡场的影响,讨论了实验中出现的问题,并对所得到的再现图像数据进行了分析和讨论。     

低气流量时水下微米级针管气泡生成实验研究

目前国内外的水下气泡生成现象研究主要集中在毫米级尺寸的孔洞和针管,微米级的研究相比很少。本文通过自行搭建的实验平台,利用高速摄影的方法,对0.110 mm内径的针管产生水下气泡的行为特点进行了系统的可视化实验并利用Matlab编程对图像进行处理分析,定量分析气泡的形态参数。文中对单气泡生长过程的阶段性、周期性和部分参数变化作了详细讨论,实验中还发现了更高气流量下的多气泡合并现象,并得到气泡脱离体积随气体流量的变化特点。     

舰船远场尾流气泡分布特性的数值模拟

为了了解舰船尾流中气泡的分布特征,为激光探测舰船尾流提供依据,建立了计算热分层环境中舰船远场尾流中气泡数密度分布的数学模型,该模型由抛物化的RaNS方程及气泡输运方程组成,采用k－ε两方程湍流模式.利用该模型数值模拟了舰船尾流中的气泡数密度分布特征、气泡尾流宽度扩展规律,气泡数密度衰减规律,并与实测结果进行了比较,二者定性符合得较好.数值模拟表明舰船尾流中半径为10~30 μm的气泡存活时间最长, 为了确保能在距船尾5 km处还能探测到舰船气泡尾流,其探测的对象应以半径10~30 μm的气泡为主,并且探测准确度至少应能达到识别出初始截面上气泡数密度的3%.     

柱形装药水中爆炸气泡的形态演变

 采用高速摄影方法在实验水箱中获得了长径比为3.35~6.75的柱形PETN炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动的图像,进而结合真实的爆轰过程和Rayleigh气泡运动方程,研究了气泡的形态演变规律。研究结果表明,柱形装药在水中爆炸时,形成的初始气泡的形状为非球对称形,这种非对称特征随长径比的增加而增大。气泡表面的运动也表现出明显的非球对称特征,气泡表面在装药径向的膨胀运动呈指数衰减,在装药轴向两端的膨胀运动更接近于分段线性衰减。气泡表面的不对称运动与柱形装药水下爆炸的能量输出结构不均有关,与冲击波的有效能量分布规律是相似的。     

基于图像方法模拟尾流气泡分布特性的研究

舰船尾流中气泡对尾流特性研究起着重要的作用,研究气泡数密度分布对于追踪舰船有着重要意义.用图像方法来研究气泡,具有直观、简便的优点.采用激光片光源限定采样区域,利用数学形态学的方法对气泡图像进行了处理.通过剪切、变灰度、调整照明和亮度、填充、膨胀、腐蚀等操作获得理想的图像并进行统计.用上述方法对记录气泡消散过程的图片进行处理,可以看出气泡的消散过程基本符合指数衰减的规律.     

基于OCT技术对古瓷釉气泡特征的初步研究

气泡是古代瓷釉中最常见的一种现象,气泡的大小与分布与胎体和釉层的配方及制作工艺密切相关。气泡表征对研究陶瓷的制作工艺、产地和时代特征等具有重要的意义。为了探讨利用光学相干层析成像技术（OCT）表征古代瓷釉中气泡及其分布特征的可行性,实验采用扫频OCT成像系统对五件不同类型的瓷釉样品进行了测试。根据实验所获得的透明釉层及胎釉结合部位的二维断面图像和三维层析图像,分别进行了瓷釉气泡二维断面和三维切片的特征研究,综合分析了釉层中的气泡特征及其可能产生的原因,认为釉层中的气泡主要是由于胎体中的气体在烧制过程中向釉层溢出所致;同时基于像素点计算了气泡的大小, 并与传统光学显微镜观测到的结果进行了比较;实验还针对不透明釉层中的气泡进行了大小计算、二维断面及三维切片的特征研究。实验结果表明,不同类型的古代瓷釉釉层中的气泡特征差异明显;基于像素点计算的气泡大小与传统光学显微镜测试的结果吻合, 近胎釉结合面的胎体切片能很好的反映瓷釉的气泡特征。本研究提出并验证了利用OCT技术表征瓷釉气泡特征的可行性与有效性,实现了釉层气泡特征的无损检测,特别是对不透明釉层气泡的分析,克服了以往利用传统显微镜技术对釉层气泡分布研究的局限,为古代陶瓷瓷釉的气泡特征分析提供了一种新型的、可靠的分析手段。     

Propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles

Based on the modification of the radial pulsation equation of an individual bubble, an effective medium method (EMM) is presented for studying propagation of linear and nonlinear longitudinal acoustic waves in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles. A classical theory developed previously by Gaunaurd (Gaunaurd GC and \"{U}berall H, {\em J. Acoust. Soc. Am}., 1978; 63: 1699--1711) is employed to verify the EMM under linear approximation by comparing the dynamic (i.e. frequency-dependent) effective parameters, and an excellent agreement is obtained. The propagation of longitudinal waves is hereby studied in detail. The results illustrate that the nonlinear pulsation of bubbles serves as the source of second harmonic wave and the sound energy has the tendency to be transferred to second harmonic wave. Therefore the sound attenuation and acoustic nonlinearity of the viscoelastic matrix are remarkably enhanced due to the system's resonance induced by the existence of bubbles.     

Experimental Study on Physical Mechanism of Drag Reduction of Hydrophobic Materials in Laminar Flow

We experimentally study the physical mechanism of the drag reduction of hydrophobic materials in the macroscopic scale. The experiment includes the drag and velocity measurements of laminar boundary layer flow over flat plates, and the observation of air bubbles on the surfaces. The plate surfaces have different wetting and roughness properties. In the drag measurements, the plates with bubbles on the surfaces lead to drag reduction, but not for those without bubbles. Velocity measurement confirms that the flow is laminar and gives apparent fluid slip on the plate wall with bubbles. In observation, air bubbles in macroscopic size emerge and enlarge on hydrophobic surfaces but not on hydrophilic surfaces. Therefore, the drag reduction of hydrophobic materials is explained by the generation of air bubbles of macroscopic size that cause the apparent velocity slip.     

面内磁场对硬磁泡形成的影响

实验研究了面内磁场对一次脉冲偏磁场作用下外延石榴石薄膜中硬磁泡形成的影响,发现存在一个使硬磁泡不再形成的临界面内磁场H_in⁰,它与材料参量有关,通过实验,运用面内磁场对条状畴的作用和枝状畴的形成,定性解释了软硬磁泡形成的分界场H_[b]随面内磁场增大、快降以及缓降这三个物理过程。 关键词：     

三探头单纤光导探针测量二维气泡速度的实验研究

1前言气液两相流广泛存在于动力、化工等工业过程中，到目前为止，人们已开发了大量的实验测定方法，用于研究气液两相流空泡份额等。但是对气泡速度的测量研究并不多，主要原因在于气泡速度测量的困难性。近几年人们尝试使用激光多普勒测速技术、颗粒轨迹测速技术等测量气泡速度，这些测量方法不仅系统复杂，而且还有相应的限制条件，适用范围有限。利用相关测速技术可以测量一维气泡速度，其原理是：设距离为L的上、下游两个测点的传感器在时间间隔T内测得的随机气泡信号为X（t）和Y（t），而且X（t）和Y（t）为平稳和各态遍历，则相关…     

尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性研究

依据Mie理论光散射在0°和180°有明显增强的结论，应用自行设计的模拟尾流后向散射光功率实验系统在632.8 nm He-Ne激光器直接照明和扩束后照明两种条件下，对模拟尾流后向散射光功率衰减特性进行了研究.结果表明,用后向散射光功率进行探测时，考虑到散射光在水中传播的衰减，对近距离分布的气泡，使用扩束光照明效果较好；对较远距离分布的气泡，使用细光束照明效果较好，其可探测的距离要比扩束光远.     

Monte Carlo Simulation of Optical Properties of Wake Bubbles

Based on Mie scattering theory and the theory of multiple light scattering, the light scattering properties of air bubbles in a wake are analysed by Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that backscattering is enhanced obviously due to the existence of bubbles, especially with the increase of bubble density, and that it is feasible to use the Monte Carlo method to study the properties of light scattering by air bubbles.     

尾流气泡幕散射光的性质

用波长为630 nm的激光器作为光源,硅二极管直接接收气泡幕的散射光.对不同气泡幕的散射光作不同点的均值,同时用Matlab语言程序计算散射光不同点自相关,充分证明了散射光的随机性.从散射光的统计性质来看,它的均值和相关性与气泡幕参数之间存在一定的规律,使光探测尾流具有可实现性.     

LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETRY MEASUREMENTS OF BUBBLE RISE VELOCITY AND DEPARTURE FREQUENCY

Previous experimental investigations have employed photographic techniques to quantify the rise velocity and departure frequency of bubbles departing from a boiling surface, a method that requires a significant time investment to provide accurate time-averaged results. The current study focuses on applying laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) techniques to quantify these parameters. Initially, the LDA system is employed to measure the rise velocity and departure frequency of air bubbles in FC-72, R-113, and water. These air bubble tests verify the ability of the LDA measurement technique to quantify the bubble parameters. The LDA technique is then used to quantify the bubble parameters from a wire during isolated nucleate boiling conditions in saturated FC-72. Highly time-dependent departure frequencies (7 to 242 Hz) are measured in the isolated nucleate boiling regime. LDA signals representing departure frequencies in the fully developed nucleate boiling regime are discussed.     

Influence of dissolved-air concentration on spatial distribution of bubbles for sonochemistry

The pulsation of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles at various dissolved-air concentration in a sonochemical reaction field of standing-wave type is investigated experimentally by laser-light scattering. When a thin light sheet, finer than half the wavelength of sound, is introduced into the cavitation bubbles at an antinode of sound pressure, the scattered light intensity oscillates. The peak-to-trough light intensity is correlated with the number of bubbles that contribute to the sonochemical reaction. It is shown that as the dissolved air concentration becomes higher, the weighted center of the spatial distribution of the peak-to-trough intensity tends to shift towards the liquid surface. At higher concentration of the dissolved air, a great deal of bubbles with size distribution generated due to coalescence between bubbles disturbs sound propagation to change the sound phase easily. A standing wave to trap tiny oscillating bubbles is established only at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface. Also at higher concentration, liquid flow induced by drag motion of bubbles by the action of radiation force becomes apparent and position-unstable region of bubble is enlarged from the side of sound source towards the liquid surface. Therefore, the position of oscillating bubbles active for sonochemical reaction is limited at the side which is nearer to the liquid surface at higher concentration of the dissolved air.     

Nonlinear acoustic wave generation in a three-phase seabed

Generation of an acoustic wave by two pump sound waves is studied in a three-phase marine sediment, which consists of a solid frame and the pore water with air bubbles in it. To avoid shock-wave formation, the interaction is considered in the frequency range where there is a significant sound velocity dispersion. Nonlinear equations are obtained to describe the interaction of acoustic waves in the presence of air bubbles. An expression for the amplitude of the generated wave is obtained and numerical analysis of its dependence on distance and resonance frequency of bubbles is performed.