Environmental effects on nuclear decay rates

The possible change of nuclear decay rates in different environments has long been an interesting topic due to its importance not only in nuclear physics but also in astrophysics, geological dating, condensed matter physics, etc. The progress in the investigation of variations in nuclear decay rates are reviewed.     

Environmental effects on nuclear decay rates

The possible change of nuclear decay rates in different environments has long been an interesting topic due to its importance not only in nuclear physics but also in astrophysics, geological dating, condensed matter physics, etc. The progress in the investigation of variations in nuclear decay rates are reviewed.     

核外环境对衰变率的影响

核衰变速率是否受核外环境影响, 一直是核物理研究的热点问题。 这一问题不仅对核物理基础研究很重要, 而且与天体物理、 地质年代学、 凝聚态物理和核废物处理等都有重要关系。 旨在对这方面研究工作的进展做一介绍。The possible change of nuclear decay rates in different environments has long been an interesting topic due to its importance not only in nuclear physics but also in astrophysics, geological dating, condensed matter physics, disposal of nuclear waste etc. The progresses in the investigation of variations in nuclear decay rates are reviewed.     

凝聚态物理与量子力学

文章扼要地回顾了量子力学在奠定凝聚态物理基础中所起的关键作用;并讨论了当今凝聚态物理发展的主要动向;进而阐明了为何凝聚态物理,不论在基础研究,还是促进技术发展,抑或推动学科交叉方面,尚大有可为。     

耗散粒子动力学模拟方法在软物质体系研究中的一些进展与应用

软物质是指处于固体和理想流体之间的复杂态物质,主要包括聚合物、表面活性剂、液晶、胶体悬浮液、以及生物大分子等。软物质能够对外界微小的作用产生强烈的非线性响应,并展现出丰富的有序自组装相态。作为一种新颖的模拟技术,耗散粒子动力学方法非常适合在介观尺度上对软物质体系的复杂行为进行合理的描述。本文对耗散粒子动力学模拟方法的发展及一些应用进行了系统评述。耗散粒子动力学模拟方法体现了分子动力学与格子Boltzmann模型的优点,通过与其它理论模型（如Flory-Huggins理论、Smoothed particle hydrodynamics模型等）相结合,该方法能够在介观尺度上有效地研究聚合物熔体和溶液体系、生物膜及囊泡体系以及胶体悬浮液等体系的行为。这些研究结果,对新材料的研发、特殊材料的制备、以及材料加工条件的选择具有十分重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。     

凝聚态物理学中的基本概念

本文首先根据物质世界的层次化来说明凝聚态物理学在当今物理学中所处的地位,并阐述了复杂与简单的辨证关系,来说明为何这一学科至今仍然富有生命力;进而对这一学科的范围进行了讨论,强调了位形空间和动量空间中都存在多种类型的凝聚现象,而相应的凝聚体构成了这一学科的研究对象;还探讨了处理凝聚态理论问题的量子物理与经典物理方法有效领域的界限与分野;最终对此学科的发展历史进行回顾,并追溯和剖析了其概念全系的演变,     

从液晶显示到液晶生物膜理论：软凝聚态物理在交叉学科发展中的创新机遇

世界之交,物理学正在与化学、材料科学、生命科学等相互交叉形成新的学科,凝聚态物理为例,在传统的固体物理以外,最近几年又诞生了一门新学科－－软件体物理、或称为复杂流体,液晶 物质凝聚态的重要研究对象,６０年代发展起来的液晶显示技术与７０年代创立的液晶生物膜理论,充分显示了软凝聚态物理在２１世纪的信息与生命科学时代将发挥重要的基础学科作用,是科学技术富于创新发展的领域。     

凝聚态物理学的新进展Ⅲ

本文综述凝聚态物理学近几年来的重要进展,列举了一些事例予以阐述。在第Ⅲ部分中涉及的主题为细小体系及凝聚态中的非线性现象。讨论的问题包括:介观系统中的量子相干性和电子输运,团簇的幻数和壳层结构,离子阱中库仑团簇的类相变行为,魔梯,自组织临界性和非平衡态流体中空时图样的形成与演化。     

趋向统一发展的团簇科学

团簇科学在发展过程中，从原子核物理、凝聚态物理和量子化学等引入许多概念和方法，构成团簇研究的中心议题，逐渐形成一门介于原子分子物理和凝聚态物理之间的交叉学科．文章就团簇结构和性质研究的某些最新进展进行了评述，并与原子核和量子点等的性质进行了比较．     

物理学与材料科学结合的机遇与挑战

物理学，特别是凝聚态物理学与材料科学的交叉在近几十年已取得丰硕的研究成果，文章分四部分：（1）简要介绍了材料与材料科学的基本概念；（2）回顾近代历史上物理学与材料科学交叉的一些典型例子；（3）介绍在表面和界面、缺陷、理论和模型、微结构表征、新材料以及新工艺等领域物理学与材料科学交叉的简况及材料研究的一些前沿问题；（4）讨论物理学在纳米材料发展中的作用。     

Hierarchical order of Galilei and Lorentz invariance in the structure of matter

The structure of matter shows a hierarchical order: (1) from Lorentz invariance in high-energy physics; (2) to Galilei invariance in the low-energy nonrelativistic limit of high-energy physics; and (3) again to Lorentz invariance in condensed matter physics (where the velocity of sound takes the place of the velocity of light). The hierarchical order can be continued downward further to: (4) non-relativistic (velocity small compared to the velocity of sound) condensed matter excitons, obeying Galilei invariance; and (5) to excitonic matter obeying Lorentz invariance with an excitonic matter sound velocity. It was previously conjectured that Lorentz invariance of high-energy physics is preceded by Galilei invariance at the Planck scale. Still further, the conjectured Galilei invariance at the Planck scale may be the result of an underlying five-dimensional non-Euclidean conform invariant metric structure, with three spatial and two time dimensions, compactified onto three spatial and one time dimension.     

Graphene-like physics in optical lattices

Graphene has attracted enormous attention over the past years in condensed matter physics. The most interesting feature of graphene is that its low-energy excitations are relativistic Dirac fermions. Such feature is the origin of many topological properties in graphene-like physics. On the other hand, ultracold quantum gas trapped in an optical lattice has become a unique setting for quantum simulation of condensed matter physics. Here, we mainly review our recent work on quantum simulation of graphene-like physics with ultracold atoms trapped in a honeycomb or square optical lattice, including the simulation of Dirac fermions and quantum Hall effect with and without Landau levels. We also present the related experimental advances.     

Construct order parameters from the reduced density matrix spectra

In this paper, we try to establish a connection between a quantum information concept, i.e., the mutual information, and the conventional order parameter in condensed matter physics. We show that non-vanishing mutual information between two subsystems separated by a long distance means the existence of long-range orders in the system. By analyzing the spectra of the reduced density matrices that are used to calculate the mutual information, we show how to derive the local order operators that identify various ordered phases in condensed matter physics.     

Superfluid analogies of cosmological phenomena

In a modern viewpoint relativistic quantum field theory is an emergent phenomenon arising in the low-energy corner of the physical fermionic vacuum – the medium, whose nature remains unknown. The same phenomenon occurs in condensed matter systems: In the extreme limit of low-energy condensed matter systems of special universality class acquire all the symmetries, which we know today in high-energy physics: Lorentz invariance, gauge invariance, general covariance, etc. The chiral fermions as well as gauge bosons and gravity field arise as fermionic and bosonic collective modes of the system. Inhomogeneous states of the condensed matter ground state – vacuum – induce nontrivial effective metrics of the space, where the free quasiparticles move along geodesics. This conceptual similarity between condensed matter and the quantum vacuum allows us to simulate many phenomena in high-energy physics and cosmology, including the axial anomaly, baryoproduction and magnetogenesis, event horizon and Hawking radiation, cosmological constant and rotating vacuum, etc., probing these phenomena in ultra-low-temperature superfluid helium, atomic Bose condensates and superconductors. Some of the experiments have been already conducted.     

面向新世纪的冲击波物理学——第12届凝聚介质冲击压缩国际会议简介

 对第12届凝聚介质冲击压缩国际会议（SCCM-2001）进行了简介和综合分析，介绍了凝聚介质冲击压缩近年来的新进展，回顾了20世纪动高压或应力下凝聚介质物理学和力学的基本范式和取得的成就，展望了冲击波物理学在21世纪所面临的挑战和机遇。     

Ultracold atomic gases in optical lattices: mimicking condensed matter physics and beyond

We review recent developments in the physics of ultracold atomic and molecular gases in optical lattices. Such systems are nearly perfect realisations of various kinds of Hubbard models, and as such may very well serve to mimic condensed matter phenomena. We show how these systems may be employed as quantum simulators to answer some challenging open questions of condensed matter, and even high energy physics. After a short presentation of the models and the methods of treatment of such systems, we discuss in detail, which challenges of condensed matter physics can be addressed with (i) disordered ultracold lattice gases, (ii) frustrated ultracold gases, (iii) spinor lattice gases, (iv) lattice gases in “artificial” magnetic fields, and, last but not least, (v) quantum information processing in lattice gases. For completeness, also some recent progress related to the above topics with trapped cold gases will be discussed.

Motto:     

Spectral Characteristics and Time Dynamics of Tunable Acoustic Resonators in the Strong Coupling Regime

JETP Letters - Strong coupling between resonant systems is one of the remarkable phenomena in different areas of physics such as condensed matter physics, quantum optics, nanophotonics, and...     

Measurement of the decay and time-resolved spectra of the emission from σ-excitons in KBr in the nanosecond range,produced by heavy-ion irradiation

While energetic heavy ions are currently in increasing use in solid state physics, radiation chemistry and biology, there is still little experimental information regarding the primary physicochemical processes. These high LET (linear energy transfer) ion particles injected into condensed matter produce short life-intermediates such as excited states, ions, and radicals, at high density along the track. The density effect of these intermediates may cause damage-formation and chemical reaction to yield different results compared with low LET radiation (γ, X-ray) or photo-irradiation. Electronically excited states, among the above intermediates, are thought to be especially important precursors. Measurements of the decay and time-resolved spectra of the emission are expected to give useful information regarding the radiation action of heavy ions. The measurements were done using a KBr single crystal at 4.2 K. We reported previously [1] that heavy ion irradiated KBr results in an extraordinarily large ratio of σ-emission to π-emission 2 intensity (～ 5 times larger than in the X- or electron-irradiation). This large ratio is, as was ascertained previously, not due to apparent processes such as temperature increase of a track but to intrinsic processes which will be discussed here.     

Elementary spin excitations in ultrathin itinerant magnets

Elementary spin excitations (magnons) play a fundamental role in condensed matter physics, since many phenomena e.g. magnetic ordering, electrical (as well as heat) transport properties, ultrafast magnetization processes, and most importantly electron/spin dynamics can only be understood when these quasi-particles are taken into consideration. In addition to their fundamental importance, magnons may also be used for information processing in modern spintronics.     

Breakdown of Landau Fermi liquid theory: Restrictions on the degrees of freedom of quantum electrons

One challenge in contemporary condensed matter physics is to understand unconventional electronic physics beyond the paradigm of Landau Fermi-liquid theory. Here, we present a perspective that posits that most such examples of unconventional electronic physics stem from restrictions on the degrees of freedom of quantum electrons in Landau Fermi liquids. Since the degrees of freedom are deeply connected to the system’s symmetries and topology, these restrictions can thus be realized by external constraints or by interaction-driven processes via the following mechanisms: (i) symmetry breaking, (ii) new emergent symmetries, and (iii) nontrivial topology. Various examples of unconventional electronic physics beyond the reach of traditional Landau Fermi liquid theory are extensively investigated from this point of view. Our perspective yields basic pathways to study the breakdown of Landau Fermi liquids and also provides a guiding principle in the search for novel electronic systems and devices.