半导体微结构物理效应及其应用讲座 第2讲 量子阱、超晶格物理及其在光电子领域中的应用

文章介绍了半导体量子阱、超晶格的基本物理，以及它在光电子领域中的应用，包括量子阱、量子线、量子点、激光器、光调制器、自电光效应器件、量子点器件等．     

非对称耦合量子阱的吸收非线性增强

基于V 形三能级模型运用密度矩阵方程推导了非对称耦合量子阱三阶光学非线性极化率. 具体分析了三阶吸收非线性效率（三阶光学非线性极化率与线性吸收系数之比）随阱间电子相干振荡频率的变化规律. 理论结果表明：三阶吸收非线性效率对阱间电子相干振荡频率相当敏感，当阱间电子相干振荡频率增大时三阶吸收非线性效率显著增强，而当阱间电子相干振荡频率为零时，这种非线性效率类似于单量子阱情况. 与单量子阱相比，对于已设计好的非对称耦合量子阱结构其突出特征表现在，其非线性吸收与色散特性可经由沿材料生长方向偏压进行控制. 据此，我们预期利用这种非对称耦合量子阱结构能设计成光通信中的光限幅器和可控克尔光开关.     

ZnSe－ZnS量子阱的光学非线性

半导体量子阱及超晶格材料具有室温激子效应以及强的光学非线性从而得到人们广泛的重视。利用半导体量子阱和超晶格可以制备出高速度、低闭值、小尺寸及室温工作的半导体激光器、光双稳器件等一系列光电子器件.     

室温CdxZn1—xTe／ZnTe多量子阱光学双稳态的研究

研制了室温ＣｄｘＺｎ１－ｘＴｅ／ＺＮＴｅ多量子阱法布里－珀罗腔光双稳器件，并在该器件上观察到皮秒一级的室温激子光双稳。研究结果表明，ＣｄＺｎ１－ｘＴｅ／ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱光双稳器件的光双稳值和对比度分别为３６３ｋＷ／ｃｍ＾２和４：１。根据ＣｆｘＺｎ１－ｘＴｅ／ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱的吸收谱和激子非线性理论，归结了ＣｄｘＺｎ１－ｘＴｅ／ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱光双稳的主要非线性机理为激子的饱和和吸收。     

双量子阱中的子带光吸收

由于微制造技术的不断发展,如液相外延(LPE),气相外延(VPE),金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)以及分子束外延技术(MBE)等先进的材料生长技术方法也日趋完善,从而使得各种低维半导体量子器件(如半导体、超晶格、量子阱、量子线和量子点等)制造日趋成熟。由于这些低维半导体量子器件具有很强的非线性光效应,而且随着材料、外形、尺寸等的不同,非线性光效应也有很大的差别,更由于其可能存在的广泛的应用前景,所以近年来,一直是人们研究的重点。近来,由于人们相信,利用GaAs／AlGaAs量子阱有可能制造出一些新型的光学仪器,如光开关、光限幅器、光调制器等,所以,对不同势形的GaAs／AlGaAs量子阱的非线性光学特性一直吸引着人们进行理论和实验的研究。而在最近几年,对双量子阱的研究也成为了人们的研究重点。通过密度矩阵和迭代的方法,得到双量子阱中的第一、第三阶子带光吸收表达式,我们将用一个典型的GaAs／AlGaAs双量子阱代入其中进行数值计算,并进行讨论。我们的计算结果显示,阱的光吸收峰不但与中间的势垒宽度有关,更与入射光强有关。     

氮化物半导体耦合量子阱中非线性光整流特性:压电效应与自发极化效应

考虑了由于压电与自发极化引起的强内电场效应,基于密度矩阵与久期处理方法,理论考察了纤锌矿氮化物半导体耦合量子阱体系的非线性光整流特性。根据已经成功建立的耦合量子阱的内建电场模型,精确求解了体系的电子本征态。以典型的GaN/InxGa1-xN纤锌矿氮化物耦合量子阱为例进行了数值计算,结果发现共振光整流系数达到了10-6m/V的量级(体系的偶极矩阵元大小超过了2nm),这比同样尺寸的单氮化物量子阱的相应值高一个数量级。而且,计算还发现光整流系数对耦合量子阱的结构与掺杂组分呈现非单调的依赖关系,这一特性被归结为体系的强内建电场与量子尺寸效应对载流子受限特性的强烈竞争。计算结果还表明,通过选择小尺寸阱宽与垒宽的耦合量子阱,适当降低掺杂组分,可在氮化物耦合量子阱中获得较强的光整流效应。     

ZnSe－ZnTe多量子阱室温下的反射型皮秒激子光双稳

本文首次研究了ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱在室温下的反射型皮秒激子光双稳，实验结果表明，ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱在室温下的反射型皮秒光双稳的阈值光强和对比度分别为１．１ＭＷ／ｃｍ２和６：１．根据测量得到的ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱在室温下的激子吸收光谱及激子的非线性吸收理论，归结ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱室温下的皮秒光双稳的主要非线性机理为ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＴｅ多量子阱的激子饱和吸收引起的折射率变化．     

第三讲 半导体的激子效应及其在光电子器件中的应用

人们对半导体中的电子空穴对在库仑互作用下形成的激子态及其有关的物理性质进行了深入研究．激子效应对半导体中的光吸收、发光、激射和光学非线性作用等物理过程具有重要影响，并在半导体光电子器件的研究和开发中得到了重要的应用．与半导体体材料相比，在量子化的低维电子结构中，激子的束缚能要大得多，激子效应增强，而且在较高温度或在电场作用下更稳定．这对制作利用激子效应的光电子器件非常有利．近年来量子阱、量子点等低维结构研究获得飞速的进展，已大大促进了激子效应在新型半导体光源和半导体非线性光电子器件领域的应用．     

ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱室温下的反射型皮秒激子光双稳

本文首次研究了ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱在室温下的反射型皮秒激子光双稳,实验结果表明,ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱在室温下的反射型皮秒光双稳的阈值光强和对比度分别为1.1MW/cm²和6:1.根据测量得到的ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱在室温下的激子吸收光谱及激子的非线性吸收理论,归结ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱室温下的皮秒光双稳的主要非线性机理为ZnSe-ZnTe多量子阱的激子饱和吸收引起的折射率变化.     

ZnSe－ZnS量子阱的光学非线性

ＺｎＳｅ－ＺｎＳ量子阱的光学非线性张希清，范希武，申德振，杨爱华，陈连春，吕有明，陈一民（中国科学院长春物理研究所，长春１３００２１）半导体量子阱及超晶格材料具有室温激子效应以及强的光学非线性从而得到人们广泛的重视．利用半导体量子阱和超晶格可以制备出...     

Effective Nonlinear Response of the Nonlinear Random Mixed Composites

A simple self-consistent mean-field theory is used to study the nonlinear composites consisting of linear and strongly nonlinear materials or strongly nonlinear materials with different nonlinear exponents. The effective nonlinear response obtained is compared with simulation data. Good agreement is found. Meanwhile, we study the effect of granular shapes (depolarization factor g) in different external applied fields on the nonlinear response of nonlinear random composites. It is found that the factor g affects the effective nonlinear response greatly in certain conditions.     

飞秒激光在PPQ有机高聚物中的传输特性研究

有机高聚物是一种具有大非线性系数和较快非线性响应时间的非线性材料。本文通过对含有二阶，三阶色散效应和非线性响应时间改进的非线性薛定谔方程进行了数值模拟求解，分析了飞秒光脉冲在有机高聚物聚苯基喹恶啉中的传输特性。     

具有几个光振荡周期的飞秒激光脉冲

从麦克斯韦方程组出发 ,推导出了具有几个光振荡周期的飞秒激光脉冲在非线性光纤中传输的方程和非线性光纤的折射率。给出了描述具有几个光振荡周期的飞秒激光脉冲在非线性光纤中传输方程的解。研究了在非线性光纤中自相位调制导致具有几个光振荡周期的飞秒激光脉冲频谱展宽 (脉宽压缩 )的详细物理过程。研究了非线性光纤中飞秒光孤子产生的条件     

Interaction dynamics of elastic waves with a complex nonlinear scatterer through the use of a time reversal mirror

This Letter reports on work performed to locate and interrogate a nonlinear scatterer in a linearly elastic medium through the use of a time reversal mirror in combination with nonlinear dynamics. Time reversal provides the means to spatially and temporally localize elastic energy on a scattering feature while the nonlinear dynamics spectrum allows one to determine whether the scatterer is nonlinear (e.g., mechanical damage). Here elastic waves are measured in a solid and processed to extract the nonlinear elastic response. The processed elastic signals are then time reversed, rebroadcast, and found to focus on the nonlinear scatterer, thus defining a time-reversed nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy process. Additionally, the focusing process illuminates the complexity of the nonlinear scatterer in both space and time, providing a means to image and investigate the origins and physical mechanisms of the nonlinear elastic response.     

组件非线性响应人工神经网络建模及在传导干扰分析中的应用

根据描述大信号激励下组件响应的黑箱模型——非线性散射参数,提出利用有限实验数据通过人工神经网络建模获得组件非线性散射参数的方法,利用该方法对二极管构成的非线性组件的预测结果与实验测量结果吻合良好。推导了二端口非线性器件与三端口线性器件的非线性散射参数级联计算公式,并讨论非线性散射参数在传导干扰分析中的应用。通过具体实例的计算结果与实测结果的对比,证明了基于人工神经网络学习模型的非线性散射参数获取方法非常便于包含非线性组件的传导干扰分析,这对于系统级电磁效应分析具有重要意义。     

非线性频率转换新原理新平台与新应用研究

作为最早发现的非线性光学现象之一,非线性频率转换经过几十年的发展,从原理到应用均已不断成熟。非线性频率转换过程中新的相位匹配原理被不断提出和实现。除此之外,随着集成光学、结构光子学及量子光学等领域的不断发展,非线性频率转换在各领域的研究和应用又重新焕发活力,并发挥着不可替代的作用。本篇综述围绕非线性频率转换主题,突出非线性频率转换的新原理、新平台与新应用研究,并以本团队研究成果为基础,介绍相关领域的研究进展,主要分为以下几个方面:非线性界面相位匹配新原理;结构光场非线性谐波调控;铌酸锂薄膜集成非线性光学新平台;单光子频率转换、光量子接口等新应用。     

一类弹性和阻尼双分段非线性约束系统周期响应特性研究

考虑动态条件下的两种典型分段非线性约束, 根据广义耗散Lagrange原理建立一类具有弹性和阻尼双分段非线性约束系统动力学模型. 采用平均法求解得到系统在周期激励下的幅频响应关系. 分别比较系统在不同分段非线性约束条件下的时域响应、分岔响应和幅频响应, 得到受分段非线性约束的系统响应特性以及约束条件变化时系统响应的变化规律. 对比两种约束条件下的幅频响应, 研究得到系统稳定性受不同分段非线性因素影响及两种分段非线性约束之间的相互影响规律.     

The geometric phase in nonlinear frequency conversion

The geometric phase of light has been demonstrated in various platforms of the linear optical regime, raising interest both for fundamental science as well as applications, such as flat optical elements. Recently, the concept of geometric phases has been extended to nonlinear optics, following advances in engineering both bulk nonlinear photonic crystals and nonlinear metasurfaces. These new technologies offer a great promise of applications for nonlinear manipulation of light. In this review, we cover the recent theoretical and experimental advances in the field of geometric phases accompanying nonlinear frequency conversion. We first consider the case of bulk nonlinear photonic crystals, in which the interaction between propagating waves is quasi-phase-matched, with an engineerable geometric phase accumulated by the light. Nonlinear photonic crystals can offer efficient and robust frequency conversion in both the linearized and fully-nonlinear regimes of interaction, and allow for several applications including adiabatic mode conversion, electromagnetic nonreciprocity and novel topological effects for light. We then cover the rapidly-growing field of nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry metasurfaces, which allow the simultaneous nonlinear generation and shaping of light by using ultrathin optical elements with subwavelength phase and amplitude resolution. We discuss the macroscopic selection rules that depend on the rotational symmetry of the constituent meta-atoms, the order of the harmonic generations, and the change in circular polarization. Continuous geometric phase gradients allow the steering of light beams and shaping of their spatial modes. More complex designs perform nonlinear imaging and multiplex nonlinear holograms, where the functionality is varied according to the generated harmonic order and polarization. Recent advancements in the fabrication of three dimensional nonlinear photonic crystals, as well as the pursuit of quantum light sources based on nonlinear metasurfaces, offer exciting new possibilities for novel nonlinear optical applications based on geometric phases.     

Subwavelength discrete solitons in nonlinear metamaterials

We present the first study of subwavelength discrete solitons in nonlinear metamaterials: nanoscaled periodic structures consisting of metal and nonlinear dielectric slabs. The solitons supported by such media result from a balance between tunneling of surface plasmon modes and nonlinear self-trapping. The dynamics in such systems, arising from the threefold interplay between periodicity, nonlinearity, and surface plasmon polaritons, is substantially different from that in conventional nonlinear dielectric waveguide arrays. We expect these phenomena to inspire fundamental studies as well as potential applications of nonlinear metamaterials, particularly in subwavelength nonlinear optics.     

Research of nonlinear phase shift-aware of physical layer impairment in intelligent optical network

With the increases of transmitted power and the escalating of transmission rate, the originally unobvious nonlinear effects in the optical fiber gradually affect the transmission quality adversely. So the nonlinear effects in the channels need to be perceived dynamically. In this paper, the nonlinear phase shift perceptual model is set up by analyzing the impacts on transmission quality caused by nonlinear effects and experimental simulation analysis. This model can comprehensively perceive the impairment done to the optical channels by nonlinear effects, the relationship of the nonlinear phase shift and the impacts on the transmission quality BER and the threshold of the nonlinear phase shift which could meet the quality requirements of optical communication is obtained after the simulation experiment for the model.