PBX材料宏细观断裂行为的数字散斑相关法实验研究

 采用半圆盘弯曲实验和数字散斑相关方法,对高聚物粘结炸药（PBX）的宏、细观断裂行为进行了实验研究。宏观上,带有预制裂纹的半圆盘试样发生拉伸破坏,利用数字散斑相关技术得到了试样的应变场和位移矢量场分布,定量分析了试样全场的变形特征,并测得了PBX材料的平面应变断裂韧性;细观上,用配有加载装置的扫描电子显微镜对含预制裂纹的半圆盘试样间接拉伸下的损伤演化和破坏过程进行了实时原位观察,借助于数字散斑相关方法,定量分析了试样损伤局部化特征。结果表明,将数字散斑相关方法用于研究PBX材料宏、细观尺度上的变形破坏问题是有效的。     

战斗部装药冲击损伤及热点形成的数值分析

针对战斗部装药侵彻安定性这一难点问题,通过研究战斗部侵彻过程中内部装药损伤破坏与热点形成的关系,建立了耦合宏观力学变形与微裂纹损伤演化的粘弹性炸药本构关系以及裂纹摩擦生热细观模型。利用建立的数理模型,分析了在侵彻环境下装药内部热点的生成机理,比较不同侵彻环境对热点生成的影响。该战斗部装药侵彻安定性数值模拟方法,可用于战斗部装药的设计及评估。     

模拟细观非均质材料破坏演化的物理元胞自动机理论

根据非均质材料的细观特征,从基本的能量传递定律出发,建立了一种新的描述细观非均质材料破坏演化的物理元胞自动机(PCA)理论.该理论能够对岩石、混凝土等非均质材料破坏演化进行有效模拟,突破了传统元胞自动机仅限于数学规则运算的框架,使之成为一种有效的物理力学方法.与岩石力学实验结果对比分析表明,PCA模拟结果与实验结果基本符合 关键词： 元胞自动机 细观非均质材料     

金刚石-碳化硅超硬复合材料的冲击强度

不同于延性介质,脆性介质的失效破坏严重制约着材料的强度.本文采用一种定量描述脆性介质力学性质的格点-弹簧模型,研究了金刚石-碳化硅超硬复合材料的冲击强度及其细观损伤机理,有助于避免灾变破坏、提高冲击强度.在模型中,通过构建不同体积分数比的金刚石和碳化硅两相复合材料,模拟获得了经受冲击波压缩形变后的宏观波剖面,显示出随着金刚石颗粒含量增加,冲击强度逐渐增大,而后减小;对应于这种变化,损伤演化分析揭示出存在三种细观损伤模式,当金刚石颗粒含量在10%—50%范围内增加时,长距离扩展滑移带占主导;当金刚石颗粒含量为70%时,滑移带已由长距离扩展演化为短细滑移带,损伤主要来自于碳化硅基体,多数金刚石颗粒未发生损伤;当金刚石颗粒含量超过70%的临界值后,短细滑移带也将被强烈限制,应力集中致使金刚石颗粒被严重损伤,冲击强度下降.研究结果为优化设计金刚石-碳化硅超硬复合材料以及制备新型抗冲击材料提供了物理认知.     

螺旋相位调制型轨道角动量光束倍频及传播特性

通过分析螺旋相位调制型携带轨道角动量(OAM)光场的传播演化特性,提出一种以该光场演化波源为对象进行非线性效应研究的新途径。基于三波耦合模型和柯林斯路径积分理论,得到以OAM演化波源为基频光的二次谐波光场及衍射传播解析表达式。采用飞秒钛宝石激光器,基于4f相干成像系统,将OAM演化波源成像于倍频晶体处,实验研究了该波源产生的二次谐波的传播特性,测量了不同阶数OAM波源的倍频输出功率,并与演化后的OAM模式倍频结果进行了比较。研究表明,以演化波源附近为非线性作用区有望解决高维OAM模式光斑过大,以及光场交叠性不好导致的非线性效率低等问题,这也为高维OAM光场实现高效率非线性调控提供了重要依据。     

冲击波极端条件下玻璃的细观结构破坏

 研究了冲击波极端条件下玻璃介质的细观结构破坏问题，指出在低于Hugoniot弹性极限的应力区内，按照细观结构损伤程度的不同，在受压玻璃介质中可以划分出两个区域，即压缩区和破坏区。以K9和ZF1玻璃为例，通过双层结构样品实验，确认了玻璃样品的表面效应（即表面原生微裂纹的扩展）是破坏区形成的第一位原因。其次，基于对破坏区内细观结构损伤和破坏特性的分析，进一步提出：由于玻璃内部散布的不均匀相与其基体介质之间的压缩率不同，冲击波压缩造成了众多的局域变形点，当表面裂纹扩展到不均匀相与基体的边界处，会出现裂纹扩展路径拐折或分叉，造成介质的分割甚至粉碎，这是破坏区生成的第二位原因。     

压缩加载下三种含能材料细观破坏特征观察

 通过扫描电镜,对三种含能材料在不同应变率压缩条件下回收的试样断面进行了细观观察,得到了三种含能材料的细观破坏特征,并对其破坏机理进行了分析。同时结合高聚物粘结炸药（PBX炸药）和压装B炸药组分的比较,分析了两种炸药在高应变率条件下的不同破坏模式。     

PBX炸药含各向异性损伤的黏弹性统计微裂纹本构模型初步研究

建立含损伤本构模型是研究炸药动态力学响应规律的基础。基于PBX炸药材料的宏观黏弹性特征和细观上微裂纹面的方向性,建立了含各向异性损伤的黏弹性统计微裂纹(Aniso-Visco SCRAM)本构模型,简化后得到单轴应力加载下的本构方程。利用数值计算程序,以PBX9501为例,分析了微裂纹扩展的各向异性、PBX炸药破坏强度及临界应变的拉压异性和应变率相关性,考察了微裂纹数密度、初始微裂纹尺寸、微裂纹面摩擦系数及断裂表面能4个主要参数的敏感性及影响规律。结果表明,它们对微裂纹的扩展演化有较大影响,进而导致材料表现出不同的力学响应。     

远离平衡问题及其描述的理论和方法概述

本文简要阐述了耗散结构、混沌、外场驱动下的耗散系统非线性动力学等远离平衡和非线性问题,及描述这些问题的各种宏观、半宏观及非平衡统计物理的理论和方法。     

远离平衡问题及其描述的理论和方法概述

本文简要阐述了耗散结构、混沌、外场驱动下的耗散系统非线性动力学等远离平衡和非线性问题,及描述这些问题的各种宏观、半宏观及非平衡统计物理的理论和方法。     

Diauxic Growth at the Mesoscopic Scale

In the present paper, we study a diauxic growth that can be generated by a class of model at the mesoscopic scale. Although the diauxic growth can be related to the macroscopic scale, similarly to the logistic scale, one may ask whether models on mesoscopic or microscopic scales may lead to such a behavior. The present paper is the first step towards the developing of the mesoscopic models that lead to a diauxic growth at the macroscopic scale. We propose various nonlinear mesoscopic models conservative or not that lead directly to some diauxic growths.     

非线性介观电路中的崩塌与回复现象

对非线性介观电路中电流的量子动力学行为进行研究.研究表明:由于非线性双向二极管的影响,使得在非线性介观电路中电流的平均值随时间变化存在被调制的现象.即在非线性介观电路中电流的平均值随时间变化存在周期性的崩塌与回复现象,并讨论了参数的变化对这种调制的现象的影响.     

介观LC电路零状态响应的完全解

采用代数动力学规范变换方法，求出含时变电压源的介观LC电路量子态随时间演化算符的精确解.研究了介观LC电路的零状态响应问题，求出电荷与电流对输入电压信号的零状态响应的完全解，结果表明介观LC电路系统具有线性时不变特性，且电荷与电流的零状态响应与宏观LC电路的结果相同.     

Superpositions and Entanglement of Mesoscopic High-order Squeezed Vacuum States in Cavity QED

We propose a scheme for generating the superpositions and the entanglement between the mesoscopic high-order squeezed vacuum states by considering the multi-photon interaction of N two-level atoms in a cavity with high quality factor, assisted by a strong driving field. In terms of specific choices of the cavity detuning, many multiparty entangled states between the atoms and the mesoscopic high-order squeezed vacuum states and among the high-order squeezed vacuum states of the cavity modes can be generated, including the macroscopic “Schr?dinger cats” of the mesoscopic high-order squeezed vacuum states, the entanged states of the macroscopic “Schr?dinger cats”, and so on. Our scheme is achievable within the current techniques in the cavity QED.     

Effect of grain boundary on the mechanical behaviors of irradiated metals: a review

The design of high irradiation-resistant materials is very important for the development of next-generation nuclear reactors. Grain boundaries acting as effective defect sinks are thought to be able to moderate the deterioration of mechanical behaviors of irradiated materials, and have drawn increasing attention in recent years. The study of the effect of grain boundaries on the mechanical behaviors of irradiated materials is a multi-scale problem. At the atomic level, grain boundaries can effectively affect the production and formation of irradiation-induced point defects in grain interiors, which leads to the change of density, size distribution and evolution of defect clusters at grain level. The change of microstructure would influence the macroscopic mechanical properties of the irradiated polycrystal. Here we give a brief review about the effect of grain boundaries on the mechanical behaviors of irradiated metals from three scales: microscopic scale, mesoscopic scale and macroscopic scale.     

Quantum Lattice-Gas Model for the Burgers Equation

A quantum algorithm is presented for modeling the time evolution of a continuous field governed by the nonlinear Burgers equation in one spatial dimension. It is a microscopic-scale algorithm for a type-II quantum computer, a large lattice of small quantum computers interconnected in nearest neighbor fashion by classical communication channels. A formula for quantum state preparation is presented. The unitary evolution is governed by a conservative quantum gate applied to each node of the lattice independently. Following each quantum gate operation, ensemble measurements over independent microscopic realizations are made resulting in a finite-difference Boltzmann equation at the mesoscopic scale. The measured values are then used to re-prepare the quantum state and one time step is completed. The procedure of state preparation, quantum gate application, and ensemble measurement is continued ad infinitum. The Burgers equation is derived as an effective field theory governing the behavior of the quantum computer at its macroscopic scale where both the lattice cell size and the time step interval become infinitesimal. A numerical simulation of shock formation is carried out and agrees with the exact analytical solution.     

Non-local closure and parallel performance of lattice Boltzmann models for some plasma physics problems

The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method is a mesoscopic approach to solving nonlinear macroscopic conservation equations. Because the LB algorithm yields a simple collide-stream sequence it has been extensively applied to Navier–Stokes flows, but its MHD counterpart is less well known in the plasma physics community. Several plasma problems that should be amenable to LB are discussed. In particular, Landau damping—a collisionless kinetic phenomenon of wave–particle interaction—can be studied by LB since non-local macroscopic closures have been generated by plasma physicists. The parallel performance of 2D LB codes for MHD are presented, including scaling performance on the Earth Simulator.     

Nonlinear and stochastic dynamics in the heart

In a normal human life span, the heart beats about 2–3 billion times. Under diseased conditions, a heart may lose its normal rhythm and degenerate suddenly into much faster and irregular rhythms, called arrhythmias, which may lead to sudden death. The transition from a normal rhythm to an arrhythmia is a transition from regular electrical wave conduction to irregular or turbulent wave conduction in the heart, and thus this medical problem is also a problem of physics and mathematics. In the last century, clinical, experimental, and theoretical studies have shown that dynamical theories play fundamental roles in understanding the mechanisms of the genesis of the normal heart rhythm as well as lethal arrhythmias. In this article, we summarize in detail the nonlinear and stochastic dynamics occurring in the heart and their links to normal cardiac functions and arrhythmias, providing a holistic view through integrating dynamics from the molecular (microscopic) scale, to the organelle (mesoscopic) scale, to the cellular, tissue, and organ (macroscopic) scales. We discuss what existing problems and challenges are waiting to be solved and how multi-scale mathematical modeling and nonlinear dynamics may be helpful for solving these problems.     

Magnetic-field-induced non-Gaussian fluctuations in macroscopic equilibrium systems

We calculate the magnetic-field-dependent nonlinear conductance and noise in a two-dimensional macroscopic inhomogeneous system. If the system does not possess a specific symmetry, the magnetic field induces a nonzero third cumulant of the current even at equilibrium. This cumulant is related to the first and second voltage derivatives of the spectral density and average current in the same way as for mesoscopic quantum-coherent systems, but these quantities may be much larger. The system provides a robust test of a nonequilibrium fluctuation relation.