Effect of carbon substitution on low magnetic field AC losses in MgB2 single crystals

The DC magnetization and AC magnetic susceptibilities were measured for MgB₂ single crystals, unsubstituted and carbon substituted with the composition of Mg(B_0.94C_0.06)₂. AC magnetic losses were derived from the AC susceptibility data as a function of the AC amplitude and the DC bias magnetic field. From the DC magnetization loops critical current densities were derived as a function of temperature and DC field. Results show that the substitution with carbon decreases critical current densities at low external magnetic fields, in contrast to the well known effect of an increase of the critical current densities at higher magnetic fields.     

Parameter dependence of resonant spin torque magnetization reversal

We numerically study ultra fast resonant spin torque (ST) magnetization reversal in magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJ) driven by current pulses having a direct current (DC) and a resonant alternating current (AC) component. The precessional ST dynamics of the single domain MTJ free layer cell are modeled in the macro spin approximation. The energy efficiency, reversal time, and reversal reliability are investigated under variation of pulse parameters like direct and AC current amplitude, AC frequency and AC phase. We find a range of AC and direct current amplitudes where robust resonant ST reversal is obtained with faster switching time and reduced energy consumption per pulse compared to purely direct current ST reversal. However, for a certain range of AC and direct current amplitudes a strong dependence of the reversal properties on AC frequency and phase is found. Such regions of unreliable reversal must be avoided for ST memory applications.     

Finite element analysis of AC loss in non-twisted Bi-2223 tape carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC external magnetic field

AC losses in Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current and/or exposed to DC or AC magnetic field are calculated with a numerical model based on the finite element method. Superconducting property is given by the E–J characteristic represented by a power law using equivalent conductivity. First, transport loss and magnetization loss are calculated numerically and compared with measured values. The calculated losses almost agree with the measured losses. Frequency dependencies of calculated and measured transport losses are compared with each other. Next, the influence of DC external magnetic field on the transport loss is studied. DC external magnetic field reduces n that is an exponent in the power law connecting resistivity and current density. The numerically calculated transport loss increases with increasing DC magnetic field. Finally, the total loss of superconducting tape carrying AC transport current in AC magnetic field is calculated. In the perpendicular magnetic field, the calculated total loss is lager than the sum of the transport loss and the magnetization loss, while they almost agree with each other in the parallel magnetic field.     

自旋转移矩效应激发的非线性磁化动力学

本文基于宏观磁矩(macrospin)的Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert方程,模拟研究了磁性自旋阀结构中由垂直膜面流向的自旋极化电流所激发的磁化转动动力学特性.直流自旋极化电流借助自旋转移矩效应可驱动磁矩翻转或作周期性振荡,交流电可以激发出具有混沌行为的磁矩振荡.展示了磁矩振荡行为随电流强度变化而发生倍周期分岔、直至混沌振荡的行为规律. 关键词： 自旋转移矩效应 微磁模拟 磁性自旋阀 混沌     

Effects of oscillatory shear flow on chain-like cluster dynamics in ferrofluids without magnetic fields

Brownian dynamics simulations of interacting magnetic particles in a quasi-two-dimensional ferrofluid system are performed at zero temperature, under the influence of oscillatory shear flow in the absence of external magnetic fields. Starting from chain-like clusters of the particles, we study the time-dependent behavior of both magnetization and microstructures of the ferrofluid by changing values of two parameters, the shear rate strength and frequency of oscillatory shear flow. Simulation results show that there are three different dynamical regimes for the chain clusters dynamics, depending on these two parameters. Scaling behavior of the asymptotic magnetization is also observed for a certain range of parameters.     

Nonlinear response of superparamagnetic particles to a sudden change of a high constant magnetic field

For a system of superparamagnetic particles in a high external constant magnetic field, a technique for calculating the nonlinear response to a sudden change in the field direction and magnitude is proposed. A set of momentary equations for the averaged spherical harmonics, which is derived from the Fokker-Planck equation for the magnetization-orientation distribution function is the basis of this technique. As an example, the nonlinear response of a system of particles with anisotropy of the easy-axis type is examined. For this case, a solution to the momentary equations is obtained by using matrix continued fractions. The magnetization relaxation time and the spectrum of the relaxation function are calculated for typical values of anisotropy, dissipation, and nonlinearity parameters. It is shown that the magnetization kinetics is essentially dependent on these parameters.     

Influence of the carbon substitution on the critical current density and AC losses in MgB<Subscript>2</Subscript> single crystals

The DC magnetization and AC complex magnetic susceptibilities were measured for MgB₂ single crystals, unsubstituted and carbon substituted with the composition of Mg(B_0.94C_0.05)₂. The measurements were performed in AC and DC magnetic fields oriented parallel to the c-axis of the crystals. From the DC magnetization loops and the AC susceptibility measurements, critical current densities (J _c were derived as a function of temperature and the DC and AC magnetic fields. Results show that the substitution with carbon decreases J _c ) at low magnetic fields, opposite to the well known effect of an increase of J _c at higher fields. AC magnetic losses were derived from the AC susceptibility data as a function of amplitude and the DC bias magnetic field. The AC losses were determined for temperatures of 0.6 and 0.7 of the transition temperature T _c , so close to the boiling points of LH₂ and LNe, potential cooling media for magnesium diboride based composites. The results are analyzed and discussed in the context of the critical state model.     

Measuring transport current loss of BSCCO/Ag tapes exposed to external AC magnetic field

BSCCO/Ag tape superconductors are developed for electrical power applications at liquid nitrogen temperatures. In these applications, e.g., superconducting transformers and power cables, an AC transport current and an AC magnetic field are present at the same time. A set-up to measure the influence of external AC magnetic field on the transport current loss, i.e., the voltage drop across a sample supplied with an AC transport current, has been developed. The magnetic field can be applied both parallel and perpendicular to the broad side of the tape conductor. An increase of the transport current loss due to the external AC magnetic field is observed. When a DC external magnetic field is applied the increase of the self-field loss can be described well by the decrease of the critical current due to the magnetic field. In the case of an AC external magnetic field this is only a minor effect. For magnetic field amplitudes higher than a certain threshold value the transport current loss is described reasonably well by the self-field loss and a dynamic resistance contribution calculated from the DC voltage–current relation in AC magnetic field.     

High-pressure effect on elastic constants, stacking fault energy and correlation with dislocation properties in MgO and CaO

The elastic properties and the generalized-stacking-fault-energy (GSFE) in MeO (Me = Mg, Ca) under different pressures have been calculated using the first principle calculations. In the anisotropic elasticity theory approximation, by using the Foreman’s method, the core structure and Peierls stress of $\tfrac{1} {2}\left\langle {110} \right\rangle \left\{ {110} \right\}We report structural, DC magnetization, detailed linear/non-linear AC susceptibility, (with applied frequency and amplitude) isothermal and thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) behavior for RuSr₂Y_1.5Ce_0.5Cu₂O₁₀ (YRu-1222) magneto-superconductor to understand its complex magnetism. Studied sample is synthesized through the novel solid state high pressure (6?GPa) high temperature (1450?°C) (HPHT) technique. The compound is crystallized in tetragonal structure with space group I4/mmm (No.?139). DC magnetic susceptibility shows that studied YRu-1222 is magneto-superconducting with Ru spins magnetic ordering at around 110?K and superconductivity (SC) in the Cu-O₂ planes below ?~?30?K. Frequency and field dependent detailed AC magnetic susceptibility measurements confirms the spin-glass (SG) behavior with homogeneous/non-homogeneous ferromagnetic (FM) clusters in this system. Variation of cusp position with applied AC frequency follows the famous Vogel-Fulcher law, which is commonly accepted feature for spin-glass (SG) system with homogeneous/non-homogeneous ferromagnetic clusters embedded in spin-glass (SG) matrix. Above the freezing temperature (T _f ), first and third harmonics AC susceptibility analysis indicated possibility of the co-existence of spin cluster ferromagnetism with superparamagnetism (SPM). The M-H loops at low temperature exhibit the ferromagnetic behavior with rather small coercive field (H _c ) and remnant magnetization (M _r ). Summarily, the magnetic (DC and AC) susceptibility measurements and their analysis have enabled us to unearth the complex magnetism in terms of successive SG-FM-SPM transitions with temperature.     

Two-stage electrostatic precipitator with co- and counter-flow particle prechargers

Lab-scale, two-stage electrostatic precipitation system comprising of precharging stage, in which PM2.5 particles are electrically charged, and collection stage, in which the charged particles are removed from the flowing gas by electric field, was investigated in this paper. Two types of electrostatic particle prechargers were compared with respect to the collection efficiency of the system: (1) co-flow precharger, in which ionic current was generated co-currently with the gas conveying the particles, and (2) counter-flow precharger, in which ionic current was generated oppositely to the flowing gas. In each case, the electrodes of precharger were supplied with DC or AC high-voltage in order to compare the effect of discharge mode on the collection efficiency of two-stage electrostatic precipitator. The collection stage was formed by two parallel-plate electrodes connected to DC high voltage source. Plate electrodes without discharge points (spikes) are corona-free electrodes, which prevent the collection stage from electrical discharges, and reduce the probability of back discharge ignition. The back discharge decreases collection efficiency of conventional electrostatic precipitators.It was concluded that the co-flow electrode configuration of the precharger, supplied with DC high voltage, has the highest total number collection efficiency for PM2.5 particles, higher than 95% and the mass collection efficiency larger than 99%. The counter-flow precharger provided only about 90% number collection efficiency of two-stage electrostatic precipitator. It was also shown that by AC electrode excitation, the collection efficiency of the system is lower than for DC supply. The two-stage electrostatic precipitators allowed obtaining higher fractional collection efficiency for PM2.5 particles than other conventional systems and can be recommended as highly effective devices for gas cleaning in power plants or cement industry.     

The magnetic properties of disordered Fe-Al alloy system

Using the effective field theory with a probability distribution technique that accounts for the self-spin correlation functions, the magnetic properties of disordered Fe-Al alloys on the basis of a site-diluted quantum Heisenberg spin model are examined. We calculated the critical temperature and the hysteresis loops for this system. We find a number of characteristic phenomena. In particular, the effect of concentration c of magnetic atoms and the reduced exchange anisotropic parameter η on both the critical temperature and magnetization profiles are clarified.     

Classical spin dynamics of anisotropic Heisenberg dimmers

In the present work we study the deterministic spin dynamics of two interacting anisotropic magnetic particles in the presence of an external magnetic field using the Landau-Lifshitz equation. The interaction between particles is through the exchange energy. We study both conservative and dissipative cases. In the first one, we characterize the dynamical behavior of the system by monitoring the Lyapunov exponents and bifurcation diagrams. In particular, we explore the dependence of the largest Lyapunov exponent respect to the magnitude of applied magnetic field and exchange constant. We find that the system presents multiple transitions between regular and chaotic behaviors. We show that the dynamical phases display a very complicated topology of intricately intermingled chaotic and regular regions. In the dissipative case, we calculate the final saturation states as a function of the magnitude of the applied magnetic field, exchange constant as well as the anisotropy constants.     

Investigation of the static and dynamic magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles

We have investigated the magnetic behavior of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 7.2 nm. AC susceptibility of colloidal cobalt ferrite nanoparticles was measured as a function of temperature T from 2 to 300 K under zero external DC field for frequencies ranging from f=10 to 10,000 Hz. A prominent peak appears in both χ′ and χ″ as a function of T. The peak temperature T₂ of χ″ depends on f following the Vogel–Fulcher law. The particles show superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature, with transition to a blocked state at T_B^m94 K in ZFC and 119 K in AC susceptibility measurements, respectively, which depends on the applied field. The saturation magnetization and the coercivity measured at 4.2 K are 27.3 emu/g and 14.7 kOe, respectively. The particle size distribution was determined by fitting a magnetization curve obtained at 295 K assuming a log-normal size distribution. The interparticle interactions are found to influence the energy barriers yielding an enhancement of the estimated magnetic anisotropy, K=6×10⁶ erg/cm³. Mössbauer spectra obtained at higher temperatures show a gradual collapse of the magnetic hyperfine splitting typical for superparamagnetic relaxation. At 4.2 K, the Mössbauer spectrum was fitted with two magnetic subspectra with internal fields H_int of 490, 470 and 515 kOe, corresponding to Fe³⁺ ions in A and B sites.     

Dynamics of magnetization in ferromagnet with spin-transfer torque

We review our recent works on dynamics of magnetization in ferromagnet with spin-transfer torque. Driven by constant spin-polarized current, the spin-transfer torque counteracts both the precession driven by the effective field and the Gilbert damping term different from the common understanding. When the spin current exceeds the critical value, the conjunctive action of Gilbert damping and spin-transfer torque leads naturally the novel screw-pitch effect characterized by the temporal oscillation of domain wall velocity and width. Driven by space- and time-dependent spin-polarized current and magnetic field, we expatiate the formation of domain wall velocity in ferromagnetic nanowire. We discuss the properties of dynamic magnetic soliton in uniaxial anisotropic ferromagnetic nanowire driven by spin-transfer torque, and analyze the modulation instability and dark soliton on the spin wave background, which shows the characteristic breather behavior of the soliton as it propagates along the ferromagnetic nanowire. With stronger breather character, we get the novel magnetic rogue wave and clarify its formation mechanism. The generation of magnetic rogue wave mainly arises from the accumulation of energy and magnons toward to its central part. We also observe that the spin-polarized current can control the exchange rate of magnons between the envelope soliton and the background, and the critical current condition is obtained analytically. At last, we have theoretically investigated the current-excited and frequency-adjusted ferromagnetic resonance in magnetic trilayers. A particular case of the perpendicular analyzer reveals that the ferromagnetic resonance curves, including the resonant location and the resonant linewidth, can be adjusted by changing the pinned magnetization direction and the direct current. Under the control of the current and external magnetic field, several magnetic states, such as quasi-parallel and quasi-antiparallel stable states, out-of-plane precession, and bistable states can be realized. Th     

Spin-glass dynamics in interacting nanoparticle system La<Subscript>0.7</Subscript>Ca<Subscript>0.3</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> obtained by mechanochemical milling

Spin dynamics in mechanochemically obtained nanoparticle manganite La_0.70Ca_0.30MnO₃ was investigated in this study by means of a series of AC and DC magnetic measurements. AC susceptibility indicates the presence of sizeable interparticle interactions, yielding collective magnetic behavior. The related properties were probed by experiments in weak DC field: memory effects were analyzed in both field-cooled (FC) and zero field-cooled (ZFC) regimes, while, after ZFC aging, magnetic relaxation was recorded. The system appears to be sensitive to magnetothermal history, in analogy with spin-glass-like compounds. The analysis of the data indicates the occurrence of slow dynamics in an ensemble of strongly interacting super spins.     

基于伊辛模型的Fe_(0.5)Mn_(0.1)Al_(0.4)合金磁化强度和磁熵变蒙特卡洛模拟

基于伊辛模型的单自旋反转蒙特卡洛算法,考虑了粒子间的最近邻以及次近邻相互作用,研究了无序Fe0.5Mn0.1Al0.4合金的磁化强度和磁熵变.首先,强调了粒子间的次近邻相关作用对体系的磁性和热力学性质的影响,明确了次近邻相互作用系数,证实了低温合金阻挫的存在;其次,研究了在相变温度处(不同磁场下)磁化强度随外加磁场(温度)的变化情况以及磁性粒子对磁化强度的贡献,发现反铁磁性粒子Mn在低温区对Fe0.5Mn0.1Al0.4合金的相变起了主要作用,而高温区体系的相变是由铁磁性粒子Fe贡献的;最后,分析了体系在相变温度处磁熵变数值随外加磁场的变化情况以及磁熵变在不同的外磁场下随温度的变化情况,当外加磁场H=0.14(a.u.)时,Mn粒子在冻结温度处的平均磁化强度为零,体系处于最无序的状态,对应的磁熵变ΔS(0.1,0.14)达到了正向最大值,极值的位置对应于体系的相变温度.     

基于伊辛模型的Fe0.5Mn0.1Al0.4 合金磁化强度和磁熵变蒙特卡洛模拟

基于伊辛模型的单自旋反转蒙特卡洛算法,考虑了粒子间的最近邻以及次近邻相互作用,研究了无序 合金的磁化强度和磁熵变。首先,强调了粒子间的次近邻相关作用对体系的磁性和热力学性质的影响,明确了次近邻相互作用系数,证实了低温合金阻挫的存在;其次,研究了在相变温度处(不同磁场下)磁化强度随外加磁场（温度）的变化情况以及磁性粒子对磁化强度的贡献,发现反铁磁性粒子Mn在低温区对 合金的相变起了主要作用,而高温区体系的相变是由铁磁性粒子Fe贡献的;最后,分析了体系在相变温度处磁熵变数值随外加磁场的变化情况以及磁熵变在不同的外磁场下随温度的变化情况,当外加磁场h=0.14时,Mn粒子在冻结温度处的平均磁化强度为零,体系处于最无序的状态,对应的磁熵变 达到了正向最大值,极值的位置对应于体系的相变温度。     

Magnetic properties and magneto-birefringence of magnetic fluids

Static magnetic properties of a large variety of magnetic fluids with magnetite particles is studied. A qualitative study of magnetization curves was performed to establish the influence of interactions or the presence of agglomerations in each sample. Improved equations for magneto-granulometric analysis, for ideal ferrofluids, were proposed. Better results for the mean magnetic diameter than in the case of using the known equations were obtained. A quantitative study using several models for ideal and interacting particles was performed to select the best method and dimensional distribution function for magneto-granulometric analysis as well as for accurately determining macroscopic quantities of samples (initial susceptibility, saturation magnetization, particle number density or magnetic volume fraction) and properties of nanoparticles (mean magnetic diameter, thickness of the nonmagnetic layer and particle distribution). A new model for magneto-birefringence was proposed and discussed as well as applied for diluted and concentrated ferrofluids. The Langevin behaviour of samples was investigated and compared with the investigation based on magnetic properties. Nanoparticles parameters like mean “magneto-optical” diameter, effective anisotropy constant, Shliomis diameter and the real part of the electrical permittivity of particles were accurately determined. Received 18 July 1999 and Received in final form 13 January 2000     

Analysis of synchronized regimes for injection-locked spin-transfer nano-oscillators

The large-angle magnetization dynamics of an injection-locked spin-transfer nano-oscillator (STNO) is studied. The magnetic system is subject to the action of time-varying spin-polarized currents and external magnetic fields. The uniform mode theory is developed and describes the hysteretic synchronization mechanism in terms of bifurcations of equilibria and limit cycles of appropriate dynamical systems. Analytical predictions of control parameters for the synchronization between the magnetization self-oscillation and the external microwave excitations (current, field) are provided. The effect of temperature on the locking band and the hysteretic character of the oscillation response is analyzed. An analytical approach is developed to determine the thermally induced sidebands in the power spectral density of phase-locked oscillations as a function of control parameters. The analytical predictions are in good agreement with the results of numerical simulations.