含杂质无格点基底表面分枝状凝聚体的计算机模拟

根据含杂质熔融玻璃表面金原子凝聚的实验规律，在原子团簇具有随机的线扩散步长和刚性 转动角度的特征条件下，建立了含杂质无格点基底表面的各向异性团簇-团簇凝聚模型，对 团簇的无规扩散、刚性转动以及凝聚全过程进行了计算机模拟，系统地研究了基底表面无规 分布的杂质区域对分枝状凝聚体诸多特性的影响，所得结果与实验事实相符合. 关键词： 薄膜生长 Monte Carlo模拟 分形     

无序杂质区域对沉积在胶体基底表面的金原子凝聚体分形结构的影响

由于受基底表面无规分布杂质的影响,沉积在熔融玻璃基底表面的金原子凝聚形成了具有特殊结构的分形凝聚体.根据这一实验结果,建立了各向异性的团簇团簇凝聚模型,对此类胶体基底表面的金原子分枝状凝聚体的生长过程进行了计算机模拟,研究了无规分布的杂质区域对凝聚体各种参数的影响,其结果与实验相符合 关键词： 薄膜生长 MonteCarlo模拟 分形     

非均质基底表面上团簇生长的Monte Carlo模拟

Monte Carlo方法模拟了在非均质基底表面上团簇的生长过程.非均质基底由规则分布的A，B两类不同性质的物质(不同材料、不同温度等)组成.沉积粒子的初动能为E₀，在不同相基底上单位长度扩散的能耗为E_A,E_B，粒子从A经过相界扩散到B的能耗为E_AB.模拟中粒子的初动能E₀.远大于E_A,E_B，粒子从B过相界到A能耗E_BA取为0.结果表明，沉积在此类基底表面的粒子凝聚成具有分形结构的团簇.当E_AB远大于E_A,E_B时，团簇的数目、团簇的回旋半径、团簇的分形维数均随E₀/E_AB呈周期性变化. 关键词： 分形团簇 非均质基底 Monte Carlo模拟 周期性     

封面说明

采用气相沉积方法在液相基底表面成功制备了一种具有近似自由支撑的新型铁薄膜系统．该薄膜的生长机制服从所谓的二阶段生长模型：沉积铁原子在液相基底表面首先成核并凝聚成准圆形原子团簇；然后这些原子团簇在液体表面做无规扩散和旋转运动，从而形成分枝状凝聚体(上图)，并随着薄膜名义厚度的增加，分枝状凝聚体逐渐相互连接成网状薄膜，     

液相基底温度对沉积银原子及其团簇凝聚过程的影响

研究了沉积银原子及其团簇在液相基底(硅油)表面的凝聚过程随基底温度的变化关系.实验结果表明:当硅油基底温度升高时,沉积银原子及其团簇的凝聚过程仍基本符合二阶段生长模型; 样品具有明显的边缘效应,在样品中心区域,凝聚体的覆盖率比边缘的相应值小,样品中心区域的凝聚体覆盖率先随薄膜名义厚度的增加迅速增大,然后逐渐趋于饱和,覆盖率趋于饱和时的膜厚值随基底温度的升高而降低; 对于一定的薄膜名义厚度,硅油基底温度越高,中心区域的凝聚体覆盖率越小.银原子凝聚体的分枝平均长度随基底温度的演化过程也具有类似的规律.对沉积银 关键词： 薄膜 液相基底 分枝状凝聚体 生长模型     

银原子在液体基底上的凝聚特性

研究了沉积在液体基底表面上的银原子的扩散和凝聚特性．实验结果表明：银原子在液体表面先形成准圆形的团族，然后通过无规扩散而逐渐凝聚成具有分枝状的凝聚体．准圆形团簇的平均半径以及凝聚速率均随沉积速率的变化而变化．还提出了一个凝聚速率概率模型，计算结果与凝聚速率的实验曲线相符合． 关键词：     

有限步扩散反应置限分形聚集

综合考虑扩散粒子浓度n、粒子扩散限制范围Δ、扩散粒子与种粒子或团簇相遇时，反应概率P及粒子扩散步数W的影响，提出了有限步扩散反应置限聚集的分形生长模型，模拟得到一系列典型的聚集生长图形，计算了相应的分形维数.结果表明，在粒子浓度n较小时，呈离散团簇状生长；而在粒子浓度较大时，则随反应概率P或粒子扩散步数W的增大，从离散团簇状生长转变为连续枝叉状生长. 关键词：     

具有排斥相互作用的原子团簇非平衡系统研究

在无格点基底表面建立了存在排斥相互作用的原子团簇凝聚及扩散模型，对沉积在均匀带电硅油基底表面的银原子凝聚过程进行了研究.结果表明：当沉积原子凝聚成稳定的原子团簇后，由于带同种电荷，团簇之间存在库仑排斥作用，团簇数密度随时间呈指数形式衰减，衰减时间常数为Oa_a；两团簇相互离散的相对平均速率V与它们之间的相对距离L在 统计意义上成正比，即V=HL.停止沉积后初期,H≈Oa_a，然后随着扩散时间的增 加，H逐渐趋于零；随着液体基底黏滞系数增加，摩擦力增大，H逐渐减小，摩 关键词： 排斥相互作用 团簇 扩散     

带电液体基底表面银原子的凝聚和扩散行为

研究了沉积在带电液体基底(硅油)表面的银原子的凝聚以及扩散行为.先采用热阴极电子发射方法使液体基底表面均匀带电,然后用蒸发沉积方法将银原子沉积到带电的液体基底表面.实验发现:被沉积的银原子首先凝聚成直径约为12μm的准圆形团簇,然后由于库仑排斥力作用而相互离散,所有团簇均向基底的四周边缘漂移;基底表面的团簇数密度n随时间t指数衰减,衰减时间常量Of≈11×10-4s-1;两团簇相互离散的相对平均速率V与它们之间的相对距离L在统计意义上成正比,即V=HL,其中沉积刚结束时常量H≈29×10-4s-1,然后随扩散时间t而逐渐趋于零.分析表明:由于带电银原子团簇的扩散运动,使基底表面的电荷重新分布,基底表面的电场随时间逐渐趋向于处处均匀 关键词： 薄膜 扩散 凝聚     

科赫分形基底上受限固-固模型动力学标度行为的数值研究

为分析基底结构对离散生长模型动力学性质的影响, 本文在随机游走指数十分接近而分形维数和谱维数均不相同的科赫格子和科赫曲线分形基底上对受限固-固(restricted solid-on-solid)模型的生长过程进行数值模拟研究. 通过分析表面宽度和饱和表面极值高度的统计行为发现: 随机游走的动力学指数能够对饱和粗化表面的动力学行为起主要贡献. 尽管分形基底具有不同的分形维数和谱维数, 但是在两种分形基底上得到了在误差范围内相同的粗造度指数. 两种分形基底上饱和表面相对生长高度极大(小)值分布分别可以很好的塌缩在一起, 且很好的满足Asym2Sig函数分布.     

分形聚集逾渗性质的计算机模拟

提出3种模型——小尺寸随机逐次成核生长模型和二维及三维代代聚集生长模型,在不同的近邻条件下和不同尺寸的网格中,通过蒙特卡罗模拟,系统地研究了一维、二维和三维分形聚集的逾渗性质.计算结果显示,分形聚集的逾渗阈值仅取决于空间维数和近邻条件,与模型的网格大小无关,是分形系统固有的临界属性;生长概率等于逾渗阈值时,聚集体可以无限生长并保持分形维数恒定,此时的分形维数只是空间维数的线性函数.     

激光在随机分布烟尘团簇粒子中的衰减特性

基于分形理论,采用团簇—团簇凝聚模型对随机分布烟尘团簇粒子的分形结构进行了模拟.利用离散偶极子近似方法研究了不同类型的随机分布烟尘团簇粒子的单次散射特性.利用蒙特卡罗方法研究了激光信号在随机分布烟尘团簇粒子中的传输衰减特性.讨论了入射角、激光波长、烟尘粒子数密度以及组成单个烟尘团簇粒子的原始微粒粒径和数目等参量对激光衰减特性的影响.研究结果对激光在复杂随机介质中的传输衰减特性分析提供了理论依据.     

The effect of particle aggregation on the absorption and emission properties of mono- and polydisperse soot aggregates

This study concerns the effect of soot-particle aggregation on the soot temperature derived from the signal ratio in two-color laser-induced incandescence measurements. The emissivity of aggregated fractal soot particles was calculated using both the commonly used Rayleigh–Debye–Gans fractal-aggregate theory and the generalized Mie-solution method in conjunction with numerically generated fractal aggregates of specified fractal parameters typical of flame-generated soot. The effect of aggregation on soot temperature was first evaluated for monodisperse aggregates of different sizes and for a lognormally distributed aggregate ensemble at given signal ratios between the two wavelengths. Numerical calculations were also conducted to account for the effect of aggregation on both laser heating and thermal emission at the two wavelengths for determining the effective soot temperature of polydisperse soot aggregates. The results show that the effect of aggregation on laser energy absorption is important at low fluences. The effect of aggregation on soot emissivity is relatively unimportant in LII applications to typical laminar diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure, but it can become more important in flames at high pressures due to larger primary particles and wider aggregate distributions associated with enhanced soot loading.     

Aggregation of fractal and endritic Ag clusters on a Pt(111) surface

We have used variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy to study the aggregation of two-dimensional Ag clusters on Pt(111). A transition from randomly ramified to dendritic fractal growth is observed in the diffusion-limited regime. Atomic-scale observations have identified the anisotropy of edge diffusion as microscopic origin of this crossover. Dependent on the deposition flux, this anisotropy is either amplified to the macroscopic-cluster shape and trigonal dendrites result, or it is degenerated and randomly ramified fractals occur. Our study elucidates the close relation between fractal and dendritic pattern formation in diffusion-limited aggregation on a two-dimensional lattice.     

Simulation of fractal cluster growth on a substrate under ion bombardment

Ion-stimulated growth of a fractal cluster on the substrate is simulated in regimes that are intermediate between diffusion- and reaction-limited aggregations. It is shown that the fractal dimension of a growing cluster and the type of formed epitaxial structure are due to the sequence of ion-stimulated processes with different fractal dimensions. The algorithm for revealing the ion stimulation mechanism of processes based on fractal laws is proposed.     

Percolation,morphogenesis, and burgers dynamics in blood vessels formation

Experiments of in vitro formation of blood vessels show that cells randomly spread on a gel matrix autonomously organize to form a connected vascular network. We propose a simple model which reproduces many features of the biological system. We show that both the model and the real system exhibit a fractal behavior at small scales, due to the process of migration and dynamical aggregation, followed at large scale by a random percolation behavior due to the coalescence of aggregates. The results are in good agreement with the analysis performed on the experimental data.     

随机分布烟尘团簇粒子辐射特性研究

基于分形理论,采用蒙特卡罗方法对随机分布的烟尘团簇粒子结构进行了仿真模拟,利用离散偶极子近似(discrete dipole approximation, DDA)方法研究了随机分布的烟尘团簇粒子的辐射特性,分析讨论了分形维数、原始微粒粒径和数量以及复折射率对随机分布烟尘团簇粒子辐射特性的影响.研究表明,在给定分形维数的情况下,烟尘团簇粒子的辐射特性取决于原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率;原始微粒较小的团簇粒子,当分形维数较小时,吸收截面变化不明显,但当分形维数大于2时,吸收截面骤然增大,然而,对于具有比较大的原始微粒粒径、数量及复折射率的烟尘团簇粒子,吸收截面随着分形维数的增大而单调递减;随着分形维数的增大,团簇粒子的散射截面、消光截面及单次散射反照率均单调递增;从整体上来讲,团簇粒子的辐射特性与等效球形粒子的辐射特性存在着比较大的差别,并且这种差别随着分形维数的增大而减小.该工作对研究气溶胶粒子的辐射及气候效应具有重要的科学价值. 关键词： 烟尘团簇粒子 辐射特性 离散偶极子近似方法     

Light-scattering properties of fractal aggregates: numerical calculations by a superposition technique and the discrete-dipole approximation

Dust particles in space often grow by mutual collisions and appear to be an agglomeration of individual grains, the morphology of which can be described by the concept of fractals. In this paper, we study light scattering by fractal aggregates of identical spheres (monomers) using the superposition technique incorporated into the T-matrix method where the orientationally averaged scattering matrix is analytically obtained. We also apply the discrete-dipole approximation, in which the dipole polarizability of spherical monomers is determined by the first term of the scattering coefficients in the Mie theory. Two cases of the ballistic aggregation process (particle–cluster and cluster–cluster aggregations) are considered to model fractal aggregates consisting of silicate or carbon material. The dependences of light-scattering properties on the monomer sizes, aggregate structures and material compositions are intensively investigated. The light-scattering properties of the fractal aggregates strongly depend on the size parameters of the monomers. The difference in the scattering function between the particle–cluster and cluster–cluster aggregates can be seen in the case of monomers much smaller than the wavelength of incident radiation. When the size parameter of monomers exceeds unity, the material composition of the monomers influences the light-scattering properties of the aggregates, but different morphologies result in similar scattering and polarization patterns. We show that silicate aggregates consisting of submicron-sized monomers, irrespective of the aggregate size and morphology, produce a backscattering enhancement and a negative polarization observed for dust in the solar system.