真空中激光束对金属表面的作用

一、引 言 在聚变装置真空室里由于等离子体与第一壁表面相互作用,使得器壁局部过热蒸发产生杂质气体,如H_2O,CO,CH_4,C等。这些气体在托卡马克装置放电期间将会导致等离子体能量损失,另外还涉及氢的再循环问题。研究这些现象可以了解托卡马克装置真空室第一壁上吸附气体层的组分及相对含量,以改善真空室的边界条件,进一步减少等离子体能量损失。     

预试电流环的微波预电离实验

在小型托卡马克装置预试电流环上,应用10~(10)Hz微波进行预电离实验,在电子回旋共振态有明显效果。与离子真空规预电离比较,等离子体电流建立得更快,幅值增大25％,维持时间增长30％;击穿要求的环电压减小30％;H_β谱线强度出现双峰;由逃逸电子轰击器壁而发射的硬X射线强度大大减弱。这表明,在电子回旋共振态的微波预电离有利于抑制逃逸电子的产生,是较好而有效的预电离手段。     

HL-1托卡马克放电辐照的因科镍和铝的表面效应研究

核聚变能是最有希望的一种新能源,我国自行设计与建造的核聚变装置——HL-1已于1985年投入运行。研究核聚变装置中等离子体与器壁、孔栏材料相互作用日益受到广泛重视,因为这种反应造成等离子体的污染及聚变装置材料灼损坏。同时,这一研究还将提供等离子体边界层的性能参数,为下一代装置的器壁材料选择和结构设计提供参考。本文研究了镍基合金和铝探针在HL-1装置的等离子体括削层内,经等离子体辐照后的表面形貌及表面组分的变化。     

HT-7托卡马克等离子体slide-away放电研究

在HT-7托卡马克上,只在等离子体放电击穿阶段充气,击穿后关闭充气阀门,让装置内真空室器壁的出气维持放电的进行,通过密度衰减实现了slide-away放电.实验分析了不同等离子体电流平台下的slide-away放电模式的密度阈值,以及相同充气量的条件下放电等离子体电流对实现slide-away放电的影响.研究了slide-away放电模式下密度提升对等离子体放电状态的影响.结果发现,slide-away放电模式下的密度提升使得H_a线辐射强度增强,等离子体中超热电子的约束性能变差,等离子体芯部的超热电子减少,高能逃逸电子厚靶轫致辐射增加. 关键词： slide-away放电 托卡马克 等离子体 逃逸电子     

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利用硬X射线探测系统监测HT-7托卡马克装置中逃逸电子轰击到装置第一壁材料时所产生的高能硬X射线,研究了在放电平顶阶段提高等离子体密度对逃逸电子行为的影响。实验结果表明,通过提高放电平顶阶段等离子体密度,HXR强度迅速降到很低的水平,这意味着能有效减少这个阶段形成的逃逸电子的数目及能量。     

HL-2A装置器壁硅化实验

中国环流器2A（HL-2A）是我国第一个运行于偏滤器位形的托卡马克装置，为在较高等离子体参数下深入开展改善约束、大功率二级加热和电流驱动和加料等国际前沿工程与物理课题的实验研究，其第一壁将覆盖大面积的石墨材料和碳纤维保护瓦。因此，HL-2A装置器壁原位处理技术的应用和发展，涂层与等离子体相互作用特性的研究对有效控制杂质的产生，改善等离子体约束性能，提高装置实验运行参数都具有重要的意义。     

HT-7托卡马克等离子体欧姆放电时电子热扩散系数的研究

主要介绍从能量平衡分析来研究HT-7托卡马克等离子体电子的热扩散系数.研究结果表明,HT-7托卡马克等离子体电子的热传导损失是主要的能量损失,热对流损失不及欧姆输入功率的1%,可以忽略.电子的反常热扩散系数随半径的增大逐渐增大,且比新经典理论预言的大2个量级.同时研究了壁处理硅化后的电子热扩散系数.结果显示,硅化后,在等离子体外围区域(r/a>0.5)电子的热扩散系数降低,从而等离子体能量约束得到改善 关键词： 托卡马克 欧姆放电 电子热扩散系数     

托卡马克中的超高真空技术

赵高真空技术对于现代托卡马克的设计运行、升级和氘－氚验证实验都起着举足轻重的作用,它对先进高密度偏滤器和下一代托卡马克工程堆也有很大的影响。同时,聚变研究的许多新概念也促使了高真空技术的革新。三十五年来,等离子体密度、杂质和壁条件的控制与真空检漏、烘烤去气、放电清洗、壁处理、氢（氘、氚）的捕获、释放和再循环、壁腐蚀和再沉积等密切地联系在一起;高性能的真空室、耐烘烤和振动的超高真空密封、先进的面向等离子体组件、有效的壁处理方法、大抽速泵组等的研制成果为控制等离子体与壁的相互作用、改善聚变三乘积（niTiτE)和验证托卡马克聚变能的科学可行性作出了重大贡献。     

HL-2A装置杂质线辐射测量的初步结果

杂质作为等离子体和第一壁相互作用的产物，由于能强烈地影响等离子体品质而一直是人们关注的焦点之一。杂质作为托卡马克中热辐射和冷电子的来源，影响等离子体能量和粒子的平衡，进而影响等离子体密度、温度和电流的分布，制约着托卡马克等离子体的输运和稳态运行。     

HL—1装置交流放电碳化实验

一种交流放电原位碳化技术首次在HL-1装置环形真空室内壁进行了试验。碳沉积膜样品作了扫描电镜,俄歇电子能谱和二次离子能谱深度轮廓和成分分析。壁碳化前后托卡马克放电杂质可见光谱和真空紫外光谱强度对照分折表明,碳化壁状态下,孔烂和金属壁材料Mo和Cr等在等离子体中含量下降80％左右,而C,O等轻杂质量有所上升;氢粒子约束时间τ_p和再循环率系数R较裸金属壁状态大致增加20％。碳化壁经惰性气体He或Kr放电锻炼后,在托卡马克放电中壁表面显示出明显的抽吸作用。     

Cluster formulae for metallic glasses derived from devitrification phases

Bulk metallic glasses are known to have a composition formula [cluster](glue atom)_1,3 within the framework of the cluster-plus-glue-atom model. The key issue in applying the cluster formula is the determination of the right clusters and glue atoms. As examples, alloy phases in the glass-forming systems Al–Ni–Zr and B–Co–Si are analysed from the viewpoint of nearest coordination polyhedral clusters. These alloy phases are described by [effective cluster](glue atom) _x , where the effective cluster refers to true cluster composition after taking account of cluster-sharing in the phase structure. For each alloy phase, a principal cluster can be identified that features the local short-range order of that phase. It is pointed out that the principal clusters can express compositions with high glass-forming abilities, as verified by our experiments in Al–Ni–Zr and B–Co–Si–Ta.     

合金元素韧化或脆化FeAl金属间化合物的微观机制

通过测量二元FeAl以及含B，Zr或Si的FeAl合金的正电子寿命谱参数，计算合金基体和缺陷处的价电子密度.结果表明，当Al原子和Fe原子结合形成FeAl合金时，Al原子提供价电子与Fe原子的3d电子形成局域的共价键.FeAl合金基体的价电子密度很低，FeAl合金中金属键和共价键共存.FeAl合金晶界缺陷的开空间大于Fe空位或Al空位的开空间，FeAl合金晶界处的金属键合力很弱.在FeAl合金中加入少量的B，一部分B原子以间隙方式固溶到FeAl基体中，增加基体的价电子密度；另一部分B原子偏聚到FeAl合金的晶界上，也增加了晶界处的价电子密度.在FeAl合金中加入Zr，增加了合金中的金属键成分，使基体中的价电子密度增加，增强了基体中金属键合力.Zr原子的加入还降低了FeAl合金的有序度，使合金晶界容易弛豫，晶界缺陷的开空间变小.Zr原子在晶界附近出现，还增加了晶界处的价电子密度.在FeAl中加入B或Zr有利于提高合金的韧性.在FeAl合金中加入Si，晶界处的Si原子与邻近的原子形成强的共价键，使得在晶界处参与形成金属键的价电子密度降低.在FeAl中加入Si使合金更脆. 关键词：     

Local atomic structures in Zr-Ni metallic glasses

Local atomic structures of Zr100−xNix (x=33.3, 36, 50 at%) binary metallic glasses were investigated by means of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) probe. Structural parameters show that the Zr-Ni bond length, RZr-Ni, keeps a constant value of 2.62 Å, regardless of alloy compositions. This result implies that there is a strongly chemical interaction between Zr and Ni atoms, leading to significant chemical short-range orders (CSROs) in the present metallic glasses. Further analysis indicates that the SRO structures in these metallic glasses are extremely similar with those in their crystalline counterparts. It is interesting to note that the CSROs in the eutectic Zr₆₄Ni₃₆ metallic glass consist of Zr₂Ni-like and ZrNi-like CSROs.     

Influence of neutron irradiation on ferromagnetic metallic glasses

Transmission⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to study effects of neutron irradiation on magnetic properties of Fe-based ferromagnetic metallic glasses. Elastic stress centers are produced during the process of neutron irradiation as a result of atom mixing. Rearrangement of the atoms causes changes in the average value of the hyperfine field distribution and orientation of the net magnetic moment. They are shown to depend on the composition of the investigated samples. Cr-doped metallic glasses depict transformation from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic state at room temperature after neutron irradiation implying changes in the Curie temperature. Presence of Ni in the samples reduces the effects of radiation damage.     

Solid-state NMR characterization of a controlled-pore glass and of the effects of electron irradiation

Controlled-pore glasses (CPGs) are silica-based materials which provide an adequate model system for a better understanding of the radiation chemistry of glasses, especially under nanoscopic confinement. This paper presents a characterization of a nanoporous CPG before and after electron irradiation using multinuclear solid-state magnetic resonance (NMR). 1H MAS NMR has been used for studying the surface proton sites and it is observed that the irradiation leads to a dehydration of the material. Accordingly, concerning the silicon sites near the surface, the observed variation of the Q4, Q3 and Q2 species from 1H-29Si CPMAS spectra shows an increase of the surface polymerization under irradiation, implying in majority a Q2 to Q3/Q4 conversion mechanism. Similarly, 1H-17 O CPMAS measurements exhibit an increase of Si-O-Si groups at the expenses of Si-OH groups. In addition, modifications of the environment of the residual boron atoms are also put in evidence from 11B MAS and MQMAS NMR These data show that MAS NMR methods provide sensitive tools for the characterization of these porous glasses and of the tiny modifications occurring under electron irradiation.     

PAC Studies on Zr-Based Intermetallic Compounds

The Zr₂Al, Zr₃Al₂ and Zr₆NiAl₂ intermetallic compounds were characterized by means of time differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) and X-ray diffraction. Our interest in these Zr(Hf) aluminides comes from crystallization studies of Zr(Hf)-based bulk metallic glasses which have a wide supercooled liquid region.     

LaGa-based bulk metallic glasses

We report the formation of La Ga-based bulk metallic glasses. Ternary La–Ga–Cu glassy rods of 2–3 mm in diameter can be easily formed in a wide composition range by the conventional copper mold casting method. With minor addition of extra elements such as Co, Ni, Fe, Nb, Y, and Zr, the critical diameter of the full glassy rods of the La–Ga–Cu matrix can be markedly enhanced to at least 5 mm. The characteristics and properties of these new La Ga-based bulk metallic glasses with excellent glass formation ability and low glass transition temperature are model systems for fundamental issues investigation and could have some potential applications in micromachining field.     

Enhancement of local superconductivity in ferromagnetic FeCrB metallic glass by Ar+ ion irradiation

We have reinforced local superconductivity in ferromagnetic Fe(67)Cr(18)B(15) metallic glasses by ion irradiation. Superconductivity in this medium appears due to the presence of large-scale layered clusters of metallic Fe-Cr phase, 150-230 ? in size, with a ferromagnetic (or superparamagnetic) Fe-rich core and nonmagnetic Cr-rich superconducting shell. Here we show that due to the intensification of concentration phase separation in the Fe-Cr clusters under ion (Ar(+)) irradiation, the volume of the superconducting phase increases from the initial 0.4-0.5% up to 7-8%. After irradiation, the resistivity jump Δρ/ρ in the temperature range T=3.1-3.6 K increases ～14 times, reaching 19%, as compared to 1.36% for the initial sample. In the interval of T=3.1-3.6 K, the rate of resistance change reaches 79% K(-1) for the irradiated sample instead of 3.6% K(-1) for the initial sample. In the same temperature interval, the rate of magnetoresistance change increases from 3% K(-1) for the initial sample up to 70% K(-1) after irradiation.     

Broadband attosecond pulse shaping

We use semiconductor (Si) and metallic (Al, Zr) transmission filters to shape, in amplitude and phase, high-order harmonics generated from the interaction of an intense titanium sapphire laser field with a pulsed neon gas target. Depending on the properties of the filter, the emitted attosecond pulses can be optimized in bandwidth and/or pulse length. We demonstrate the generation of attosecond pulses centered at energies from 50 to 80 eV, with bandwidths as large as 45 eV and with pulse durations compressed to 130 as.