激光诱导自体荧光成像法(LIFI)诊断肺癌

系统利用三倍频调Q脉冲Nd:YAG激光器产生波长为355nm的激光作为激发光,利用像增强型电荷耦合器件(ICCD)作为成像器件,对肺癌组织和正常肺组织在特征波段进行荧光成像。对不同特征波段的荧光图像进行分析后可看出肺癌组织与正常肺组织有明显区别。为利用激光诱导荧光诊断肺癌提供了一种新的诊断方案,并可在改进后用于临床诊断。     

清华大学物理系薛平教授研究组研制成功新型内窥光学相干成像探头

癌症的有效治疗关键在于早期诊断.光学相干成像作为一种无损伤无标记、三维高分辨率的新型生物光学影像技术,结合内窥镜技术,能够解决光的穿透深度问题,对病灶进行无损的＂光学活检＂,有望代替有创的临床病理切片分析,从而提供一种新型的癌症早期诊断手段.与此相关,高分辨率、大范围、无盲区扫描成像的内窥光学相干成像探头的研究则是非常关键的一个内容,     

迅速崛起的影像诊断术——磁共振成像

磁共振成像是根据生物体磁性核（氢核）在磁场中的表现特性成像的高新技术，它诞生后立即被用于医学诊断，在许多疾病的诊治中发挥了不可取代的作用，本文主要介绍磁共振成像影像诊断学的发展历史，及其它蕴含的创新思维历程，给科技工作者将产生有益的启示。     

正电子发射断层照相（PET）的特色与应用

正电子发射断层照相，称为世界上最先进的医学成像设备，采用ＮａＩ和ＢＧＯ晶体作为探测器，将发射正电子的放射性同位素引入所要观察的局部组织或器官，用作示踪剂，用计算机将探测到的一组图形组建成局部或器官的功能图像，ＰＥＴ这一精密成像工具已广泛应用于临床诊断，如心脏疾病，脑部疾病和肿瘤等。     

荧光寿命成像在癌症诊断研究中的应用(特邀)

癌症是目前人类所面对的共同难题,降低癌症死亡率的关键是实现早期诊断。荧光寿命因对微环境的敏感性,不仅可以实现对早期癌症组织与正常组织的区分,还可以对药物治疗癌症进行监测,因此荧光寿命成像显微技术在癌症诊断方面具有巨大的应用潜力。本文介绍了荧光寿命成像显微技术的基本原理及检测方法,总结了内源性和外源性荧光团的特征及其与癌症诊断的关系,综述了近年来荧光寿命成像显微技术在神经系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、生殖系统、泌尿系统、内分泌系统以及皮肤系统等癌症诊断中的应用,讨论了荧光寿命成像显微技术在癌症诊断中的应用优势、局限性以及未来发展趋势。     

空域近红外光谱乳腺检测仪研制及应用

为了早期诊断和治疗女性乳腺疾病,保障女性健康,利用空间分辨近红外光谱分析技术,研制出空间分辨的近红外光谱乳腺疾病检测装置。这种装置具有检测方便、无创、无辐射、成本低等优点。对女性乳腺进行了实际检测,与医生诊断结果进行比较后发现该空域近红外光谱乳腺检测仪检测数据可靠,可作为X光成像和核磁共振成像等精确检测手段前的预检测,是一项值得推广应用的乳腺疾病早期诊断新技术。     

同步辐射的医学应用

介绍了同步辐射心血管造影术,计算机断层扫描术,肺部支气管成像术,乳腺成像术,辐射治疗等医学活体诊断和治疗技术的原理,应用现状以及近年来国际上各同步辐射实验室医学应用的发展情况。     

示踪材料在内爆X光诊断过程中的作用

 激光聚变内爆实验中,在燃料中掺杂少量比例的中高Z材料,用X光光谱和X光成像测量掺杂元素的发射信息,诊断燃料的温度、密度和压缩形状。用辐射流体力学数值计算和X光成像后处理程序综合分析方法,给出了内爆靶丸优化设计,并讨论示踪材料在X光诊断中的作用。结果表明:在靶丸燃料D2中掺原子分数约1.0％的氩,内爆压缩中子产额下降约15％。由于氩线发射使整个燃料区X光发射强度提高约50倍,X光成像区域增大约30％,有利于实验诊断测量燃料芯部。为了测量燃料区的边界,在CH内壳层涂厚度0.05 μm的硫,分析表明硫Ly-α单能成像大小与流体力学计算的燃料区大小一致,可用于诊断燃料最终压缩界面。数值分析结果得到了神光Ⅱ间接驱动内爆物理相关实验的验证。     

高频高灵敏光声探头的光声内窥成像

光声内窥成像技术具有高分辨、高精准、功能成像等优点,是目前临床新型成像诊断技术研究的热点。然而,光声内窥成像技术受激光器安全能量阈值和光声换能器灵敏度的制约,现有的光声内窥成像技术大多无法兼顾高成像信噪比和小尺寸要求。为了解决光声信号回波能量低、光声图像信噪比差的问题,该文采用一种带有集成前端放大器的小尺寸的光声探头设计方案,其中心频率达到30 MHz,直径小于2.5 mm,通过仿体实验证明其仿体中的成像深度可达6.5 mm,横向成像分辨率可达144.9μm,纵向分辨率为111.1μm,尤其是,成像信噪比相较于对照组的传统光声换能器提高了11.5 dB。该文研究表明,前端集成放大光声探头能有效提高光声成像信噪比,改善成像质量,为提高光声内窥临床诊断精准度提供了新方法。     

圆片上缺陷光学诊断设备的几个关键技术

简述半导体产业为追求投资回报率已经使得诊断设备由简单的工具发展成为检测缺陷、分类缺陷、分析成因、调整工艺的完善的IYM解决方案。讨论了国外诊断设备当前发展趋势。介绍了半导体圆片缺陷现场光学自动诊断设备的组成,给出了圆片诊断设备的一些重要性能指标。重点介绍了缺陷诊断设备从光机扫描成像到形成圆片图(wafermap)所采用的主要方法及其关键技术的几点考虑,包括:缺陷光散射的计算、空间信号滤波器、暗场显微技术和扫描成像技术、空间信息分析及生成圆片图等。     

Role of optical techniques in combined use of selected methods of medical imaging

The subject matter of this paper concerns advanced techniques of imaging used in diagnosis and minimally invasive procedures applied in non-operable cases of the digestive tract tumour therapy. The role of optical techniques in current medical imaging is significant. Optical properties of transilluminated or illuminated tissues and organs depend on strong light absorption and scattering. Numerous issues related to the result interpretation still remain unsolved. Effectiveness and precision can be especially improved when some combined methods of imaging are used. Videoendoscopy imaging, X-ray imaging, and endoscopic ultrasound imaging are three complementary methods applied during the interventions described in this work. All interventions have concerned with the upper part of the digestive tract. Especially, interdisciplinary issues of combined medical imaging are presented using some examples of a modern approach to imaging of esophagus and biliary stenting. The selected examples of effects obtained during interventions assisted by combined imaging of the operation site are presented. The operator can have great control over the appearance of desirable effects as well as undesirable complications in order to work comfortably and safe.     

Advances in fluorescence diagnosis to track footprints of cancer progression in vivo

Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging have been widely used for in vivo cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring in preclinical models, as well as clinical translation. Great attempts have been made to develop novel fluorescence techniques and improve on existing ones, which can now be used in conjunction with newly developed fluorescent probes for specific cancer imaging. In this review, a broad overview of fluorescence techniques is provided, including photodynamic diagnosis, laser confocal endomicroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging, coupled with endogenous and exogenous fluorophores. In particular, endogenous fluorophores, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are highlighted as they are linked to cellular metabolism in precancer growth. The use of near‐infrared dyes, such as indocynanine green (ICG), for imaging deep‐tissue regions is also reviewed. In addition, diagnostic algorithms used for tissue classification and cancer detection will be discussed. Lastly, emerging technologies in fluorescence diagnosis will also be included.     

多模态光声分子成像进展*

现代的各种医学影像术,如射线成像、CT、正电子发射(PET)、磁共振(MR)、超声(US)、荧光(FL)等都各具特色,并成功地应用于多种疾病的诊疗。但每种影像术都不能对生物组织做出完整的描述。由若干个成像技术组成的多模态成像技术,是获得组织更多信息的有效途径。光声(PA)成像是能提供组织的成分和功能信息的新成像技术。它不仅灵敏,可以对较深层的组织进行实时、快速、安全的成像,而且可以利用光声光热造影剂实施非侵入的光热靶向治疗。因此,与光声成像相结合的多模态分子成像是实现精准诊疗的重要技术途径。该文以手持US-PA探头的双模态成像系统,直径为1 mm的血管內窥镜US-PA成像系统,可同时用于术前和术中的US-PA-FL三模态成像系统,以及采用外磁场可操控的磁共振-光声光热分子造影剂、进行MR-PA成像引导的光热治疗技术为例,对多模态光声分子成像系统在医学诊断、手术和光热治疗方面的进展做简单介绍。     

用于植物病虫害诊断的多光谱成像系统

准确重建被测目标的颜色信息对实现可靠的植物病虫害诊断具有十分重要的意义。文章提出把多光谱成像技术应用于植物病虫害诊断,所采集的多光谱图像可以从光谱维和图像维反映被测目标的特征信息。在此基础上,实验采用16个窄带滤色片、单色面阵CCD、积分球混合光源照明和标准观测环境建立了能进行适时、无损检测的多光谱成像系统。并利用该设备对Macbeth色卡中8个色卡进行光谱和颜色重建,重建的结果与光谱辐射度计的测量结果进行了比较。通过对光谱匹配角度和CIE标准色差分析,证明这种多光谱成像系统能够准确、稳定地重建出目标的光谱信息和颜色信息。     

3种主动合成孔径成像技术极限探测能力的分析与比较

为了深入研究可行的中高轨成像技术,本文从探测能力角度(用最低发射激光功率表示)深入分析和比较3种主动干涉合成孔径成像技术——傅立叶望远镜(又称为相干场成像或条纹场扫描成像)、成像相关术(又称为强度相关成像)和剪切光束成像。本文利用光电倍增管的信噪比模型和激光作用距离方程,较为细致地分析每种技术在满足单次信噪比(SNR=5)条件下的极限探测能力。通过仿真分析得出:傅立叶望远镜、成像相关术和剪切光束成像所需的最低单光束单脉冲能量分别为11. 4 J、0. 73 MJ和3. 1 MJ。最终得出傅立叶望远镜是上述3种主动成像技术中在目前技术水平下最适合中高轨目标(约36 000 km)高分辨成像的可用技术的结论。     

荧光光谱及其成像技术在光活检中的应用

分析了人体组织自体荧光的主要物质来源和荧光特性,同时总结了国内外常见的第二代新型光敏剂及其临床应用情况。在此基础上,全面比较了各种应用于早期肿瘤光活检的荧光光谱及其成像技术,并重点讨论了这些技术的基本原理和临床应用现状,以及它们今后的发展方向。     

Magnetic resonance in the era of molecular imaging of cancer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has played an important role in the diagnosis and management of cancer since it was first developed, but other modalities also continue to advance and provide complementary information on the status of tumors. In the future, there will be a major continuing role for noninvasive imaging in order to obtain information on the location and extent of cancer, as well as assessments of tissue characteristics that can monitor and predict treatment response and guide patient management. Developments are currently being undertaken that aim to provide improved imaging methods for the detection and evaluation of tumors, for identifying important characteristics of tumors such as the expression levels of cell surface receptors that may dictate what types of therapy will be effective and for evaluating their response to treatments. Molecular imaging techniques based mainly on radionuclide imaging can depict numerous, specific, cellular and molecular markers of disease and have unique potential to address important clinical and research challenges. In this review, we consider what continuing and evolving roles will be played by MRI in this era of molecular imaging. We discuss some of the challenges for MRI of detecting imaging agents that report on molecular events, but highlight also the ability of MRI to assess other features such as cell density, blood flow and metabolism which are not specific hallmarks of cancer but which reflect molecular changes. We discuss the future role of MRI in cancer and describe the use of selected quantitative imaging techniques for characterizing tumors that can be translated to clinical applications, particularly in the context of evaluating novel treatments.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging in the diagnosis of spinal osteomyelitis

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMR) was performed on two patients whose clinical radiograph and bone scanning suggested spinal osteomyelitis before and after successful antimicrobial therapy. The images obtained suggest that NMR may be more useful in the diagnosis of this condition than other conventional imaging techniques. Hitherto NMR has not been considered particularly useful for the diagnosis of bone disease. This may be true for cortical bone, from which no signal is obtained using the NMR technique, but for medullary bone it appears to be a potentially useful, non-invasive and safe method of diagnosis.     

磁共振分子影像技术

磁共振分子影像技术是磁共振成像研究领域中最新的发展方向，它是利用磁共振成像为手段来无创伤地研究活体条件下生物细胞内的正常或病理状态下的分子过程的技术. 目前磁共振分子影像技术还处于其发展的初级阶段，但它在临床医学和基础研究中都具有非常广阔的应用前景，因而发展迅速. 文章综述了近几年来国际上磁共振分子影像技术的发展概况，并简要介绍了几类磁共振分子影像常用技术和其中所用到的分子探针.     

共焦扫描荧光显微镜的信噪比与测量精度

激光扫描共焦显微术和多光子显微术等新的显微成像技术可以对厚的生物样品实现光学断层成像 ,因而在生物医学诊断领域具有重要的应用前境。在Fried的一维分辨度理论的基础上 ,系统地讨论了运用共焦扫描荧光显微术在进行光学断层成像时 ,其光学断层平面分辨度与信噪比之间的定量关系 ,建立了实际显微成像系统平面测量精度的定量计算方法。所得出的结果对于选择共焦扫描显微成像系统的最佳参数及评价所设计的显微成像系统的性能具有重要的意义。