硅基光波导开关技术综述

硅基光波导开关技术是公认的低成本光交换技术,在电信网络、数据中心和高性能计算领域中都具有非常广泛的应用前景.本文系统综述了近年来硅基光波导开关技术研究取得的主要进展,首先对马赫-曾德尔干涉仪型、微环谐振型和微电子机械系统驱动波导型三种硅基光波导开关技术进行了介绍,并对不同原理的光开关技术的应用场景进行了总结;然后讨论了影响大端口光开关性能的关键技术,特别着重于拓扑架构、无源器件和光电封装等方面;最后对硅基光波导开关技术的技术挑战和研究方向进行了展望,其对未来硅基全光交换技术的实用化具有指导性意义.     

Y分支有机聚合物热光开关的研制

利用有机聚合物材料热光效应进行Y分支结构光波导开关的研究和制作，实验结果显示光开关具有小于－20dB的串音，驱动功率为110mW-130mW。同时给出插入损耗的测试结果，并分析了其产生的各种原因。针对器件的开关速度问题，提出了解决方法。     

光分组交换矩阵的实验研究

对光交换矩阵的基本机理进行了研究,介绍了所研制成功的光分组交换矩阵的基本结构、功能、性能和相关的实现技术,重点分析了质子交换型铌酸锂（APE：LiNbO3)光波导开关与相应的系统技术,给出了2．5Gbit/s异步转移模式（ATM）光信元交换实验研究结果。     

氧离子注入隔离的全内反射型光波导开关

研制了一种全内反射型InGaAsP/InP光波导开关。采用氧离子注入形成的高阻特性来作为载流予注入区的隔离。由此获得陡峭的反射面,改善了光开关的性能。在入射光波长为1.3um,注入电流为32mAT得到光开关反射端消光比为18dB,无注入时的关态串话为-19dB.     

对称半导体光放大器马赫—曾德尔干涉仪解复用器的开关特性分析

分析以以半导体光放大器（SOA）为基础的对称马赫－曾德尔干涉仪（MZI）解复用器在控制脉冲和信号脉冲反向传播（CPMZ）与同向传播（TPMZ）两种工作模式下的开关特性。研究表明：控制脉冲宽度、半导体光放大器的长度和非线性增益压缩影响着控制脉冲和信号脉冲反向传播开关窗口的大小，是限制控制脉冲和信号脉冲反向传播高速工作的主要因素。当控制脉冲宽度小于半导体光放大器的渡越时间时，如时延量小于于两位的半导体光放大器渡越时间，控制脉冲和信号脉冲以向传播的峰值开关比开始恶化；当控制脉冲宽度超过半导体光放大器的渡越时间时，即使时延量大于两倍的半导体光放大器滤越时间，峰值开关比也出现恶化。因此当控制脉冲和信号脉冲反向传播高速工作时，控制脉冲应尽可能窄，且时延量必须大于两倍的半导体光放大器渡越时间以确保有较高的峰值开关比，而半导体光放大器长度效应对控制脉冲和信号脉冲同向传播的影响甚微。     

基于2×2光开关的光交换系统研究

本文详细描述了基于光信元（ｐｈｏｔｏｎｉｃｃｅｌ）进行交换的光交换系统模型，讨论了光信元的帧结构方法，并完成了２×２ＬｉＮｂＯ３光开关交换单元实验，其技术性能指标为：工作速率１５５Ｍｂ／ｓ；消光比优于２０ｄＢ；插入损耗小于５ｄＢ     

GaAs2×2Mach-Zehnder光波导开关调制器

报道了GaAs2×2非对称Mach-Zehnder光波导开关调制器的研制结果,分析了这种开关的工作原理和产生串音的因素.采用两个非对称X型耦合器代替传统的Y分支耦合器,得到了性能良好的X型3dB耦合器.λ=1.15μm时,器件的串音比小于-22.4dB,开关电压约1.2V.     

基于激发态非线性拆射效应的全光开关与光限幅

提出一种新型的光控光开关，以５３２ｎｍ脉冲激光入射金属－类卟啉有机材料，强激发态吸收导致瞬态透镜效应，使同时通过介质的６３２．８ｎｍ激光实现光开关，实验演示了开关特性，开启和关闭时间均为１００ｎｓ，还演示了激发态吸收和非线性折射两种效应共同作用的单光束光限幅，对上述两种基于非线性折射效应的器件特性进行了理论分析。     

SOI无间距定向耦合光开关模型分析及设计

提出了一种简便可行的ＳＯＩ无间距定向耦合光开关（ＢＯＡ型－Ｂｉｆｕｒｃａｔｉｏｎ Ｏｐｔｉｑｕｅ Ａｃｔｉｖｅ）模型分析方法，采用等离子体色散效应这种光开关的电学调制机理；而用ｐｎ结大注入效应分析开拳电学性质；并根据大截面单模ＳＯＩ脊形波导理论和上棕分析，设计了利用双模干淑机制工作的这种器件的结构参数和电学参数。     

控制脉冲形状对太赫我非对称解复用器开关特性的影响

在考虑了太赫兹光非对称解复用器（TOAD）中半导体光放大器（SOA）的增益饱和与恢复效应的基础上，深入研究了超高斯控制脉冲对半导体光放大器的动态增益响应及太赫兹光非对称解复用器开关特性的影响，并与高斯控制脉冲的情形进行了比较。结果表明：相对于高斯控制脉冲而言，超高斯控制脉冲使半导体光放大器的增益转折区减小，显著影响太赫兹光非对称解复用器的开关窗口形状，当信号光相对于控制光时延一定，或环时间非对称性及信号光相对于控制光的全部时延一定时，超高斯控制脉冲都将使太赫兹光非对称解复用器的最大开关比降低。     

Finite element analysis of optically controlled non-linear directional coupler switches

Optically controlled two-way optical switches are useful for high-speed photonic switches and rapidly reconfigurable optical interconnection networks. A directional coupler forms such a switch because the field can be switched from one waveguide to the other by altering the optical length of the waveguide. Nonlinear materials are incorporated in the waveguide so that the optical path length may be altered by using an optical control beam to vary the intensity of light. A finite element method is described that enables the modelling of the non-linear dual waveguide structure for arbitrary waveguide shapes. Spurious modes are avoided in the transverse magnetic field method and non-linearity is handled by iteration and assuming an equivalent non-linear relative permittivity.     

高效集成电光调制器和开关的电极与光波导的优化设计

集成电光调制与开关的效率取决于光波导中电光重叠因子Γ的大小，直接影响此因子的有电极宽度、电极间距、光模场尺寸、以及电极与光波导的相对位置等参量。本文利用集成电光调制器电极电场的分布规律，研究了各种结构中影响电光重叠因子的诸参量之间的关系；根据实际工艺条件，应用系统优化方法尽可能对各种参量进行优化计算，得到了实现高效调制和开关的全部参量的优化设计结果。     

新型光波导阵列电光快速扫描器的光波导效应

对新型光波导阵列电光快速扫描器中的光波导效应进行了研究,分析了考虑光波导模式效应的光波导阵列电光快速扫描器的扫描特性,指出光波导模式特性主要影响新型光波导电光快速扫描器的扫描范围和效率,并研究了在应用该器件进行光束扫描时的技术要求.     

Semiconductor waveguide optical switches and modulators

Semiconductor waveguide optical switches and modulators are reviewed from the view point of material and structure. As material for switches and modulators, effects of both variations of refractive index and absorption are considered. As for the structure of switches and modulators, basic characteristics of devices, including length, speed, and consumption power, are investigated, and recent experimental performances are shown. For further improvement of switches and modulators, the importance of low-dimensional quantum-well structures and strained quantum-well structures are pointed out.     

Active semiconductor optical switches with blue-shifted channel waveguides

This paper presents a theoretical design study of active optical switches constructed from III-V semiconductor multiple-quantum-well waveguides. New designs are given for 4 × 4 matrix switches, 1 × 4 tree switches, and 4-delay optical transversal filters. The designs feature ～ 0 dB insertion loss and ～ 30 dB crosstalk isolation. Low injection currents are predicted because pumping is eliminated on ～ 70 percent of the channel waveguide area by an induced-disorder treatment that blue-shifts the material's absorption edge. The active networks also feature etched facet reflectors that facilitate the dense packing of guides.     

利用硅波导实现全混洗变换研究

根据全混洗(perfect shuffle)变换的特点,利用SOI材料(silicon-on-insulator)设计硅波导,在片上实现4 4和8 8全混洗变换;对波导设计参数包括:宽度、间距和交叉角度等进行讨论和优化,得到最佳的设计参数;模拟仿真得到8 8全混洗变换的传输特点,并对传输效率和串扰进行讨论;实验结果表明片上光波导能够有效的实现全混洗变换,具有插入损耗低和串扰低等特点,在光通信和光互连领域具有一定的应用。     

Modulation properties of spatial three-waveguide system using weakly coupled mode theory

Based on the weakly coupled mode theory, the modulation properties of three-waveguide system are analyzed in general. We examine the modulation behavior for two cases that a voltage is applied on the beamlaunched waveguide or non-beam-launched waveguide. The analytical intensity distributions in both cases are given. Applications of the spatial multi-waveguide coupling systems include spatial light modulators,optical switches, optical interconnection, and spatial optical signal processing.     

Active semiconductor optical switches with blue-shifted channel waveguides

This paper presents a theoretical design study of active optical switches constructed from III-V semiconductor multiple-quantum-well waveguides. New designs are given for 4 × 4 matrix switches, 1 × 4 tree switches, and 4-delay optical transversal filters. The designs feature ∼ 0 dB insertion loss and ∼ 30 dB crosstalk isolation. Low injection currents are predicted because pumping is eliminated on ∼ 70 percent of the channel waveguide area by an induced-disorder treatment that blue-shifts the material's absorption edge. The active networks also feature etched facet reflectors that facilitate the dense packing of guides.     

Design and Fabrication of Integrated-Optic Disk Pickup on LiNbO_3 Substrate

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｈｅｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍｕｃｈｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｏｐｔｉｃａｌｄｉｓｋｍｅｍｏｒｙｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｓｔｏｒａｇｅ .Ｉｎｅａｒｌｙ ｐａｐｅｒｓ[1 ,2 ] ,ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄ ｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄ ｍａｇｎｅｔｏｏｐｔｉｃｄｉｓｋｐｉｃｋｕｐｈｅａｄｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄ .Ｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｃａｌｄｉｓｋｐｉｃｋｕｐｈｅａｄｉｓｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｅｄｂｙｉｎｔｅｇｒ…     

Measurements of excess loss of the crossed waveguide using optical waveguide ring resonators

Crossed waveguide is widely used in optical devices, whose excess loss has a strong impact on multi-turn optical waveguide ring resonator and resonator integrated optic gyro. The resonance curve of the ring resonator is sharply dependent on the loss within the resonator. This paper presents how to get excess loss of the crossed waveguides nondestructively through the comparison of the resonance characteristics between one-turn and multi-turn optical waveguide ring resonators.