混流式核主泵内流动结构与压力脉动特性关联分析

核主泵内的流动不稳定将会引起严重振动,不利于其安全稳定运行。因此本文基于大涡模拟(LES)数值计算方法对几个典型工况下核主泵内部非稳态流动结构及其压力脉动特性进行全面阐述与关联性分析。研究表明,随着流量的增加,动静干涉作用在导叶出口处逐渐增加;偏工况条件下,导叶出口处压力脉动频谱低频段中均出现复杂激励频率,尤其是靠近出液管附近的导叶出口处。核主泵在偏大流量工况下运行时壳体右侧内部非稳态流动结构相较于壳体左侧更加复杂;在偏小流量工况下运行时壳体底部压力脉动更加剧烈。本文进一步详细描述了核主泵球形壳体内强涡量区的流动结构及其成因,并且发现测点处的压力频谱与涡量频谱有相同的主要激励频率,因此证明核主泵内非定常旋涡流动结构是激励压力脉动的主因之一。     

水泵水轮机无叶区压力脉动研究

为了研究水泵水轮机无叶区压力脉动特性,对某一电站水泵水轮机模型进行了试验,得到不同导叶开度下"S"特性及压力脉动特性。同时,利用ANSYS CFX对水泵水轮机19mm活动导叶开度下的不同工况进行了全流道非定常数值模拟,并分析了四种典型工况下水泵水轮机无叶区的压力脉动和内部流动。结果表明:水轮机工况P01,叶片吸力面附近流动分离较弱,无叶区的压力脉动较小;飞逸工况P05,流动分离加剧,形成了明显的旋涡,压力脉动较大;制动区工况P07,发生了明显的旋转失速,且频率为0.7f_n,流动呈现明显的不对称性,各流道的流量相差较大,压力脉动进一步增大;小流量工况P09,旋转失速消失,流动具有明显的对称性,压力脉动较小。该研究可为水泵水轮机的优化设计提供参考。     

基于相干分析的离心泵压力脉动与振动关系识别

离心泵内的压力脉动会导致泵体的振动,对其安全稳定运行产生危害.离心泵内压力脉动与振动的关系尚不清晰,因此本文对一台低比转速离心泵展开了实验研究,在蜗壳第Ⅱ断面外壁布置振动测点V,在其两侧沿圆周方向间隔36°依次布置P1、P2、P3三个压力脉动测点,其中P1与P2相对于测点V对称布置,同步采集压力脉动与振动信号,并在额定工况下进行相干分析。结果表明:压力脉动信号与泵体振动信号在各个基频处具有很强的相干性,可以认定造成离心泵低频振动的主因是离心泵内动静干涉和转子不平衡;通过对比相干系数发现,P1测点在各个主要基频处的相干性突出,P2测点相对较弱,而远离振动测点V的P3测点相较于接近振动测点V的P2测点其相干性更大。     

离心泵压力脉动的数值模拟及敏感性分析

针对离心泵内部非定常压力脉动特性,采用滑移网格技术和大涡模拟方法对离心泵内部非定常流动进行了数值模拟,获得了壳体内表面各测点的压力脉动频谱特性曲线。分析了蜗舌附近边界层网格尺度、采样时间和采样频率对蜗壳内壁面各测点压力脉动频谱特性的影响关系。结果表明:蜗舌附近测点压力脉动最大,叶频是压力脉动的主导频率;边界层网格尺度对蜗舌附近测点的压力脉动振幅影响较大,对远离蜗舌区域各测点的压力脉动振幅影响较小;采样时间和采样频率对于离心泵内压力脉动的频域特性有一定的影响作用。     

电站调节阀内流场的三维数值模拟及实验研究

本文以电站调节阀为对象,通过先进的CFD软件与CAD相结合对阀门内部流场进行了数值模拟,一方面快速 准确地估算出流动的压力损失,另一方面为设计初期就预测其流动特性,为调节阀门改型优化设计提供先进方法。对于提 高我国电站调节阀的设计研究水平具有重要意义。     

高压联合进汽阀门三维粘性流场数值分析

本文采用多分区 ＳＩＭＰＬＥＣ算法对 ６００ ＭＷ汽轮机高压联合进汽阀门内部复杂流动进行了三维粘性数值分析。流场计算结果表明总压损失主要集中在调节阀喉口附近。调节阀阀碟前后的两股高速气流在阀碟的正上方位置相碰引起较大的掺混损失;气流经过调节阀喉口后,附面层急剧增厚,形成一层较厚的沿管壁的低总压区。计算得到的流场特性为即将开展的阀门结构优化设计提供了重要依据。     

船用三通调节阀流-固耦合噪声数值模拟

针对船用PN10DN32三通调节阀噪声声压频谱、声指向性等声学特性规律不明确,噪声声压级是否满足使用要求的问题,基于流-固耦合理论,同时考虑流-固耦合面及流体域内的脉动声学激励源,开展阀门噪声数值模拟研究。分别对三通调节阀在80%及60%开度阀外1 m处的噪声进行数值模拟,分析研究噪声声压频谱特性及声指向性规律。结果表明：80%及60%开度下的噪声声压级分别为49.14 dB(A)、50.79 dB(A),均小于60 d B(A)的噪声限制,满足使用要求。该文为船用三通调节阀噪声数值模拟提供了理论及方法参考。     

轴流式冷却循环泵非稳态流激特性数值研究

轴流式冷却循环泵是舰船动力系统中的关键设备之一,泵内非稳态流动诱发的压力脉动是影响泵振动水平的主要水力因素。运用特定设计方法对某比转速为471的循环泵进行了设计并通过实验测量进行了性能验证。基于非定常数值计算,获得了不同工况下循环泵多个截面上压力脉动系数的变化规律。研究表明:叶轮进口压力脉动系数沿径向呈递增趋势,轮缘处流体激励能量最大且主要集中于叶频;叶轮出口压力脉动系数在轮缘和轮毂处取得极大值,主要激励频率为叶频及其高次谐频;导叶出口压力脉动系数沿径向基本一致,主要激励频率为1/5叶频;叶轮出口诱发的叶频压力脉动是决定泵振动水平的主导因素。研究结论为循环泵减振技术的发展提供了一定的理论支撑。     

低比转速离心泵压力脉动频谱特性的试验研究

离心泵内部由叶轮-隔舌动静干涉作用诱发的压力脉动是激励离心泵振动噪声的重要因素,对泵的稳定、安全运行有重要影响。为了全面获得离心泵压力脉动特性,本文采用试验手段对一台低比转速离心泵进行压力脉动试验,在蜗壳周向均布20个高频压力脉动传感器对压力信号进行提取。结果表明:离心泵压力频谱呈现典型的离散特征,峰值信号出现在叶频及其高次谐波处,压力频谱中没有出现明显的轴频及其和叶频非线性干涉诱发的峰值信号。不同测量点处压力脉动幅值差异显著,在设计点及大流量工况,叶频处压力脉动幅值极大值点出现在隔舌后端区域范围内,而在隔舌前部区域内,压力脉动幅值较小;且随着角度的增加,叶频处压力脉动幅值呈现递减的趋势,而在小流量工况叶频处压力脉动幅值并没有出现在隔舌后端区域内。流量对叶频处压力脉动幅值影响显著,压力脉动幅值极小值点出现在0.9Q_d附近,而偏离该工况时,压力脉动幅值迅速上升。     

翼型空化绕流特征和流激特性的关联分析

基于DES湍流模型和Schnerr-Sauer空化模型对空化初生和片状空化阶段791翼型非定常绕流进行了数值模拟,着重分析了不同空化阶段翼型绕流的流动特征、压力脉动特性及两者间的关联关系。研究表明:翼型表面空穴的非稳态演变与翼型动力特性变化相互映射;在空化初生阶段,主空穴的周期性变化和翼型展向外缘处空泡团的周期性脱落是此阶段流激振动的主要激励;在片状空化阶段,主空穴和U型空穴结构的周期性变化是此阶段的主要激励;空泡脱落处的压力脉动幅值远大于无空穴区域和空穴发生区域。研究结论为翼型空化绕流诱发振动机理研究的深入提供了一定的参考.     

Improving Melt Flow Behavior via Melt Vibration

A self‐made melt vibration extrusion device was used to study the melt flow behavior in a vibration field. A pulse pressure was superimposed on the flowing melt during extrusion, called vibration assisted extrusion (VAE); conventional extrusion (CE) was studied for comparison. A die (L/D=17.5) was attached to the device to study melt flow behavior of an amorphous polymer (polystyrene) and semi‐crystalline polymers (high density and linear low polyethylene). Results show that the melt vibration technique is an effective processing tool to improve polymer melt flow behavior for both crystalline and amorphous polymers. Increasing with vibration frequency for extrusion at constant vibration pressure amplitude, the viscosity decreases sharply, and also with increasing vibration pressure amplitude at a constant vibration frequency. The effect of vibration field on melt flow behavior depends greatly on the melt temperature, with the largest change in viscosity obtained at low temperature. Increasing with vibration frequency at constant pressure vibration amplitude, the maximum decrease percentages of viscosities are 82.9, 66.7, and 48.9%, for HDPE, LLDPE, and PS, respectively; increasing with pressure vibration amplitude at a constant vibration frequency, the maximum decrease percentage of viscosities are 99.0, 94.3, and 99.0%, for HDPE, LLDPE, and PS, respectively.     

Transfer function method for investigating the complex modulus of acoustic materials: Rod-like specimen

The complex Young's modulus of acoustic materials as a function of frequency is generally investigated by using a cylindrical or prismatic specimen of the material excited into longitudinal harmonic vibration at one end, the other end being loaded by a mass. The transfer function method is the most advantageous to use for the investigation, which involves the measurement of the vibration amplitudes of the specimen ends and the phase angle between them. In this paper, the transfer function method is analyzed theoretically and experimentally in that frequency range where the specimen can essentially be modelled by a longitudinally vibrating rod (rod-like specimen). The analysis includes the measurability of the transfer function, the role of the measurement errors, the frequency range of the method and the maximum dynamic strain of the specimen. A special application of the method is developed for investigating the complex modulus of low loss materials at the extremes of the absolute value of the transfer function, without measuring the phase angle. Experimental results obtained by both methods are presented.     

黏弹材料动力学参数的宽频测试

利用改进的波速法,对黏弹性材料连续宽频范围的动力学参数进行测试。利用有限元方法,对波速法的测试过程进行了仿真,验证了利用长短棒波速法测量宽频动力学参数的有效性。采用可控脉冲生成技术,在激振器上产生了用于宽频测试的短脉冲信号。黏弹性长短棒在上述宽带短脉冲激励下作纵向强迫振动,利用激光测振仪测量长短两棒自由端的纵向振动速度,从而可得两振动信号在连续宽频范围的幅值比和相位差,进而可根据波速法原理计算得到材料在连续宽频范围的储能模量和损耗因子。测试结果表明,该系统通过较少次数测试,可直接计算得到1~5 kHz连续宽频范围的动力学参数,测试结果与黏弹仪数据吻合。通过对幅值比和相位差进行线性最小二乘拟合,可以进一步拓展测量的频率范围。该方法准确可靠、简便快速,具有实际应用价值。      

Melt Vibration Improved Melt Flow Behavior and Mechanical Properties of High Density Polyethylene

A pulse pressure was superimposed on the melt flow resulting in melt vibration. With application of the melt vibration technology, the melt flow behavior and mechanical properties of high‐density polyethylene were studied. For vibration‐assisted extrusion (VAE) at constant vibration pressure amplitude, the viscosity decreases sharply with increasing vibration frequency, and also does so when increasing vibration pressure amplitude for VAE at constant vibration frequency. The effect of vibration field on melt rheological behavior is also related to the melt temperature; a large decease in viscosity is obtained at low melt temperature. Compared with the mechanical properties obtained by conventional injection molding (CIM), the mechanical properties for vibration‐assisted injection molding (VAIM) samples were improved by changing the vibration frequency and vibration pressure amplitude. Injected at constant low vibration pressure amplitude, the VAIM sample prepared at high vibration frequency shows large elongation at break; injected at constant low vibration frequency, the VAIM sample prepared at high vibration pressure amplitude shows greatly improved yield strength. The above two VAIM processing routes produce different VAIM samples with different fracture behaviors; a distinct layered structure for VAIM samples was observed by SEM.     

脉冲激励下超音速混合层涡结构的演化机理

采用大涡模拟方法对脉冲激励作用下的超音速混合层流场进行数值模拟,所得结果清晰展示了流场中涡结构的独特生长机理.基于涡核位置提取方法,对超音速混合层流场中涡结构的空间尺寸和瞬时对流速度等动态特性进行了定量计算.通过分析流场中涡结构的动态特性在不同频率脉冲激励下的变化,揭示出受脉冲激励超音速混合层流场中涡结构的演化机理:涡结构的生长不再是依靠相邻涡-涡结构之间的配对与融合,而是通过涡核外围的一串小涡旋结构被依次吸进涡核来实现,且受激励流场中各个涡结构的空间尺寸变化较小;流场中的涡结构数量与脉冲频率成正比例关系,而涡结构的空间尺寸与脉冲频率成反比例关系;涡结构的平均对流速度随脉冲频率的增大而减小.针对受脉冲激励超音速混合层,给出了能够表征涡结构特性与脉冲激励参数之间关系的方程式,即受激励流场中涡结构的平均对流速度与脉冲周期的乘积近似等于流场中涡结构的空间尺寸(涡结构平均直径).     

Vibrational energy flow models for the Rayleigh–Love and Rayleigh–Bishop rods

Energy Flow Analysis (EFA) has been developed to predict the vibrational energy density of the system structures in the medium-to-high frequency range. The elementary longitudinal wave theory is often used to describe the longitudinal vibration of a slender rod. However, for relatively large diameter rods or high frequency ranges, the elementary longitudinal wave theory is inaccurate because the lateral motions are not taken into account. In this paper, vibrational energy flow models are developed to analyze the longitudinally vibrating Rayleigh–Love rod considering the effect of lateral inertia, and the Rayleigh–Bishop rod considering the effect not only of the lateral inertia but also of the shear stiffness. The derived energy governing equations are second-order differential equations which predict the time and space averaged energy density and active intensity distributions in a rod. To verify the accuracy of the developed energy flow models, various numerical analyses are performed for a rod and coupled rods. Also, the EFA results for the Rayleigh–Love and Rayleigh–Bishop rods are compared with the analytical solutions for these models, the traditional energy flow solutions, and the analytical solutions for the classical rod.     

Oscillating reed valves--an experimental study

The results of experiments on the threshold behavior and large-amplitude oscillation of "outward-swinging door" vibrating flap valves in an air environment are reported and compared with the predictions of a simple nonlinear theory that parametrizes aerodynamic effects by means of a simple damping coefficient together with a contraction coefficient for the flow. The agreement is acceptably good for the threshold blowing pressure for valve oscillation, the large-signal vibration amplitude, the pressure jump in the transition from threshold to large-signal behavior, and the variation in vibration frequency, all as functions of reservoir volume. The calculated pressure waveform in the reservoir has the observed phase and magnitude but fails to reproduce finer details. It is concluded that the simple theory provides an adequate account of the behavior of such valves. There are just two parameters in the theory, describing jet contraction and aerodynamic damping, respectively. Since these may depend significantly upon the detailed geometry, valves with different shapes may behave in quantitatively different ways.     

Experimental study of the cavitation noise and vibration induced by the choked flow in a Venturi reactor

In this paper, the cavitation performance and corresponding pressure pulsation, noise and vibration induced by the choked cavitating flow in a Venturi reactor are investigated experimentally under different cavitation conditions by using high-speed camera and high frequency sensors. Based on the instantaneous continuous cavitation images, the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), a tool to analyze the large-scale cavitation flow structure, is applied to investigate the choked cavitating flow dynamics. The POD results show that two mechanisms, re-entrant jet flow mechanism and shock wave mechanism, govern the shedding and collapse of cavitation cloud at different pressure ratios. These mechanisms contribute to the variation of pressure pulsation, noise and vibration at different pressure ratios. The pressure pulsation spectrum behaves differently in various cavitation regions induced by the choked cavitating flow. Due to the existence of low pressure in re-entrant region, the influence of high frequency fluctuation on pressure pulsation caused by re-entrant flow is small. Moreover, with the increase of pressure ratio, the induced noise and vibration intensity decreases gradually, then increases and reaches a maximum value. Finally, it drops to a low and stable level. Despite different inlet pressures, the intensity of cavitation noise and vibration reaches the maximum value at the same pressure ratio. Specifically, the FFT analysis of noise and vibration signals indicates that low frequency component prevails at small pressure ratio owing to the re-entrant jet mechanism, while high frequency component prevails at large pressure ratio owing to the shock wave mechanism. The relationship between the choked cavitation dynamics and the induced pressure pulsation, noise and vibration in the Venturi reactor is highlighted. The results can provide guidance for the optimal operation condition of the Venturi reactor for cavitation applications such as water treatment.     

Vibration tailoring of inhomogeneous rod that possesses a trigonometric fundamental mode shape

In this study, a special class of closed-form solutions for inhomogeneous rod is investigated. Namely, the following problem is considered: determine the distribution axial rigidity when the material density is given of an inhomogeneous rod so that the postulated fundamental trigonometric mode shape serves as an exact vibration mode. In this study, the associated semi-inverse problem is solved that results in the distributions of axial rigidity that together with a specified law of material density satisfy the governing eigenvalue problem. For comparison, the obtained closed-form solutions are contrasted with approximate solutions based on an appropriate polynomial shapes, serving as trial functions in an energy method. The obtained results are utilized for vibration tailoring, i.e. construction of the rod with a given natural frequency.     

黏弹细棒中直达波提取及其动态力学参数的宽频测试

黏弹性材料的动态力学参数可通过对材料样品中纵波测试并结合波速法计算得到。由于测试样品尺寸的限制,除了高损耗材料在高频范围外,不管是在样品端头或侧面都难以获得准确的直达波信号,导致参数测量不准确。针对这个问题,对一端固定一端自由的黏弹性细棒中的纵波传播过程进行了分析,提出了黏弹性细棒直达波提取的方法,并实现了黏弹性材料动态力学参数的宽频测试。采用宽带脉冲作为测试激励信号,利用两台激光测振仪对细棒的固定端和自由端的振动速度进行测试,计算得到细棒自由端处的直达波。然后,利用提取出的直达波信号进行波速法计算,得到了黏弹性细棒宽频范围内的储能模量和损耗因子,宽频脉冲测试结果与黏弹仪测试结果相吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。基于直达波提取的宽频测试方法不仅效率高,而且可以使波速法应用于更低的频段。