多通道超声相控阵驱动控制系统设计

低强度经颅聚焦超声是一种利用脉冲聚焦超声调控脑神经元的治疗技术。为抑制人颅骨的非均质性和个体结构差异影响,须对多阵元相控阵聚焦换能器的各阵元进行参数调控实现经颅精准定位聚焦,各阵元参数调控需通过相位控制和驱动电路系统来实现。该文设计并搭建了一种基于直接数字式频率合成技术的多通道相位、幅值独立可调的相控驱动系统。实测结果表明,可实现正弦波和方波高精度相控输出,输出信号电压峰峰值在0~37.5 V可调,相位分辨率为0.1°,延时误差小于1 ns,可满足多阵元相控阵聚焦换能器驱动及其所需相位分辨率的需要。     

超声数字式相控阵换能器动态聚集系统研制

本文是研制超声相控阵换能器动态聚焦系统,它包括数字式多通道信号发射系统和两种超声相控阵换能器。用数字式多通道信号发射系统产生多路数字信号,通过改变每路信号的时延（相位）,控制相控换阵换能器的各个阵元,使它们发出的声束在空间某点聚焦。我们对这两种相控阵进行了实验测量,结果表明,用数字控制的相控阵换能器,可以实现精密的动态聚焦,并可取得良好的聚焦效果。     

基于超声相控阵的环焊缝缺陷检测方法研究

针对传统超声探头焦距固定,检测位置的改变就要更换相应焦距的探头而影响检测效率的问题,提出一种基于超声相控阵换能器的环焊缝缺陷检测方法。而超声相控阵具有电子偏转和电子聚焦特性,能在不移动的情况下发射偏转聚焦超声束,有效地解决了上述问题。首先基于超声相控线阵换能器的声场特点,采用数值分析方法,研究了影响声束偏转聚焦性能的几个主要参数。然后给出了与超声相控阵换能器相连接的多通道数据采集系统结构。介绍了单通道声信号的硬件结构及相应的信号处理方法,实现了对换能器中单个阵元的精确延时的控制。实验结果表明,优化设计的超声相控线阵换能器具有较高的检测精度和检测效率。     

超声数字式相控阵换能器动态聚焦系统研制

本文是研制超声相控阵换能器动态聚焦系统,它包括数字式多通道信号发射系统和两种超声相控阵换能器。用数字式多通道信号发射系统产生多路数字信号,通 过改变每路信号的时延(相位),控制相控阵换能器的各个阵元,使它们发出的声束在空间某点聚焦。我们对这两种相控阵进行了实验测量,结果表明,用数字控 制的相控阵换能器,可以实现精密的动态聚焦,并可取得良好的聚焦效果。     

热疗用环形平面换能器声场特性的研究

引入负声源，导出了环形平面换能器声场的简洁表示式，计算了单个圆环、多个同心圆环同时激励及环阵相控聚焦声源产生的声场，分析了环的宽度、环数及聚焦点位置等因素对声场特征的影响。提出根据各阵元在声场中某点产生的声压的相位来确定各阵元电激励信号的延时，此方法较根据各阵元到该点的平均声程确定各阵元电激励信号的延时，能更难确地在该点实现聚焦。     

球面矩形阵元相控阵高强度聚焦超声手术的子阵工作模式

提出了超声手术治疗肝肿瘤时非侵入性的球面矩形阵元相控阵的多种子阵工作模式:通过图像扫描来确定仅让不受肋骨遮挡的换能器子阵继续工作,并运用超声传播公式、伪逆矩阵算法和遗传算法进行声场的优化合成。结果表明:球面矩形阵元相控阵换能器的多种不同的子阵划分,不仅能够产生手术中需要的单焦点、多焦点等多种治疗模式,其声场的焦域形状和聚焦声强均达到了治疗的要求,而且能够减少肋骨上的声功率累积,避免了正常组织受损,从而可能解决高强度聚焦超声手术治疗肝肿瘤时超声波束受肋骨遮挡不能形成治疗需求声场模式的困难,拓宽治疗区域。     

二维超声阵列换能器声场的两种时域仿真模型比较

针对二维超声阵列换能器的声场仿真,以xMATRIX超声换能器结构为原型,设计仿真实验对分割阵元空间脉冲响应模型和离散点阵代表模型的计算精度、计算效率、影响参数和适用场合进行了分析比较.结果表明,分割阵元空间脉冲响应模型计算速度快,精度高,对阵元尺寸、阵元间距、聚焦深度及阵元高宽比例敏感,广泛应用于均匀介质中的声场仿真....     

圆环形聚焦声场的构建与调控

提出了一种由径向振动模式的圆环形压电换能器晶片组成的圆柱形阵列换能器结构, 依据阵元激励信号的相位调控机理, 推导了圆环形聚焦声场的调控公式, 在三维空间中构建了圆环形聚焦声场, 实现了对其聚焦区域大小、聚焦圆环半径以及轴向位置移动的调控. 理论分析和仿真研究表明, 所提出的圆柱形阵列换能器实现了对圆环形聚焦声场的调控. 为检测超声、功率超声、医学超声等应用领域提供了一种可实现的新型圆环形可调控聚焦声场.     

变厚度聚焦换能器对声焦域轴向长度影响的研究*

针对不同厚度的病变组织,改变声焦域轴向长度能提高高强度聚焦超声在临床治疗过程中的安全性和有效性。基于多频超声波叠加原理,该文提出了变厚度(多频)聚焦换能器,并设计了两种类型变厚度聚焦换能器。根据瑞利积分法推导了变厚度聚焦换能器声场,计算和分析了变厚度聚焦换能器的声焦域轴向长度,并与等厚度(单频)聚焦换能器声焦域轴向长度进行对比。结果显示,变厚度聚焦换能器中心到边缘的厚度变化趋势与声焦域轴向长度变化相关,中间薄两边厚换能器声焦域轴向长度缩短,中间厚两边薄换能器声焦域轴向长度变长,且实验验证了理论的正确性。研究结果可为变厚度聚焦换能器声场研究和高强度聚焦超声的临床治疗提供参考。     

复杂曲面构件的超声虚拟声源阵列成像*

利用虚拟声源和合成孔径聚焦相结合的复合成像技术解决复杂曲面构件超声检测图像中的缺陷位置失真问题。首先,在水浸检测条件下利用128阵元线性阵列换能器中采集曲面构件内部缺陷的B扫描数据。通过相邻阵元界面回波时间差构建虚拟声源,并将其定义为声波在水-构件双层界面上的入射点。然后,根据实际阵元-虚拟声源-聚焦目标三者之间的声传播路径,通过合成孔径聚焦技术将各路阵元的接收信号反推至虚拟声源处进行图像的延时叠加重建,最终获得复杂曲面构件中缺陷的超声图像。结果表明,与传统B扫图像和合成孔径聚焦图像相比,虚拟源-合成孔径聚焦图像能够准确呈现复杂曲面构件的表面轮廓,精确表征构件内部的缺陷位置。     

Ultrasonic phased array controller for hyperthermia applications

Multiple and mechanically scanned ultrasound transducer systems have demonstrated the efficacy of using ultrasound to produce deep localized hyperthermia. The use of ultrasonic phased arrays has been proposed as an alternative to these systems. A phased array offers a more flexible approach to heating tumours in that the size, shape, and position of its focal region can be altered during the course of treatment in order to achieve the desired temperature distribution. This added flexibility comes at the cost of increased complexity of the hardware necessary to drive the transducer because each element requires its own amplifer with both phase and amplitude control. In order for phased arrays with large numbers of elements to be feasible for hyperthermia applications, the complexity of this circuitry must be minimized. This paper describes a circuit design which simplifies the electronics required to control a phased array transducer system for hyperthermia applications. The design is capable of controlling virtually any type of phased array transducer operating at frequencies less than 2 MHz. The system performance was verified through beam profile measurements using a 48-element tapered phased array transducer.     

圆柱类构件超声相控阵聚焦模型

在利用平面相控阵超声换能器对圆柱类构件检测时,受曲界面结构引起的入射波和回波时延的影响,扫描声束的波阵面产生弯曲,在利用传统迭代遍历算法计算延迟时间时效率低,无法发挥相控阵换能器检测优势。针对上述问题,建立了一种基于圆柱类构件特征和耦合介质特性的超声相控阵扫描成像的聚焦模型。该模型基于换能器、耦合介质、圆柱类构件材料特性和几何关系以及声线模型和折射定律,建立了耦合介质及被检构件的声速、曲面曲率半径、阵列与曲面间的距离等关联的延迟时间聚焦控制模型。利用该模型计算出的延时时间,对各阵元发射时间进行控制,从而实现扫描声束的聚焦。该文以液体和有机玻璃制介质楔块为例,对圆柱钢曲面的相控阵声束聚焦进行了仿真实验,结果表明该文方法计算效率显著提升,同时声束可以在预设位置实现聚焦,验证了该模型在计算效率上的优势与有效性。     

A Novel Implementation Technique of Conical Scan Radar Using A Programmable Phased Array

In radar, planar phased array antenna plays vital role in electronic scanning in the azimuth and elevation direction to the horizon. In most operations using planar phased array both the coordinates of azimuth and elevation, are steered electronically. In this paper a conceptual schematic of a phased array antenna with programmable time delay units has been presented. It is shown that by suitably exploiting the time delay matrix one can have electronic beam rotation around the target axis as required in conical scan. Thus both the elevation and azimuth motors in conical scan system are replaced by electronic scanning. Heuristically, we have selected eight consecutive points for beam rotation in a polygon shape and can also be extended almost circular shape by increasing number of array elements and phase shifter (delays) in the delay matrix. The array requires dual control of phase gradient and individual phase values. The whole array is controlled by micro-controller. This presents exciting possibilities in radar operation.     

基于多元线性阵列探测器的快速光声层析成像

报道了一种基于相控聚焦的多元线性阵列探测器进行快速光声层析成像的方法和装置,并实现了模拟组织的光声层析成像。实验中采用波长为532nm脉宽为7ns的倍频Q-YAG激光器作为激发光源。多元线性阵列探测器由320个振元组成,采用相控聚焦的方法成像,每次由11个振群的探测器接受信号并合并1路,一幅图像由64路这样的信号组成。实验结果能够正确反映样品中的光学吸收分布。与现有的方法比较,本系统具有快速方便的特点,它有望成为一种组织功能在体成像的新方法,发展成为一种低成本的实用的临床诊断装置。     

A new-style phased array transducer for HIFU

Considering the complexity of common phased array, and relatively slow mechanical scanning of the single transducer, a new-style transducer that has a changeable focus and a simple control system is needed. The sector phased array transducer, which has many advantages including easy fabrication, movable focus, and a simple control system, can reach the desired requirements. This paper has demonstrated its feasibility by the computation of acoustic field in (y, z) plane. The 24-element phased array, of which the length of the focal region is about 10 mm, and the maximum lateral diameter is about 1.5 mm, can accomplish the adjustment of the focus position. The maximum lateral displacement is 1.5 mm, and the treatment area is about 9 multiples of the single transducer, and only six power amplifiers are needed.     

应用在相控阵雷达上的光学实时延迟线

相控阵天线是雷达技术的重要发展方向之一。电子相控阵雷达所遇到的问题是天线阵列孔径效应限制了雷达信号的瞬时带宽,使其不能满足通信和雷达技术的发展需要。光学实时延迟技术,可以解决这一问题。介绍了相控阵天线光实时延迟控制原理。并对几种典型的光实时延迟线的工作原理和技术特点作了简要的分析。     

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing of pieces of complex geometry with a flexible phased array transducer

Ultrasonic non-destructive testing of components of complex geometry in the nuclear industry faces several difficulties: sensitivity variations due to unmatched contact, inaccurate localization of defects due to variations of transducer orientation, and uncovered area of the component. To improve the performances of such testing and defect characterization, we propose a new concept of ultrasonic contact phased array transducer. The phased array transducer has a flexible radiating surface able to fit the actual surface of the piece to optimize the contact and thus the sensitivity of the test. To control the transmitted field, and therefore to improve the defect characterization, a delay law optimizing algorithm is developed. To assess the capability of such a transducer, the Champ-Sons model, developed at the French Atomic Energy Commission for predicting field radiated by arbitrary transducers into pieces, has to be extended to sources directly in contact with pieces of complex geometry. The good behavior of this new type of probe predicted by computations is experimentally validated with a jointed transducer positioned on pieces of various profiles.