同步辐射显微红外光谱研究6-OHDA诱导帕金森病大鼠海马

利用同步辐射红外显微光谱研究6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)毁损内侧前脑束所致帕金森病大鼠脑海马区神经元的生物化学成分改变。研究样本为6-OHDA诱导的帕金森大鼠模型海马区神经元。与正常大鼠海马区神经元比较,PD大鼠样品在属于脂类的CH2反对称和对称伸缩振动的2 924和2 850cm-1的振动吸收积分面积以及在峰值位于1 736cm-1的伸缩振动吸收积分强度比正常大鼠都有增加,提示PD样品脂质含量升高,而在属于核酸的PO2反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动的强度比正常大鼠样品下降,提示PD样品中核酸的含量比正常样品减少。蛋白质的振动没有发现异常。该研究表明帕金森病大鼠模型海马神经元存在生物化学成分改变,这种改变可能与神经元的病理改变密切相关。     

赖氨酸二肽二级结构与振动光谱特性研究

利用量子化学方法,在B3LYP/6-31+G(d)水平上系统考察气相中赖氨酸二肽(lysine dipeptide,LYSD)分子骨架上对二级结构敏感的振动探针——酰胺-I带的振动光谱。通过势能分布(potential energy distribution,PED)分析方法对酰胺-I带振动模式进行指认,探究酰胺-Ⅰ带振动频率与二肽二级结构之间的相关性,为二肽构象态预测提供了有效途径。     

肺癌患者及正常人指甲的红外光谱比较研究

用傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了6例肺癌患者和16例正常人手指甲的红外光谱.结果表明,它们在峰形,峰频率,峰强等方面均有差异:在3315cm-1处蛋白质酰胺A带N-H峰向低波数频移,而在3061cm-1处蛋白质酰胺B带N-H峰向高波数频移;在1539cm-1处蛋白质酰胺I带和1396cm-1处角蛋白脂质CH3弯曲振动向低波数频移;CH2和CH3的相对吸收强度比值A2848/A2872和A2918/A2956在肺癌患者指甲中要小于正常人指甲;在1072cm-1处核酸分子磷酸二酯基团PO-2的对称伸缩振动的相对吸收强度明显高于正常人指甲;在1041cm-1处糖原C-O的伸缩和弯曲振动峰向高波数频移了约6cm-1.     

经颅超声刺激人脑海马的数值仿真研究

颞叶癫痫、阿尔兹海默症等神经系统疾病与大脑海马的异常放电相关。近年兴起的经颅超声刺激治疗脑疾病具有无创、能深入脑组织和可调控海马神经元放电的特点。该文基于128阵元相控阵换能器、人头颅CT数据、水体建立超声经颅刺激海马数值仿真模型,数值仿真优选适应于海马刺激的换能器结构参数,并结合电容模型,探究超声声学参数对海马神经元放电的影响。结果表明曲率半径90 mm、开口半径56 mm、阵元半径2.0 mm、频率0.9 MHz的128阵元相控超声换能器可形成适应于刺激人脑海马大小的焦域;且在超声频率为0.9 MHz时对海马神经元放电有较好的抑制作用;在较小的占空比和较低的空间峰值时间平均声强条件下对神经元放电有较好的抑制作用。     

电刺激诱发大鼠慢性颞叶癫痫模型的磁共振成像和波谱特征的研究

应用磁共振成像(MRI)和质子定域波谱(¹H-MRS)对强直流电刺激大鼠基树突区诱发慢性颞叶癫痫模型进行研究. MRI实验表明： 随着强直流电刺激时间的延长,在T₂加权像(T₂-MRI)中,模型大鼠的海马区腹、中侧区单侧或双侧,呈现异常高信号,扩散加权像(DWI)信号呈低信号,质子密度像无明显改变,表明T₂值和表观扩散系数(ADC) 值较大的自由水比例增大. 磁共振波谱实验发现：模型大鼠T₂-MRI中信号异常区与其对侧区的¹H-MRS相比,NAA,PCr（包括Cr）和Cho的峰面积均无显著改变,表明在慢性颞叶癫痫模型早期¹H-MRS不能检测到神经元损伤或死亡.     

采用FTIR技术研究高压处理对冻干大豆分离蛋白构象的影响

采用傅里叶转换红外光谱技术(FTIR)研究了高压(HP)处理对冷冻干燥的大豆分离蛋白(SPI)构象的影响。在SPI的去卷积FTIR光谱的酰胺Ⅰ′区域(1 600～1 700 cm-1),观察到12个与蛋白构象相关的红外吸收峰,分别对应于CO键伸缩振动与肽键的C—N伸缩振动。通过对该区域的峰强度与波数分析显示,压力为200～400 MPa的HP处理导致SPI在该区域的峰发生明显的“红移”(约2 cm-1),强度也显著增加。更高的HP处理进一步增强了SPI的酰胺Ⅰ′区域的峰强度。对酰胺Ⅱ峰分析显示,HP处理导致酰胺Ⅱ峰(如1 560～1 500 cm-1)的强度、面积逐渐增加(与压力呈正相关)。以上分析显示,HP处理导致SPI的二级与三级结构逐渐打开,然而变性蛋白的结构在高压释放后经历一个“重构过程”。     

温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响

从草鱼鱼鳞中提取酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),通过SDS-PAGE电泳分析为典型Ⅰ型胶原蛋白且达到电泳纯。在此基础上利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和圆二色谱(CD)研究了温度对鱼鳞胶原蛋白二级结构的影响。FTIR分析表明：鱼鳞胶原蛋白具有典型的胶原蛋白特征吸收带,酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1658,1552和1238cm-1处。随温度升高,酰胺A和酰胺B峰位向低波数移动,1658cm-1处吸收峰裂解成多个吸收峰;1552cm-1处的吸收峰在35℃微略红移,随后发生明显蓝移;1238cm-1处吸收峰随温度升高向低波数移动。在拉曼光谱中,胶原蛋白的酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ带的特征吸收频率分别出现在1669,1557和1245cm-1处,都较红外光谱的波数高;此外,921和855cm-1处脯氨酸的特征谱峰在拉曼光谱中体现出来。圆二色谱分析表明,胶原蛋白溶液在221.6和204.4nm分别有一正、负峰,具有典型胶原蛋白三螺旋结构的特征圆二色谱峰型。胶原蛋白冻干品的FTIR光谱和Raman谱线大都在35～60℃时发生波数和强度改变,而胶原蛋白乙酸溶液的CD谱线在20～35℃之间发生剧烈改变。由此可以判断胶原蛋白在固态和溶液状态下,变性温度存在一定差异,胶原蛋白冻干品比其乙酸溶液更稳定。     

利用红外光谱评价文物微环境中有机酸对蚕丝纤维化学结构影响

研究文物微环境污染因素对文物材料影响是分析文物老化原因和妥善保存文物的重要基础。利用红外光谱(FTIR/ATR)剖析了文物微环境中甲酸、乙酸气体对蚕丝纤维结构影响。结果表明:低浓度甲酸气体能减弱纤维分子内氢键,使酰胺Ⅰ(1 617cm-1)谱峰减弱、酰胺Ⅱ谱峰(1 515cm-1)变窄、无规线团构象的酰胺Ⅲ谱峰(1 230cm-1)增强、纤维结晶度下降;当浓度高于8.1mg.m-3时,呈β-折叠构象的肽链段(GlyAla)n特征谱峰(1 000,975cm-1)增强、纤维结晶度提高。分析认为呈无规线团构象的短肽链发生β-折叠构象转变。乙酸气体对酰胺Ⅰ和酰胺Ⅱ谱峰影响不明显,但能引起无规线团构象增加和纤维结晶度降低,其作用弱于甲酸气体。本研究为进一步分析丝织品保存环境污染物的危害作用提供基础数据。     

西洋参-石菖蒲对糖尿病认知障碍大鼠学习记忆相关脑区的影响

本文探究了西洋参-石菖蒲（X-S）药液对糖尿病认知障碍（DACD）大鼠学习记忆相关脑区的影响．腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）诱导糖尿病大鼠模型，并将动物分为糖尿病组和X-S组，STZ注射7天后给予X-S药，每日1次，连续113天；于STZ注射80天后采用Morris水迷宫方法筛选DACD和非认知障碍（DNCD）大鼠；120天后运用磁共振成像（MRI）技术扫描大鼠全脑，利用感兴趣区（ROI）法和基于体素形态学（VBM）法对各组大鼠大脑灰质和白质进行体积和密度的分析；并通过苏木精-伊红（HE）染色观察大鼠海马神经元的形态结构．ROI分析法显示：与DACD组相比，X-S组大鼠左侧颞叶联合皮质体积减小（p<0.05）；VBM分析法显示：与DACD组相比，X-S组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区及其它脑区的体积和密度或增高或降低（p<0.005）．HE染色结果显示：与DACD组相比，X-S组大鼠海马CA1、CA3区的细胞固缩及排列紊乱减轻．结果表明X-S药液对DACD大鼠与学习记忆相关的海马及其它脑区存在双向调节，从而发挥学习记忆能力的改善作用．     

大鼠死后脑组织FTIR光谱变化与死亡时间的关系

应用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术分析大鼠死后脑组织随死亡时间推移的化学变化过程,为死亡时间推断的研究提供新的途径与数据。大鼠断颈处死后置于室温(20±2)℃环境下,在不同时间点提取大鼠脑皮质,运用FTIR光谱仪检测不同化学基团的变化。随着死亡时间的推移,大鼠脑组织FTIR光谱的主要吸收峰峰位没有明显变化,而其峰高有明显差异:(1)与核酸有关的谱带的相对峰强呈明显下降趋势;(2)酰胺Ⅱ和Ⅰ的峰强比呈上升趋势;1 338,1 313 cm-1,1 398 cm-1的峰强比呈下降趋势。(3)1 456和1 398cm-1谱带的峰强各自呈下降和上升趋势。(4)2 852,2 871,2 923,2 958 cm-1的峰强相对于1 647 cm-1而言,呈现上升趋势。     

Development of synaptic connectivity onto interneurons in stratum radiatum in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus

Background  

The impact of a given presynaptic neuron on the firing probability of the postsynaptic neuron critically depends on the number of functional release sites that connect the two neurons. One way of determining the average functional synaptic connectivity onto a postsynaptic neuron is to compare the amplitudes of action potential dependent spontaneous synaptic currents with the amplitude of the synaptic currents that are independent of action potentials ("minis"). With this method it has been found that average synaptic connectivity between glutamatergic CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells increases from single connections in the neonatal rat, to multiple connections in the young adult rat. On the other hand, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons form multiple connections onto CA1 pyramidal cells already in the neonatal rat, and the degree of multiple GABAergic connectivity is preserved into adulthood. In the present study, we have examined the development of glutamate and GABA connectivity onto GABAergic CA1 stratum radiatum interneurons in the hippocampal slice, and compared this to the connectivity onto CA1 pyramidal neurons.     

Ultrastructural changes to rat hippocampus in pentylenetetrazol- and kainic acid-induced status epilepticus: A study using electron microscopy

A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced status epilepticus model in rats was used in the study. The brains were studied one month after treatment. Ultrastructural observations using electron microscopy performed on the neurons, glial cells, and synapses, in the hippocampal CA1 region of epileptic brains, demonstrated the following major changes over normal control brain tissue. (i) There is ultrastructural alterations in some neurons, glial cells and synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. (ii) The destruction of cellular organelles and peripheral, partial or even total chromatolysis in some pyramidal cells and in interneurons are observed. Several astrocytes are proliferated or activated. Presynaptic terminals with granular vesicles and degenerated presynaptic profiles are rarely observed. (iii) The alterations observed are found to be dependent on the frequency of seizure activities following the PTZ treatment. It was observed that if seizure episodes are frequent and severe, the ultrastructure of hippocampal area is significantly changed. Interestingly, the ultrastructure of CA1 area is found to be only moderately altered if seizure episodes following the status epilepticus are rare and more superficial; (iv) alterations in mitochondria and dendrites are among the most common ultrastructural changes seen, suggesting cell stress and changes to cellular metabolism. These morphological changes, observed in brain neurons in status epilepticus, are a reflection of epileptic pathophysiology. Further studies at the chemical and molecular level of neurotransmitter release, such as at the level of porosomes (secretory portals) at the presynaptic membrane, will further reveal molecular details of these changes.     

GAP-43 mRNA detection by in situ hybridization, direct and indirect in situ RT-PCR in hippocampal and cerebellar tissue sections of adult rat brain

The growth-associated protein GAP-43 is a presynaptic membrane phosphoprotein that is expressed at high levels during development and axonal growth. To evaluate the cellular distribution of GAP-43 mRNA in the hippocampus and cerebellum of adult rats we applied in situ hybridization (ISH) as well as direct and indirect in situ RT-PCR using biotin as a reporter molecule. ISH resulted in a positive signal in most cerebellar granular cells and in 30% of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Direct in situ RT-PCR yielded cells with strong signals in every region investigated, with elevated background levels most likely related to incorporation of labeled nucleotides into non-specific amplicons through internal priming and DNA repair activity. Indirect in situ RT-PCR turned out to be the best approach for detecting GAP-43 mRNA positive cells. Cerebellar cells exhibiting a positive signal for GAP-43 mRNA were of the granular cell type (98%). Hippocampal neurons with a positive reaction for GAP-43 mRNA included all the neuron groups analyzed, namely CA1 (99%) and CA3 pyramidal cells (94%) and dentate gyrus granule cells (92%). Dentate gyrus granule cells have not tested positive for GAP-43 mRNA detection by molecular morphology analysis. These data show that in normal rats GAP-43 mRNA is present in different cell populations of hippocampal formation, supporting the role of this protein in the ongoing processes of synaptic plasticity.     

棕壤与褐土刺槐林下土壤腐殖质组分的傅里叶变换红外光谱分析

森林土壤富含不同组分和功能的有机碳。该研究以棕壤和褐土45年林龄的刺槐林下表层及底层土壤为对象,研究其林下土壤腐殖酸组分在不同土壤类型和不同土层间的差异和变换。褐土和棕壤表层及底层土壤分别定义为CO和CA,BO和BA。应用傅里叶变换红外光谱对土壤腐殖质组分的富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(HM)进行了分析。结果表明富里酸主要吸收峰为3 400 cm-1处的碳水化合物中—OH形成的氢键伸缩振动,1 655 cm-1处的芳香环CC伸缩振动,1 110 cm-1处的脂族C—OH伸缩振动。与富里酸相比,胡敏酸所含官能团与其相似,差异在于其吸收峰强度较弱。胡敏素在1 110 cm-1处的脂族C—OH伸缩振动和1 030 cm-1处多糖或类多糖物质的C—O伸缩振动较胡敏酸此处的峰吸收强度强。根据分析,表层土壤腐殖质官能团结构较底层土壤多且吸收强度强。另外,富里酸不同物质官能团数量及强度受土壤类型和土壤深度的影响较胡敏酸和胡敏素小。根据不同吸收峰对比分析发现,富里酸组分的芳化程度较强,而胡敏酸和胡敏素的芳化作用仅表层土壤程度较强。不同土壤类型胡敏酸组分分析表明,棕壤表层土壤芳族和脂肪族物质吸收强度明显高于褐土。综上,土壤类型和土层显著影响45年林龄的刺槐林下土壤腐殖质组分,尤其是胡敏酸和胡敏素组分。     

The diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis: Other techniques

Pathologically, hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis affecting particularly the pyramidal neurons of CA1, CA3, and CA4 with relative sparing of the CA2 neurons. This can be identified in vivo with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques that can reveal both morphological and signal abnormalities. The morphological changes are atrophy and loss of the normal internal architecture of the hippocampus as seen in coronal section. There is also T₁- and T₂-weighted signal abnormality in the hippocampus. Quantitative techniques are very good at measuring any single one of these features, but the spectrum of HS includes cases in which a single feature can occasionally be misleading. Also, quantitation focuses entirely on the hippocampus, and it is becoming clear that HS may exist in the presence of other brain pathology that may affect proper management of the patient. Therefore, quantitative measures should always be interpreted in the context of optimised imaging sequences and visual inspection. For routine clinical purposes, the relative reliance on quantitation (hippocampal volume or T₂ measurements) depends entirely on the yield of visual inspection in any institution. This, in turn, depends on whether optimised imaging is performed and on the familiarity of the reporting specialist with the MRI features of HS. A technique which approaches 95–100% compared with pathology is essential in any epilepsy centre, and optimised visual analysis can achieve this. There are some cases where quantitation of a single feature can be misleading, so visual analysis should always be performed, and complements any quantitative study.     

己酸乙酯分子的振动光谱研究

采用B3LYP混合泛函和6-31G基函数组,并对重原子和轻原子使用离散函数和极化函数,　利用密度泛函理论（density functional theory, 简称DFT）计算了己酸乙酯的分子振动光谱,并以此为依据,首次对实验测得的己酸乙酯（Ethyl hexanoate）分子的正常拉曼光谱（NRS）和红外光谱(IR)进行了指认,对己酸乙酯分子的振动模式进行了归属。理论计算和实验数据的比较分析表明,理论计算结果的拉曼和红外各振动峰位与实验测量结果符合得较好。最后,分别把拉曼光谱和红外吸收谱中较强的峰位指认为己酸乙酯分子的拉曼特征峰和红外吸收的特征峰。己酸乙酯分子振动光谱的上述研究,可能在白酒调香,化工和生物等领域的检测方面具有广泛的应用,对进一步拓宽己酸乙酯分子的研究领域具有一定的参考价值。     

五种杂交玉米籽粒品质的FTIR光谱研究

为了研究傅里叶变换红外光谱在杂交玉米品质评定上的可行性,使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪获得五种杂交玉米籽粒的光谱。1 776～952 cm-1范围内的光谱主要由蛋白质、淀粉和油脂的红外吸收带组成,淀粉的吸收带较为强烈,蛋白质和油脂的吸收带稍弱。该范围光谱中特征吸收带相互重叠,导致一些重要信息被掩盖。通过对1 776～952 cm-1范围内的红外光谱进行曲线拟合分析,发现1 051和1 548 cm-1吸收子峰的面积在1 776～952 cm-1范围内吸收带总面积中占的百分比与玉米籽粒中淀粉和蛋白质的含量存在着线性关系。研究结果显示傅里叶变换红外光谱结合曲线拟合分析技术可用以分析杂交玉米籽粒中淀粉和蛋白质的含量,为玉米品质的快速评定提供一种方法。     

玻璃陶瓷材料中Tm3+离子红外到蓝色上转换发光

系统研究了PbF2+GeO2+WO3ⅩⅣTmF3玻璃陶瓷材料中,在近红外光(1.06μm)激发下,Tm3+离子的发光特性.实验中观测到Tm3+离子的两组峰值位置分别在20920cm-1和22173cm-1的蓝色上转换发光,并证实这两组上转换发光分别与吸收三个和四个光子有关,同时建立了上转换发光的模型.为了选择最佳掺杂浓度,详细地测量了Tm3+离子峰值为20920cm-1的蓝色上转换发光强度与TmF3浓度的关系.