铝合金焊前激光清洗的等离子体光谱在线检测

铝合金焊接技术在工业生产、制造和维修等领域有广泛的应用,焊缝内存在气孔导致焊接质量降低是铝合金焊接技术的常见问题。由于铝合金表面金属氧化物是导致气孔生成的主要来源,对激光清洗过程进行在线检测,不但可以实时分析表面氧化物的清洗状态,而且可以避免基体表面因为过度清洗造成损伤或二次氧化。提出采用激光诱导等离子体光谱(LIBS)在线检测铝合金焊前激光清洗过程,表征清洗后铝合金基体的表面状态。LIBS技术可以对多元素成分同时检测,拥有较低的检出限和较高的准确性。搭建基于Andor Mechelle 5000光谱仪的铝合金焊前激光清洗在线检测系统,剔除空气环境对实验结果的影响,测试6061铝合金表面氧化物和铝合金基体的LIBS光谱,分析两者独特的元素特征谱线,采用X射线能谱(EDS)测试结果验证元素特征谱线的准确性,并探讨激光清洗过程LIBS技术在线检测的可行性。实验测试等离子体光谱谱线强度与激光能量密度之间的关系,获得单次脉冲激光去除铝合金表面氧化物的损伤阈值,结合X射线能谱的检测结果研究激光损伤阈值的成因及影响。研究激光清洗过程等离子体光谱特征谱线与脉冲次数之间的关系,提出基于O/Al特征谱线强度比值作为在线检测清洗效果及二次氧化损伤的评判依据。为验证该评判依据的准确性,将O/Al特征谱线强度比值随清洗次数的变化趋势与X射线能谱测试获得的氧元素原子百分比变化趋势进行对比。实验结果表明:采用200~700 nm范围内激光诱导等离子体谱线特征分析激光清洗状态,可以剔除空气环境的影响;氧元素和铝元素特征谱线准确反映出表面氧化膜与铝合金基体的成分差异;X射线能谱检测元素成分和含量表明氧元素含量随着激光清洗能量密度先减后增,单次清洗铝合金的二次氧化损伤的激光能量阈值为11.46 J·cm-2,小于损伤阈值的激光能量密度对铝合金基体的多次清洗未造成损伤,等离子体光谱特征谱线强度与表面清洗状态相关, 656.5 nm(OⅡ)/396.2 nm(AlⅠ)谱线强度比值≤1.5%为激光清洗干净的依据。研究结果有利于铝合金的激光清洗实时控制技术和焊接装置集成化。     

空气中激光清洗过程的等离子体光谱分析

在空气环境下,激光诱导等离子体光谱用于激光清洗状态的在线分析快速而准确。该文利用中阶梯光栅光谱仪探测脉冲激光器作用于干净及表面污染的铜币样品产生的等离子体光谱谱线,这些谱线中不但包含了清晰的铜原子发射谱线,还包含空气中氧气和氮气与激光作用产生分解效应的原子谱线。为了消除单次测量的不确定性,分析了多次测量的分布恒定的氧原子和氮原子谱线的统计规律,表明强度分布规律一致,且相对标准差基本相同,可以采用单次测量的光谱图变化表示清洗过程中状态。表面污染的铜币光谱图中包含多元素原子谱线和连续谱线,清洗干净铜币的光谱图连续谱线消失且只有铜元素谱线,观察谱线变化就可以表明样品是否被清洗干净。     

非平坦样品激光诱导等离子体光谱特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）作为一种快速、实时的元素分析技术,由于其在痕量元素探测、地质环境监测等领域有着广阔的应用前景,而受到人们极大的关注。在实际应用中,样品表面是影响等离子体产生及其特性的关键环境因素之一。在大气环境下,利用脉宽为8 ns、波长为1 064 nm的纳秒脉冲激光产生等离子体,对比研究了天然岩石样品在非平坦和平坦表面条件下等离子体的发射光谱。基于激光辅助辐射波模型,阐释了非平坦样品表面对其光谱特性的影响。通过对比等离子体时间积分光谱,发现非平坦样品的谱线强度相比于平坦样品的谱线强度减弱了近70%,该结果说明非平坦样品表面对LIBS真实测量数据的负面影响不可忽视。针对褐铁矿样品中的谱线Fe Ⅰ 404.58 nm和Fe Ⅰ 438.35 nm,研究了在平坦和非平坦样品表面下的峰值强度以及其衰减因子随激光能量的变化规律,结果表明非平坦样品表面条件下采集的光谱强度始终低于平坦样品表面的光谱强度。光谱强度的衰减因子先随激光能量增大而逐渐降低,并在激光能量33 mJ达到最小值,后随激光能量的进一步增大而增大。实验结果进一步表明在非平坦样品表面条件下产生了密度较低的等离子体,并且非平坦与平坦样品的电子密度的比值在激光能量33 mJ时达到最小,此结果与光谱强度的衰减因子随激光能量的变化趋势一致,这是源于非平坦样品表面会形成较大激光入射角度,使得激光等离子体能量吸收区厚度变薄,产生等离子体屏蔽效应所对应的激光能量阈值升高。此外,样品表面状态和激光能量对等离子体温度的影响甚微。阐述了非正入射时等离子体特征参数与正入射时等离子体特征参数的联系和差异,揭示了非平坦样品激光等离子体特征参量变化的内在物理机制,为室外LIBS探测技术在元素定性和定量分析中光谱强度的校正提供参考。     

杨树叶片的飞秒等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱研究

开展了杨树叶片的飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱研究, 定性比较分析了长春市区的第一汽车厂、火车站、净月潭公园及长春理工大学四个地理区域的杨树叶片中重金属元素Ca, Fe和Cr. 实验结果表明, 通过分析杨树叶片中Ca Ⅱ 393.37 nm和Fe Ⅰ 422.87 nm光谱谱线可知叶茎中Ca和Fe元素浓度均高于叶肉. 比较长春四个地理区域的杨树叶的飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导击穿光谱, 发现汽车厂附近的杨树叶内重金属Ca, Fe和Cr 元素浓度最高, 净月公园的杨树叶重金属浓度最低. 由于飞秒激光等离子体丝光强度的“光学钳箍”效应, 对于杨树叶片这种表面不平整样品, 仍可获得稳定性较好的等离子体光谱. 飞秒激光等离子体丝诱导光谱技术有望在环境污染在线检测具有广泛的潜在应用.     

激光波长对煤激光诱导击穿光谱特性影响的试验研究

我国电站入炉煤种复杂多变,实时快速获取煤质成分对保障锅炉的安全、高效、低污染运行具有重大意义。将激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术应用于燃煤煤质测量,观测了不同波长激光(355,532和1 064 nm)诱导产生的等离子体时间演变特性和不同电离特性元素的谱线时间特性,对比了出现屏蔽效应时的能量阈值随激光波长的变化特征,并研究了激光波长对煤LIBS光谱特性的影响规律。结果发现：使用532 nm激光作为激发光源时,煤LIBS光谱具有最强的谱线信号强度,且出现等离子体屏蔽效应的能量阈值也较高,是一种较理想的激发光源,为LIBS技术在煤质测量领域的工业应用提供了实验依据。     

激光诱导击穿空气等离子体时间分辨特性的光谱研究

空气等离子体的时间行为对空气环境下激光诱导等离子体形成过程的研究有重要意义.本文将纳秒Nd:YAG脉冲激光(1064 nm)聚焦于一个大气压的空气中,诱导其产生等离子体.利用具有纳秒时间分辨功能的PI-MAX-II型ICCD,采用时间分辨光谱方法,研究了大气环境下激光诱导等离子体的时间行为.大气环境下的激光诱导等离子体光谱广泛分布于300—900 nm范围内,并且是由带状光谱和线状光谱叠加而成的.根据美国国家标准与技术研究院原子发射谱线数据库,对等离子体光谱中的氧、氮、氢等元素的特征谱线进行了识别和归属.给出了激光诱导击穿大气等离子体光谱随时间演化的直观图像,根据空气等离子体发射谱线计算了等离子体电子温度和等离子体电子密度.这些结果对于提高在大气环境下进行的在线测量结果的准确性和精确性具有重要的科学意义.     

样品形态对燃煤的激光烧蚀特性影响分析

将激光诱导击穿光谱技术应用于煤质检测,分析了燃煤形态对激光烧蚀特性的影响.利用532 nm激光在大气常压环境下烧蚀样品.同时使用多通道光纤光谱仪和CCD探测器对激光烧蚀形成的等离子体发射信号进行分光和探测.对比分析两种不同形态煤样的等离子体温度、电子密度以及元素特征谱线强度随脉冲能量变化的规律.实验研究表明,样品形态对燃煤的激光烧蚀特性有显著影响.不问形态燃煤的等离子体温度、电子密度以及元素特征谱线强度随脉冲能量的变化规律有所不同.相同实验条件下,粉状煤样形成的等离子体温度和电子密度均比块状煤样的高,但块状煤样的元素特征谱线强度则更大.     

提高多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅阈值的清洗方法

采用HPM溶液（盐酸、双氧水和去离子水的混合液）结合氧等离子体对多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅进行清洗研究。用X射线光电子能谱检测光栅表面的元素成分及其原子含量的变化。实验结果表明,氧等离子体处理能有效去除光栅表面残留光刻胶和碳氟化合物; 再经HPM溶液清洗,反应离子束刻蚀和氧等离子体处理过程产生的金属污染物被进一步去除。经过上述清洗工艺处理后,光栅一级衍射效率仍保持在95%以上,光栅表面激光诱导损伤阈值达到1.6 J/cm2 (1053 nm, 10 ps)。实验结果说明了氧等离子体和HPM溶液相结合能有效清洗多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅,并显著提高光栅损伤阈值。     

基于PCA-SVM的飞机蒙皮激光分层除漆LIBS在线监测研究

飞机蒙皮激光除漆过程的在线监测,是实现分层可控除漆、满足适航维修要求的重要手段,也是推进激光除漆工程应用、飞机维修自动化的核心技术。激光诱导击穿等离子体光谱(LIBS)技术可通过激光材料作用过程中产生的等离子体发射光谱快速分析材料表面元素变化,实现激光清洗表面状态的在线监测。基于搭建的高频纳秒红外脉冲激光除漆LIBS在线监测平台,分别采集了不同激光功率下,面漆、底漆、铝合金基体去除过程中的3类LIBS光谱(各100幅)。分析了不同激光功率下,各类光谱示踪元素特征谱线的变化情况,初步筛选了12条特征谱线作为光谱识别的特征。进一步对这12个特征进行主成分分析(PCA),并将前3个主成分(PC1、 PC2、 PC3)构成的数据集作为支持向量机(SVM)识别模型的输入量,建立了3类光谱的识别模型。形成了多漆层结构激光分层可控清除过程的LIBS在线监测判定规则,并对该规则的有效性进行了实验验证。结果表明,与低频脉冲激光单点作用采集的针状LIBS光谱相比,基于该平台采集的LIBS光谱普遍存在较强的连续背景(大于5 000 a.u.)以及1.5 nm左右的半峰全宽;针对此类光谱设计了改进均值平滑滤波...     

低气压下80 ns长脉宽激光诱导击穿铜合金光谱特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)因具有实时快速、多元素分析、样品损伤性小等优势,已成为检测未知物质元素组分以及相应元素含量的重要手段。近期的一些研究表明,百纳秒级别激光脉冲由于在确保有效击穿阈值的条件下延长了激光与样品作用时间,使得其LIBS光谱质量相对于传统10 ns级激光脉冲得到了提高;适度降低环境气压(至10~4 Pa量级), LIBS光谱强度和信背比均得到明显提高。为探究低气压对长脉宽(百纳秒级)激光诱导铜合金等离子体光谱特性的影响,采用自主研发80 ns脉宽Nd∶YAG激光器(波长1 064 nm,单脉冲能量20～200 mJ)作为激发光源,样品为BYG19431的锡青铜(基体元素Cu质量百分数为92.9%,低含量元素Fe质量百分数为0.007 8%),通过样品气氛控制系统改变环境气压,分别研究了低环境压力(1.01×10~5, 9.6×10~4, 9.2×10~4, 8.8×10~4和8.4×10~4 Pa)下铜合金基体元素Cu与低含量元素Fe光谱特性。实验中,激光脉冲重复频率为1 Hz,每次打击均为新鲜表面(通过真空腔内的可控旋转平台更换样品位置),每个能量和气压下分别选取5个脉冲能量较稳定的光谱,取平均值作为当前实验条件的最终实验结果,激光脉冲能量的实时监测由透反比1∶1分束镜及能量计完成。研究发现,基体元素谱线(CuⅠ324.75 nm),常压下低能量(20 mJ, 40 mJ)时均存在较严重的自吸收现象。在60 mJ时,虽自吸收效应得到改善,但谱线背景强度升高,且激光对样品的损伤加大。为在低光谱背景,微样品损伤的条件下实现光谱质量的进一步提升,实验激光能量为20 mJ。结果表明,随着环境气压降低,基体元素Cu自吸收程度大幅度降低,样品中低含量Fe元素谱线信背比增加,等离子温度升高,谱线展宽变窄。气压为8.4×10~4 Pa时,与常压相比基体元素铜(CuⅠ324.75 nm)与微量元素铁(FeⅠ330.82 nm)谱线信背比分别增强5.31和2.43倍;等离子体温度提升了21.6%;FeⅠ330.82 nm谱线展宽由0.29 nm降到0.21 nm,在一定程度提高了LIBS元素谱线的分辨率。     

Surface treatment of CFRP composites using femtosecond laser radiation

In the present work, we investigate the surface treatment of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites by laser ablation with femtosecond laser radiation. For this purpose, unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy matrix composites were treated with femtosecond laser pulses of 1024 nm wavelength and 550 fs duration. Laser tracks were inscribed on the material surface using pulse energies and scanning speeds in the range 0.1–0.5 mJ and 0.1–5 mm/s, respectively. The morphology of the laser treated surfaces was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. We show that, by using the appropriate processing parameters, a selective removal of the epoxy resin can be achieved, leaving the carbon fibers exposed. In addition, sub-micron laser induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) are created on the carbon fibers surface, which may be potentially beneficial for the improvement of the fiber to matrix adhesion in adhesive bonds between CFRP parts.     

Laser abrading of carbon fibre reinforced composite for improving paint adhesion

Surface contaminations (originating from manufacturing processes), smooth surface, and poor wettability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite impair its successful paint adhesion. Surface pre-treatment of composite materials is often required. Previous approaches of using manual sand-papering result in non-uniform surface conditions and occasional damages to the fibres. Furthermore, the process is labour intensive, slow and can be hazardous to the workers if protections are not appropriate. This paper reports an investigation into a new surface treatment method based on laser multi-tasking surface abrading and surface cleaning/texturing for the improvement of paint adhesion. A KrF Excimer laser with a wavelength of 248 nm is used as the laser source. Significant improvement in paint adhesion has been demonstrated compared with as-received and sand-papered samples. This improvement is achieved by eliminating surface contaminants, minimizing chain scission and increasing in surface active functional groups as well as increasing in surface roughness. The former two play dominant roles.     

Laser Optoacoustic Method for Detecting Violations in the Periodicity of the Structure of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites

Acoustical Physics - Broadband acoustic spectroscopy with a laser source of probe pulses is used to detect violations in the periodicity of the structure of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)...     

Effects of carbon fiber surface treatment on the tribological properties of 2D woven carbon fabric/polyimide composites

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fabric (CF) was modified with strong HNO₃ oxidation and then introduced into polyimide (PI) composites. The friction and wear properties of the carbon fabric reinforced polyimide composites (CFRP), sliding against GCr15 stainless steel rings, were investigated on an M-2000 model ring-on-block test rig under dry sliding. Experimental results revealed that the carbon fiber surface treatment largely reduced the friction and wear of the CFRP. Compared with the untreated ones, the surface-modified CF can enhance the tribological properties of CFRP efficiently due to the improved adhesion between the CF and the PI matrix. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of the carbon fiber surface showed that the fiber surface became rougher and the oxygen concentration increased greatly after surface treatment, which improved the adhesion between the fiber and the PI matrix and improved the friction-reduction and anti-wear properties of the CFRP. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Laser plasma shockwave cleaning of SiO2 particles on gold film

A Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) induces optical breakdown of the airborne above the gold-coated K9 glass surface and the created shockwave removes the SiO₂ particles contaminated on the gold films. The laser cleaning efficiency has been characterized by optical microscopy, dark field imaging, ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the Image-pro software. The relationships between removal ratio and particle position and laser gap distance have been studied in the case of single pulse laser cleaning. The results show that the 1064 nm laser induced plasma shockwave can effectively remove the SiO₂ particles. The removal ratio can reach above 90%. The effects of particle position and laser gap distance on the cleaning efficiency are simulated for the single pulse laser cleaning. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental ones.     

Experimental study on laser cleaning of paint layer on white marble surface北大核心CSCD

In order to effectively remove the surface paint of the cultural relic of white marble, the area extrapolation method and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) method were used to obtain the ablation threshold power of the gold, silver paint layer and white marble surface. On the basis of this, the optimal laser power for removing paint without damaging the white marble substrate was determined. The image processing method was used to study the cleaning degree and variation trend of cleaning rate of the gold and silver paint on the surface of 10 mm×10 mm white marble by laser cleaning, and the optimal laser spot overlap rate and the optimal cleaning times were obtained. Finally, the image processing method was used to evaluate the cleaning effect of laser cleaning of paint layer on the white marble surface. More than 93% of the cleaning degree shows that the synergistic use of the area extrapolation method, LIPS method and image processing method can effectively improve the laser cleaning efficiency of the paint layer on white marble surface. Copyright ©2022 Journal of Applied Optics. All rights reserved.     

The potential use of plume imaging for real-time monitoring of laser ablation cleaning of stonework

In this work, the potential of plume imaging was investigated as a real-time monitoring technique for the control of the laser cleaning process in cultural heritage objects with emphasis on encrusted stonework. Optical pulses generated by Nd:YAG laser were used to remove a high absorbing layer of crust from the surface of a lower absorbing marble substrate. Two regimes of operation have been employed for laser cleaning test, Q-switched ns mode, and short free running μs mode. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was also employed to study the stratigraphy of the cleaned surfaces, and thus to confirm the validity of the suggested monitoring technique. The tests proved the prospective of introducing plume imaging techniques as a straightforward and inexpensive tool for the real-time monitoring of laser ablation and the determination of the critical point for a safe surface cleaning intervention.     

The influence of porosity on ultrasound attenuation in carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites using the laser-ultrasound spectroscopy

Wideband acoustic spectroscopy with a laser ultrasound source for quantitative analysis of the effect of porosity on the attenuation coefficient of longitudinal acoustic waves in carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composite materials was experimentally implemented. The samples under study had different bulk-porosity levels (up to 10%), which were determined using X-ray computer tomography. A resonance ultrasound attenuation peak associated with the one-dimensional periodicity of the layered composite structure was observed for all samples. The absolute value of the resonance-peak maximum and its width depend on the local concentration of microscopic isolated pores and extended delaminations in the sample structure. The obtained empirical relationships between these parameters of the frequency dependence of the ultrasound attenuation coefficient and the type of inhomogeneities and their volume concentration can be used for rapid evaluation of the structural quality of CFRP composites.     

Ultraviolet laser removal of small metallic particles from silicon wafers

Laser removal of small 1 μm sized copper, gold and tungsten particles from silicon wafer surfaces was carried out using ultraviolet radiation at 266 nm generated by Nd:YAG harmonic generation. Successful removal of both copper and gold particles from the surface was achieved whereas tungsten particles proved to be difficult to remove. The cleaning efficiency was increased with an increase of laser fluence. The optimum processing window for safe cleaning of the surface without any substrate damage was determined by measuring the damage threshold laser fluence on the silicon substrate and the required fluence for complete removal of the particles. The different cleaning efficiencies with particle type are discussed by considering the adhesion force of the particle on the surface and the laser-induced cleaning force for the three different particles.