云和气溶胶探测星载激光雷达及其应用

介绍了在轨飞行的云和气溶胶探测星载激光雷达系统的原理和结构,该激光雷达能够探测全球范围内30km以下的云和气溶胶的消光系数和退偏比。利用CAUPSO实测数据,对发生在华北的一次沙尘天气进行分析,得到了河北省内沙尘消光系数和退偏比分布。结果表明,由沙尘气溶胶导致的消光系数最大可以达到0．22／kin;该次沙尘具有典型的层状结构,最可几层数为2,沙尘层的最大退偏比可以达到0．23。     

基于神经网络反演中国南海海域透明卷云参数

基于中分辨率成像光谱仪/云和气溶胶探测激光雷达（MODIS/CALIOP）的匹配数据集,提出一个分类神经网络进行透明卷云的识别,利用两个回归神经网络对透明卷云的光学厚度和云顶高度进行反演。结果表明,分类网络的精确度可达到84%,检测率达到79%。对成功识别的透明卷云参数进行了反演,得到透明卷云光学厚度的平均绝对误差为0.2,均方根误差为0.25,相关系数为0.79。对云顶高度进行了反演,得到云顶高度的平均绝对误差为0.61 km,均方根误差为0.74 km,相关系数达到0.87。本研究利用MODIS/CALIOP匹配数据集以及神经网络算法,可得到透明卷云的分布以及其参数特性,为其在南海海域上空的分布情况提供了数据支撑,有助于相关研究人员了解该地区透明卷云的分布情况,提高辐射计算的精度。     

基于激光雷达探测的气溶胶分类方法研究

提出了利用激光雷达区分不同类型气溶胶的新方法。建立了包含背景气溶胶和云两种不同类型气溶胶光学参数(后向散射系数、消光系数)的两个激光雷达方程,并推导计算其解的表达式。反演出两种不同类别气溶胶的光学参数,以此区分背景气溶胶和云。根据两种不同气溶胶的光学参数与两种不同消光后向散射比(Saer1,Saer2)模拟激光雷达回波信号,并用该新方法反演得到两不同类别气溶胶的光学参数。反演结果与不同类型气溶胶的模拟参数一致。用该方法区分激光雷达同时探测到的大气背景气溶胶和云。模拟和测量结果都证实了该方法对不同类型气溶胶进行分类的可行性。     

利用紫外Mie散射激光雷达探测澳门地区沙尘暴事件

研制了一台工作波长为355nm的紫外高能Mie散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达在2010年一次沙尘暴事件期间对澳门上空的大气进行了探测,得到了澳门地区不同时刻的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线。利用Fernald方法反演得到的气溶胶近地面消光系数随时间的变化与当地气象数据具有较好的一致性,气溶胶消光系数与当地可吸入颗粒物浓度的相关性达到了0.93。气溶胶垂直廓线显示,在沙尘暴来临期间存在明显的沙尘气溶胶凝集层。通过气溶胶轨迹倒推,分析了沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径。观测结果表明,该激光雷达可以在特殊天气条件下对澳门地区气溶胶进行有效探测,这将有助于深化对澳门上空气溶胶特性的研究。     

激光雷达数据应用于海气界面气体传输速率的估算

选取2007年1、4、7、10月4个月夜间无云的云-气溶胶激光雷达和红外探测者观测卫星(CALIPSO)星载激光雷达Version 3.01数据,提取532nm激光海面后向散射系数并计算海面波浪均方斜率。同时选用准同步AMSR-E海面风速数据,利用Wanninkhof等于2009年提出的包含线性、平方、立方项的海面风速与气体传输速率混合关系模型计算海水施密特数为660时的海气界面气体传输速率k660。通过回归分析,得到由星载激光雷达数据反演k660的关系模型。将激光雷达数据反演结果与采用4种典型海面风速关系模型的计算结果进行比较,给出由星载激光雷达数据反演的4个月平均的海气界面气体传输速率全球分布图和纬度分布图。研究表明,CALIPSO星载激光雷达532nm单脉冲测量数据可用于反演海气界面气体传输速率。     

北京城区污染过程气溶胶光学特性观测分析

基于激光雷达连续观测数据反演得到的多种气溶胶光学参数,包括气溶胶后向散射系数(355/532/1064nm)、消光系数(532/607nm)、退偏比(532p/532s)、激光雷达比(532nm)及波长指数(355/532nm和532/1064nm),分析了2019年10月北京城区三种不同污染事件(空气污染/污染沙尘/纯沙尘)的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明,空气污染气溶胶退偏比(波长指数)为0.10±0.02(1.2±0.19),激光雷达比(43±7sr)相比典型城市污染气溶胶偏低,可能与硝酸盐等水溶性气溶胶吸湿增长或二次有机气溶胶的生成有关;污染沙尘退偏比(波长指数)为0.19±0.03(1.0±0.35),激光雷达比为51±7sr;纯沙尘相比前者退偏比(0.25±0.03)较大,波长指数(0.11±0.44)较小,激光雷达比为40±4sr。     

激光雷达观测北京大气气溶胶的垂直分布

利用激光雷达对北京2005年4月26-30日大气气溶胶进行了连续观测,对气溶胶光学特性进行了测量和分析,讨论了大气污染物气溶胶和沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布,以及沙尘气溶胶的传输和沉降过程.因此,激光雷达是研究阴霾天气和沙尘天气特征的有效手段.     

一种无需定标的地基激光雷达气溶胶消光系数精确反演方法

如何对低云下雾霾的激光雷达探测数据进行准确定标,一直是米散射激光雷达数据反演中一个有待解决的问题.对于低云和雾霾同时出现的天气,激光很难穿透云层,不能利用大气清洁层对激光雷达信号定标.而对于探测高度小于6 km的便携式米散射激光雷达,由于探测高度较低,也很难利用大气清洁层对激光雷达数据进行定标.本文根据Fernald前向积分方程的特点,提出了一种气溶胶消光系数迭代算法.通过对反演过程进行特定设置,每经过一次迭代,利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法得到的气溶胶消光系数反演值与其真实值之间的差值就会相应减小.经过几次迭代后,气溶胶消光系数反演值与真实值之间的差值就会小到可以忽略不计.初步反演结果表明:利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法,无需对激光雷达探测数据定标就能精确反演出气溶胶消光系数廓线.     

基于多角度偏振特性的云相态识别及验证

云相态识别是云参数研究的重要组成部分,为了有效识别水云和冰云,根据水云和冰云微物理性质的差别,研究了水云和冰云的单次散射特性,采用基丁倍加累加法的,人量辐射传输方程模拟了水云和冰云的多角度偏振特件.模拟结果表明,光谱的多角度偏振特件能够体现山水云粒子和冰云粒子微物理性质的差异,云在特定方向反射的偏振辐射强度对云相态非常敏感,可以用米进行云相念的识别,在模拟的基础上进行了云相态识别算法的研究,并利用多角度偏振卫星数据--POLDER 0.865μm通道数据进行了实例分析.识别结果与MODIS云相态产品及其1.38μm卷云榆测结果进行了比较.分析结果表明,基于多角度偏振特性云相态识别算法可以有效地进行云相态识别.     

主被动星载大气探测载荷性能对比与分析

卫星遥感能够获取全球范围的大气环境参数,主要包括主动和被动两类探测技术。星载激光雷达作为典型的主动光学遥感载荷可以用于探测全球大气气溶胶、云、大气风场和温室气体等,并可以反演垂直廓线信息。本文概述了星载激光雷达探测技术的发展历程,较为全面地总结了星载激光雷达载荷轨道及技术参数,并与被动光学遥感载荷进行了比较,探讨了主被动星载大气探测载荷各自的优劣势和未来发展趋势。通过对比分析,为未来不同应用场景的大气探测载荷选择提供参考,有助于更好地利用卫星数据反演全球大气参数。     

A method for estimating optical properties of dusty cloud

Based on the scattering properties of nonspherical dust aerosol, a new method is developed for retrieving dust aerosol optical depths of dusty clouds. The dusty clouds are defined as the hybrid system of dust plume and cloud. The new method is based on transmittance measurements from surface-based instruments multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer （MFRSR） and cloud parameters from lidar measurements. It uses the difference of absorption between dust aerosols and water droplets for distinguishing and estimating the optical properties of dusts and clouds, respectively. This new retrieval method is not sensitive to the retrieval error of cloud properties and the maximum absolute deviations of dust aerosol and total optical depths for thin dusty cloud retrieval algorithm are only 0.056 and 0.1, respectively, for given possible uncertainties. The retrieval error for thick dusty cloud mainly depends on lidar-based total dusty cloud properties.     

New dust aerosol identification method for spaceborne lidar measurements

Classification is a critical step in the backscatter lidar data processing to accurately retrieve extinction and backscatter profiles of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. Different schemes, such as the probability distribution functions (PDFs) method, have been used in the cloud and aerosol classification. In this paper, we attempt to use the support vector machine (SVM) to discriminate aerosols from clouds, with a focus on dust aerosol classification in China. To demonstrate the feasibility of the SVM classifier, we chose dust storms that occurred in the Gobi and Taklimakan deserts and observed by the CALIPSO lidar in spring time 2007. The results show that the SVM can correctly identify the dust storms.     

Comparison of indigenously developed micro pulse polarization lidar with EZ lidar profiles

A Micro Pulse Polarization LIDAR (MPPL) has been designed and developed for aerosol and cloud studies at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India (28° 35′ N, 77° 12′E) using a low-energy pico-second pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and single PMT detector. This has been used for detecting depolarization characteristics with back-scatter coefficient of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. The back-scattered signals are detected at the emitted wavelength with co-polarization and cross-polarization discrimination with a mirror on stepper motor for aerosols and cloud. Data are obtained by MPPL and are inter-compared with a well-established commercial Leosphere made EZ LIDAR, industry standard at the same site and time, and the results are found to be in good agreement. In the present communication the back-scattered coefficient, aerosols optical depth, depolarization ratio etc. obtained using MPPL & EZ LIDAR are discussed in detail.     

基于机器学习的偏振遥感云检测优化算法

偏振遥感经验阈值云检测算法受主观因素影响较强,极易在亮地表上空出现云检测不准确的问题。针对该问题,本文提出了一种主动和被动遥感卫星相结合的机器学习云检测算法。该算法基于POLDER3载荷多通道多角度偏振特性以及CALIOP载荷高精度云垂直特性展开研究,利用POLDER3载荷和CALIOP载荷观测重合区域数据,搭建了粒子群算法优化的BP神经网络训练云检测模型。基于该云检测训练模型,利用POLDER3一级数据开展云检测试验,试验显示该算法云检测结果与MODIS云检测产品一致性为92.46%,高于POLDER3官方云检测产品与MODIS云检测产品的一致性83.13%。通过对比本文算法试验结果与POLDER3官方云检测产品不同的像元的光学特性发现,相比POLDER3官方算法,本算法对于亮地表上空薄云具有更强的敏感性,能更有效地进行云检测。     

Sensitivity of depolarized lidar signals to cloud and aerosol particle properties

Measurements from depolarized lidars provide a promising method to retrieve both cloud and aerosol properties and a versatile complement to passive satellite-based sensors. For lidar observations of clouds and aerosols, multiple scattering plays an important role in the scattering process. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of lidar backscattering depolarization to cloud and aerosol properties. Lidar parameters are chosen to be similar to those of the upcoming space-based CALIPSO lidar. Cases are considered that consist of a single cloud or aerosol layer, as well as a case in which cirrus clouds overlay different types of aerosols. It is demonstrated that besides thermodynamic cloud phase, the depolarized lidar signal may provide additional information on ice or aerosol particle shapes. However, our results show little sensitivity to ice or aerosol particle sizes. Additionally, for the case of multiple but overlapping layers involving both clouds and aerosols, the depolarized lidar contains information that can help identify the particle properties of each layer.     

A review of optical measurements at the aerosol and cloud chamber AIDA

This paper provides a survey of recent studies on the optical properties of aerosol and cloud particles that have been conducted at the AIDA facility of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere). Reflecting the broad accessible temperature range of the AIDA chamber which extends from ambient temperature down to 183 K, the investigations feature a broad diversity of research topics, such as the wavelength-dependence of the specific absorption cross sections of soot and mineral dust aerosols at room temperature, depolarization and infrared extinction measurements of ice crystal clouds generated at temperatures below 235 K, and the optical properties of polar stratospheric cloud constituents whose formation was studied in chamber experiments at temperatures well below 200 K. After reviewing the AIDA research activity of the past decade and introducing the optical instrumentation of the AIDA facility, this paper presents illustrative examples of ongoing and already published work on optical measurements of soot aerosols, mineral dust particles, and ice crystal clouds.     

基于多角度多光谱Stokes参数Q和U测量反演气溶胶偏振相函数

偏振相函数是气溶胶重要的光学参数之一,它对气溶胶复折射指数、粒子尺度和形状都十分敏感。多角度多光谱偏振遥感可以有效获取气溶胶偏振相函数信息。新一代CIMEL太阳-天空偏振辐射计CE318-DP作为高精度地基气溶胶偏振遥感仪器已被引入全球气溶胶自动观测网AERONET(AErosol RObotic NETwork),并作为扩展多波长偏振测量的太阳-天空辐射计观测网SONET(Sun/sky-radiometer Observation NETwork)的主要仪器,已在不同类型气溶胶观测站点积累了多年的偏振数据。但目前偏振反演仅能利用线偏振度或偏振辐亮度。与线偏振度和偏振辐亮度相比,Stokes参数Q和U不仅包含天空光线偏振强度信息还包含偏振方向信息。利用CE318-DP多光谱多角度测量的天空光Stokes参数Q和U反演气溶胶偏振相函数的方法。针对CE318-DP标准主平面偏振观测模式PPP(Polarized Principal Plane)下Stokes参数U对气溶胶特性变化不敏感、信息难以利用的不足,测试了新的平纬圈偏振扫描模式ALMP(ALMucantar Polarization)获取Stokes参数Q和U,并成功应用于偏振相函数的反演。系统分析了340～1 640 nm多光谱通道上典型生物质燃烧型气溶胶和水溶性气溶胶的-P₁₂/P₁₁反演结果并测试了反演方法在晴朗和灰霾不同大气条件下的适用性。无论在主平面还是平纬圈观测几何下,反演结果在可见光和近红外通道上均与真实值具有较好的一致性。进一步讨论了模型中基于气溶胶参数初始值和大气气溶胶参数真实值计算的“大气单次散射/大气散射”的比值近似相等的假设条件在短波通道不能很好地满足是造成紫外波段反演结果偏差较大的原因之一。后续有待进一步提高反演模型在短波通道的适用性,为利用不同光谱通道上-P₁₂/P₁₁的变化特征改进气溶胶微物理参数反演奠定了基础。     

气溶胶对大气CO_2短波红外遥感探测影响的模拟分析

气溶胶引起的光学路径长度改变是影响高分辨率近红外光谱反演大气CO_2浓度的重要误差源.本文利用高精度大气辐射传输模式模拟中国碳卫星观测,结合CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)卫星的气溶胶廓线产品研究了不同特性的气溶胶对卫星观测光谱的影响.模拟结果显示:气溶胶散射引起的光学路径长度改变与气溶胶类型、模态以及垂直分布密切相关;城市型和海洋型气溶胶对观测光谱影响很大;多层分布的积聚模态大陆型和海洋型气溶胶在光学厚度小于0.3时,会引起5%以内的负辐射变化,随光学厚度不断增加会引起正的辐射变化;主要以粗粒子模态存在的气溶胶在不同的垂直分布情况下均会引起辐射的负变化,从而造成CO_2浓度的高估;另外,随气溶胶分布高度变高,负的辐射变化程度会逐渐减小.     

Gamma Spectroscopy along N~Z towards 100Sn

A wide range of research topics in different fields of physics can be addressed by study of the self-conjugate N~Z nuclei, such as the np pairing, isospin symmetry, the rp-process and the properties of the electroweak interaction. This contribution focuses on the spectroscopy of N~Z nuclei towards 100Sn. The latest results on the isomeric decay spectroscopy of N~Z nuclei below 100Sn, such as the N =Z+2 nuclides 94Pd and 96Ag, the N~Z nuclide 96Cd and so on are highlighted. New opportunities in in-beam   spectrscopy of N~Z nuclei towards 100Sn, like 90Rh and 92Pd, with radioactive ion beams are discussed.