北京城区污染过程气溶胶光学特性观测分析

基于激光雷达连续观测数据反演得到的多种气溶胶光学参数,包括气溶胶后向散射系数(355/532/1064nm)、消光系数(532/607nm)、退偏比(532p/532s)、激光雷达比(532nm)及波长指数(355/532nm和532/1064nm),分析了2019年10月北京城区三种不同污染事件(空气污染/污染沙尘/纯沙尘)的气溶胶光学特性。结果表明,空气污染气溶胶退偏比(波长指数)为0.10±0.02(1.2±0.19),激光雷达比(43±7sr)相比典型城市污染气溶胶偏低,可能与硝酸盐等水溶性气溶胶吸湿增长或二次有机气溶胶的生成有关;污染沙尘退偏比(波长指数)为0.19±0.03(1.0±0.35),激光雷达比为51±7sr;纯沙尘相比前者退偏比(0.25±0.03)较大,波长指数(0.11±0.44)较小,激光雷达比为40±4sr。     

利用紫外Mie散射激光雷达探测澳门地区沙尘暴事件

研制了一台工作波长为355nm的紫外高能Mie散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达在2010年一次沙尘暴事件期间对澳门上空的大气进行了探测,得到了澳门地区不同时刻的气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线。利用Fernald方法反演得到的气溶胶近地面消光系数随时间的变化与当地气象数据具有较好的一致性,气溶胶消光系数与当地可吸入颗粒物浓度的相关性达到了0.93。气溶胶垂直廓线显示,在沙尘暴来临期间存在明显的沙尘气溶胶凝集层。通过气溶胶轨迹倒推,分析了沙尘气溶胶的来源及路径。观测结果表明,该激光雷达可以在特殊天气条件下对澳门地区气溶胶进行有效探测,这将有助于深化对澳门上空气溶胶特性的研究。     

微脉冲偏振激光雷达探测城市底层气溶胶

以单脉冲能量2μJ,重复频率1kHz的Nd:YAG固体激光器为光源研发了一台便携式人眼安全可三维扫描的微脉冲偏振激光雷达系统,可实现对城市底层气溶胶球形特性和分布情况的探测.为保证在西北地区等高密度气溶胶聚集的地域,实现近地表80~1000m范围内的精确探测,系统的光电检测采用模拟探测技术.利用该激光雷达系统首次对冬季西安局部地区1000m范围内大气气溶胶退偏比进行了俯仰扫描探测,并分析了天气过程和地面状况对退偏比的影响.实验结果表明,探测期间无明显沙尘事件发生,探测区域内气溶胶的退偏比在0.1左右,在无绿化带的交通干道交叉口等局部区域,受地面状况影响退偏比偏高,并获得了退偏比值与天气过程的初步关系,同时也验证了系统的可行性.研究成果可对城市底层气溶胶的产生、传输及扩散特性研究提供科学数据.     

粒子的非球形程度对消光系数的影响研究

利用中国气象局南京综合观测基地的微脉冲激光雷达对南京北郊的气溶胶特性进行了常规的观测,并计算了气溶胶的退偏振比,反演了气溶胶的消光系数,分别得到气溶胶退偏振比及消光系数廓线。分析了不同天气情况下退偏振比和消光系数变化趋势的关系,发现退偏振比和消光系数有一定的相关性,即粒子非球形的程度对其消光的大小有一定的影响。初步探测结果发现:在同一个时刻,晴天和雾霾天时二者变化趋势相同,探测到水云时二者变化趋势相反,探测到冰相云时二者变化趋势相同,研究表明:当探测到气溶胶和冰相云时,粒子的非球形特性越明显其消光系数越大;当探测到水云时,粒子越近似球形其消光系数越大。     

微脉冲偏振激光雷达探测城市底层气溶胶

以单脉冲能量2μJ,重复频率1kHz的Nd∶YAG固体激光器为光源研发了一台便携式人眼安全可三维扫描的微脉冲偏振激光雷达系统,可实现对城市底层气溶胶球形特性和分布情况的探测.为保证在西北地区等高密度气溶胶聚集的地域,实现近地表80～1 000m范围内的精确探测,系统的光电检测采用模拟探测技术.利用该激光雷达系统首次对冬季西安局部地区1 000m范围内大气气溶胶退偏比进行了俯仰扫描探测,并分析了天气过程和地面状况对退偏比的影响.实验结果表明,探测期间无明显沙尘事件发生,探测区域内气溶胶的退偏比在0.1左右,在无绿化带的交通干道交叉口等局部区域,受地面状况影响退偏比偏高,并获得了退偏比值与天气过程的初步关系,同时也验证了系统的可行性.研究成果可对城市底层气溶胶的产生、传输及扩散特性研究提供科学数据.     

星载高光谱分辨率激光雷达大气气溶胶和云探测研究

为实现对全球气溶胶光学参数剖面的高精度测量,采用基于碘分子滤波器的高光谱分辨率探测技术。结合欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的大气再分析数据集（ERA5）的温度和压强数据,选取在轨期间途经撒哈拉沙漠和加拿大山火区域的星载高光谱分辨率激光雷达（HSRL）的观测数据,对沙尘类气溶胶和烟尘类气溶胶的光学特性进行分析,包括气溶胶的后向散射系数、消光系数、退偏振比和雷达比。结果表明：撒哈拉沙漠地区近地面5 km以内的气溶胶分布主要以沙尘类气溶胶为主,其退偏振比集中在0.2～0.4,雷达比数值集中在40～60 sr;加拿大山火地区的气溶胶主要以烟尘类气溶胶为主,其退偏振比集中在0.02～0.15,雷达比在50～70 sr范围。激光雷达特有的高光谱探测技术,在气溶胶和云的精细化探测和分类方面具有重要应用,将在环境监测中发挥重要作用。     

沙尘气溶胶粒子模型的线退偏比特性

利用离散偶极子近似法研究了旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶粒子模型在尺度参数变化范围为0.1~23时(波长0.55μm对应有效半径为0.01~2μm)的线退偏比特性。通过分析比较不同轴半径比时线退偏比特性的差别,研究了粒子非球形性程度对单分散和多分散沙尘气溶胶粒子退偏比特性的影响。对单分散系,旋转椭球体沙尘气溶胶的线退偏比在瑞利散射区和米散射区随散射角的变化有不同的分布特征;在瑞利散射区,散射角分别为0°和180°的前后向散射方向,线退偏比较小,其值在1%的量级,而在散射角为90°附近的侧向,线退偏比有最大值,可达100%;在米散射区,线退偏比则无明显的极值分布,但有明显的后向增强;单分散沙尘粒子明显的非球形性特征,会增加在瑞利散射区的线退偏比,但却不会明显增加米散射区的线退偏比。而对多分散系,除了出现线退偏比最大值的侧向附近(80°~100°)之外,沙尘粒子非球形性特征越明显,其线退偏比越大。     

偏振-米散射激光雷达对卷云的探测

 研制了一台偏振-米散射激光雷达,用于卷云和沙尘气溶胶后向散射光退偏振比的探测研究。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的探测原理,叙述了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市西郊上空卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。初步探测结果表明,合肥西郊上空高度在6～10 km的卷云的退偏振比在0.2～0.5之间,该激光雷达可以对卷云进行有效的探测,能较好地反映卷云及其光学特性的时空分布。     

银川上空大气气溶胶光学特性激光雷达探测研究

小型米散射激光雷达是广泛使用的探测大气气溶胶光学特性的有效工具。作者研制了一台小型米散射激光雷达,并利用该激光雷达于2009年4月1日至4月10日期间对宁夏银川地区(北纬38°29′, 东经106°06′)上空的大气气溶胶光学特性以及时空分布进行了观测。系统选用532 nm波长激光作为光源,采用Fernald法对接收到的大气回波信号进行反演,得到了气溶胶消光系数的高度分布廓线及24 h内气溶胶消光系数相对浓度的时空变化特性;并对期间一次明显的沙尘天气进行了观测和分析。观测结果表明,该小型米散射激光雷达能够对大气气溶胶及其时空分布情况进行有效、连续的观测,其观测结果有利于分析该地区气溶胶及沙尘天气的变化趋势。     

近红外波段气溶胶的衰减特性研究

在已知大气气溶胶折射率和气溶胶谱分布的基础上, 对近红外波段的气溶胶衰减特性进行了研究。利用Mie散射理论计算并讨论了气溶胶的消光、散射、吸收效率因子随尺度参数的变化和消光系数随半径和波长的变化, 并且在MATLAB中对各种变化情况进行了仿真。结果表明, 三种气溶胶粒子的消光和散射能力依次为沙尘性粒子, 水溶性粒子, 烟煤。消光系数在粒子半径和入射波长相近时达到最大, 并且粒子半径对消光、散射、吸收系数的影响比入射波长更明显。这些结论可以为红外辐射在大气中的衰减计算和分析提供依据。     

Identification of aerosol species using polarization lidar

This paper presents a new approach that has been developed to identify individual aerosol species using polarization lidar measurements. Individual aerosols can be identified based on their distinct ratios of extinction to backscatter, which are related to the depolarization ratio profile. Aerosol backscatter coefficients can be obtained from these ratios. Differential aerosol backscatter coefficients are proportional to the variation of the ratio of extinction to backscatter coefficient, and the coefficients increase, reach a peak value, and then decrease again, with increasing range.     

Two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm for determination of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratio and its application to CALIPSO lidar measurements

A modified two-wavelength lidar inversion algorithm is proposed to aid in the retrieval of aerosol extinction-to-backscatter ratios (lidar ratio) as well as backscatter coefficients and extinction color ratios from simultaneous two-wavelength elastic backscatter lidar measurements. To demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm, both the Raman method and the two-wavelength method have been applied to the ground-based measurements at 355 and 532 nm; moreover, it has been applied to the data acquired by the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar, and to the simultaneous ground-based lidar measurements carried out at Napoli (southern Italy, 40.838 °N, 14.183 °E, 118 m above sea level). Three cases of Saharan dust transport towards Europe have been considered. From the comparison, it can be found that the values of lidar ratio and backscatter coefficient retrieved by the modified two-wavelength algorithm are in good agreement with those obtained by the Raman method. Moreover the retrieved mean values of the lidar ratios and color ratios are in agreement with those reported by other authors.     

一种无需定标的地基激光雷达气溶胶消光系数精确反演方法

如何对低云下雾霾的激光雷达探测数据进行准确定标,一直是米散射激光雷达数据反演中一个有待解决的问题.对于低云和雾霾同时出现的天气,激光很难穿透云层,不能利用大气清洁层对激光雷达信号定标.而对于探测高度小于6 km的便携式米散射激光雷达,由于探测高度较低,也很难利用大气清洁层对激光雷达数据进行定标.本文根据Fernald前向积分方程的特点,提出了一种气溶胶消光系数迭代算法.通过对反演过程进行特定设置,每经过一次迭代,利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法得到的气溶胶消光系数反演值与其真实值之间的差值就会相应减小.经过几次迭代后,气溶胶消光系数反演值与真实值之间的差值就会小到可以忽略不计.初步反演结果表明:利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法,无需对激光雷达探测数据定标就能精确反演出气溶胶消光系数廓线.     

Algorithms to retrieve optical properties of three component aerosols from two-wavelength backscatter and one-wavelength polarization lidar measurements considering nonsphericity of dust

We developed backward and forward types of algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of extinction coefficients at 532 nm for three component aerosols (water-soluble, dust, and sea salt) using three-channel Mie-scattering lidar data of the backscatter (β) at 532 and 1064 nm and the depolarization ratio (δ) at 532 nm. While the water-soluble and sea-salt particles were reasonably assumed to be spherical, the dust particles were treated as randomly oriented spheroids to account for their nonsphericity. The introduction of spheroid models enabled us to more effectively use the three-channel data (i.e., 2β+1δ data) and to reduce the uncertainties caused by the assumption of spherical dust particles in our previously developed algorithms. We also performed an extensive sensitivity study to estimate retrieval errors, which showed that the errors in the extinction coefficient for each aerosol component were smaller than 30% (60%) for the backward (forward) algorithm when the measurement errors were ±5%. We demonstrated the ability of the algorithms to partition aerosol layers consisting of three aerosol components by applying them to shipborne lidar data. Comparisons with sky radiometer measurements revealed that the retrieved optical thickness and angstrom exponent of aerosols using the algorithms developed in this paper agreed well with the sky radiometer measurements (within 6%).     

Effective lidar ratios of dense dust layers over North Africa derived from the CALIOP measurements

Lidar ratio (i.e., extinction-to-backscatter ratio) is a key parameter required for retrieving extinction profiles and optical depths from elastic backscatter lidar measurements, and the quality of any extinction retrieval depends critically on the accuracy of the assumed or measured lidar ratio. In this study, we analyze the first two and a half years of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) data acquired during nighttime. Distributions of the effective lidar ratio (ELR), which is the product of the lidar ratio and an instrument-dependent multiple scattering factor, are derived for opaque dust layers observed by CALIOP over the North Africa. The median and mean ELR values are, respectively, 36.4 and 38.5 sr at 532 nm and 47.7 and 50.3 sr at 1064 nm. For these opaque dust layers, the derived ELR decreases as the volume depolarization ratio (VDR) increases, reflecting the impact of multiple scattering within the dense layers. The particulate depolarization ratio is typically ∼0.3 at 532 nm for African dust observed by CALIOP. This ratio can increase to ∼0.4 in the presence of significant multiple scattering. Correspondingly, the calculated ELR will decrease to ∼20 sr at 532 nm and to ∼30 sr at 1064 nm. The median and mean effective lidar ratio values approach, respectively, to 38 and 40 sr at 532 nm and 52 and 55 sr at 1064 nm for smaller VDR values measured in less dense layers where the multiple scattering is relatively insignificant. These values are very close to those derived in previous case studies for moderately dense dust. Case studies are also performed to examine the impacts of multiple scattering. The results obtained are generally consistent with Monte-Carlo simulations.     

Suggestion for qualitative lidar identification of different types of aerosol using the two-wavelength rotational Raman and elastic lidar

Aerosols are important parameters in the meteorological and environmental fields, and remote aerosol identification is extremely desirable. We have proposed and designed a two-wavelength (355 and 532 nm) rotational Raman and elastic lidar that can measure the wavelength dependence of the aerosol backscattering coefficient without any assumptions about the Angstr?m coefficient or the overlapping function from low (100 m) to high (10 km) altitude, depending on the weather conditions. We have measured the differences in the backscattering ratios (BRs) among a cloud, aerosol in the boundary layer, and Asian dust. The ratio of the aerosol backscattering coefficients between two wavelengths is a fingerprint of an aerosol, which is similar to the Angstr?m coefficient. The BR value for a typical aerosol ranged from 0.56 to 0.4 in the boundary layer and from 0.5 to 0.1 for Asian dust. The BR value of water droplet was not unique but was spread over a wide range because of its size distributions.     

生物战剂气溶胶激光雷达遥测技术研究

基于激光诱导荧光（LIF）原理和弹性散射作用于非球形粒子上形成的偏振特性,设计并研制由3个激光波长、2个接收望远镜、退偏组件和荧光光谱仪等组成的生物战剂/气溶胶Mie散射、荧光和偏振激光雷达。退偏比的水平测量结果表明:1） 退偏比表现出较强的波长依赖性;2） 多波长退偏比测量可以显著提高生物战剂的鉴别能力。退偏比的垂直测量结果表明:气溶胶在边界层内总体上维持在较低的水平,在温湿压风等气象条件和光生化条件的作用下,对流层底层空变化明显,在部分云团处,退偏振比可达0.3;气溶胶的Mie散射时空分布表明,355 nm波长的测云能力在激光出射能量相当时较532 nm强。     

Sensitivity of depolarized lidar signals to cloud and aerosol particle properties

Measurements from depolarized lidars provide a promising method to retrieve both cloud and aerosol properties and a versatile complement to passive satellite-based sensors. For lidar observations of clouds and aerosols, multiple scattering plays an important role in the scattering process. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of lidar backscattering depolarization to cloud and aerosol properties. Lidar parameters are chosen to be similar to those of the upcoming space-based CALIPSO lidar. Cases are considered that consist of a single cloud or aerosol layer, as well as a case in which cirrus clouds overlay different types of aerosols. It is demonstrated that besides thermodynamic cloud phase, the depolarized lidar signal may provide additional information on ice or aerosol particle shapes. However, our results show little sensitivity to ice or aerosol particle sizes. Additionally, for the case of multiple but overlapping layers involving both clouds and aerosols, the depolarized lidar contains information that can help identify the particle properties of each layer.