利用双色啁啾激光场产生超短的单个阿秒脉冲

数值研究了氦原子在两束啁啾激光场形成的组合场驱动下所发射高次谐波的特点.计算结果表明,当两束啁啾激光场的形式为δi(t)=-βiωit2/T (i=1,2)并且啁啾参数分别为β1=0.3和β2=0.6时,高次谐波谱的平台区域能得到很大的扩展,随后通过激光场强度以及相位的优化,谐波截至能量延伸到了812eV.最后通过叠加谐波次数从160次到210次,210次到260次,260次到310次,可获得一系列脉宽为33as的单个阿秒脉冲.     

利用双色啁啾激光场产生超短的单个阿秒脉冲

数值研究了氦原子在两束啁啾激光场形成的组合场驱动下所发射高次谐波的特点.计算结果表明,当两束啁啾激光场的形式为δi(t)=-βiωit2/T(i=1,2)并且啁啾参数分别为β1=0.3和β2=0.6时,高次谐波谱的平台区域能得到很大的扩展,随后通过激光场强度以及相位的优化,谐波截至能量延伸到了812 e V.最后通过叠加谐波次数从160次到210次,210次到260次,260次到310次,可获得一系列脉宽为33 as的单个阿秒脉冲.     

双色场驱动不对称分子产生超短X射线光源

数值研究了不对称分子He H2+在两束激光场形成的组合驱动场下发射高次谐波以及阿秒脉冲的特点.为了有效的展宽谐波的截止能量,基频场选择为5fs/800nm的啁啾激光场.计算结果表明,当啁啾参数和分子核间距分别选择为β=0.4和R=8.0a.u.时,不仅谐波波谱变得非常平滑而且其截止能量得到了有效的展宽.随后通过加入并且优化第二束控制激光场,谐波截止能量得到了进一步的展宽,形成了一个600e V的超平滑连续区.最后分别叠加280次到330次和330次到380次谐波可获得脉宽为78as的两个孤立阿秒X射线光源.     

啁啾激光与半周期脉冲形成的组合场驱动原子产生单个阿秒脉冲

提出了由波长为800 nm、脉冲宽度为5 fs的啁啾激光与半周期脉冲形成组合场,并利用这种组合场驱动一维模型氦原子获得单个阿秒脉冲. 通过数值求解一维氦原子的含时薛定谔方程,发现氦原子在组合场驱动下高次谐波谱的截止位置可以扩展到I_p+21.6U_p. 对第二平台区域不同范围内高次谐波的叠加都能得到单个阿秒脉冲,最短可达37 as,特别是对平台区域的前端进行叠加不仅能够得到较短的单个阿秒脉冲,而且与截止位置附近高次谐波构造的阿秒脉冲相比,强度提高了3个数量级. 关键词： 啁啾激光场 半周期脉冲 高次谐波 阿秒脉冲     

氦原子在啁啾激光与中红外组合场中产生的单个阿秒脉冲

通过Crank Nicolson方法数值求解一维氦原子的含时Schrdinger方程,研究了啁啾激光与中红外激光形成组合场驱动氦原子发射高次谐波的特点.研究结果表明,在组合场驱动下,高次谐波平台区能得到很大的扩展,其截至位置得到大幅度扩展,对平台区不同阶次范围的高次谐波进行叠加均能得到单个的阿秒脉冲,最短可实现46 as的单个脉冲输出,经分析发现,中红外场的加入,不仅使高次谐波的平台得到扩展,而且提高了平台区前端的谐波强度.通过经典计算和对电离几率特点的讨论,解释了发生这种现象的原因.     

相位—啁啾调控对高次谐波光谱的影响

理论研究了在激光相位和啁啾调控共同影响下高次谐波光谱的变化。结果表明：当激光相位为0时,一阶啁啾调控使谐波能量延伸。二阶啁啾调控会呈现高强度谐波平台区。当激光相位为0.5π时,一阶啁啾调控可以获得连续平台区,但是强度较弱。在二阶啁啾调控下,谐波能量得到明显增大。通过谐波时频分析给出了不同激光波形下产生高次谐波光谱的原因。     

利用正交偏振双色场产生孤立阿秒脉冲

利用强场近似理论开展了正交偏振双色场与氦原子相互作用产生高次谐波和阿秒脉冲的理论研究。正交偏振双色场由少周期的4 fs钛宝石驱动脉冲激光和与它偏振方向垂直的8 fs倍频控制脉冲构成。研究发现,通过合理选择两束脉冲之间的相对相位,能够控制高次谐波发射过程中长、短电子轨道的选择。当相对相位调整为1.2π时,平台谐波主要来自短轨道电子的贡献,由于其运动时间短、波包扩散少,且没有与长轨道电子谐波产生干涉,沿驱动脉冲电场方向的高次谐波谱具有较高强度和较小调制幅度的超连续平台区,通过对第120次到第180次超连续谐波进行傅里叶变换,可产生脉宽为54 as的高强度孤立阿秒脉冲。所提方案对组合脉冲相对相位的选取要求并不严苛,在0.3π的变化范围内皆可获得脉宽较短的孤立阿秒脉冲,同时控制脉冲电场强度的变化对上述数值模拟结果的影响也很小。     

正交偏振双色激光场作用下生成的孤立阿秒脉冲

我们理论研究了正交偏振双色激光场作用下的高次谐波发射和孤立阿秒脉冲的产生.当y方向加一束中红外激光脉冲(12.5 fs/2000 nm),x方向加一束强度较弱的激光脉冲(12 fs/800 nm)时,我们得到从250 eV到350 eV的超连续谐波平台,在平台范围内叠加50 eV的谐波,可以得到一个脉宽约为97as的孤立阿秒脉冲. 通过时频分析,我们解释了高次谐波发射的物理机制.     

脉冲啁啾对于阿秒脉冲的影响

采用单电子近似和软核势模型, 通过数值求解一维含时薛定谔方程, 理论研究了当脉冲分别带有正、负啁啾的情况下所产生的阿秒脉冲.分析了不同脉冲啁啾特性对阿秒脉冲的强度和宽度的影响. 研究结果表明, 无论是正啁啾还是负啁啾, 随着啁啾量的增加, 都将使激光脉冲由产生单个阿秒脉冲趋向于产生阿秒脉冲链. 正啁啾和负啁啾对于阿秒脉冲宽度的影响是不同的, 负啁啾对于阿秒脉冲宽度影响很小, 适当的负啁啾有利于缩小阿秒脉冲的宽度; 而正啁啾脉冲产生的阿秒脉冲较无啁啾时展宽, 且随着啁啾量的增加, 其阿秒脉冲宽度迅速增大.     

双色中红外激光场延迟及相位调控产生水窗区间光子

理论研究了双色中红外激光场时间延迟及相位对高次谐波光谱的影响.结果表明：当激光延迟为-1.0 fs,激光相位为0.2π和0时,谐波截止能量可以得到有效延伸,并且获得一个超宽水窗区间谐波连续平台区.此外,谐波光谱的延伸与控制场波长关系不大,即,在上述激光延迟和相位下,控制场波长在2300 nm到2700 nm区间时都可获得水窗区谐波光谱.最后,叠加光谱连续区的谐波可获得35 as的水窗区孤立阿秒脉冲.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.