三部门封闭经济系统资源配置的动态优化模型

通过建立一个三部门的封闭经济系统的资源配置动态优化模型,在理论上分析及证明,通过提高劳动力的素质及技能,劳动力可以从补偿劳动力再生产的生产部门向最终产品的生产部门及资本性资源的生产部门流动,使资本性资源增加生产,增量配置到其它生产部门,从而在保证劳动力再生产产品能满足需要的同时,激发整体经济的成长.最后运用数据分析方法对以上原理及模型进行了验证     

Optimal control policies for resource allocation in an activity network

In the paper a class of project-scheduling problems concerning the allocation of continuously divisible resources is considered. It is assumed that performing speeds of activities are continuous functions of the resource amount, and that the initial and terminal states of activities are known. For such mathematical models of project activities the problem of time-optimal resource allocation under instantaneous and integral constrains on a resource, and the problem of cost-optimal resource allocation with fixed project duration are formulated and a general solution concept is proposed. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution in particular cases are derived and properties of optimal schedules are given. The control policies for resource allocation are constructed for the example of the cost-optimal problem.     

基于随机动态规划的有限库存ATO系统优化控制

本文研究n维组件单一产品,有限库存的ATO系统。通过建立马尔可夫决策过程模型(MDP),构造优化算法,研究组件生产与库存的最优控制策略。最优策路可以表示为状态依赖型库存阈值,系统内任一组件的控制策略受其它组件库存状态的影响。利用最优控制理论动态规划方法和数值计算方法对最优控制策略的存在性、最优值的数值计算进行研究,建立更符合实际生产的ATO系统决策模型,进行相应的理论和实验验证,研究系统参数对最优策略的影响。     

Resource allocation in dynamic PERT networks with finite capacity

This article models the resource allocation problem in dynamic PERT networks with finite capacity of concurrent projects (COnstant Number of Projects In Process (CONPIP)), where activity durations are independent random variables with exponential distributions, and the new projects are generated according to a Poisson process. The system is represented as a queuing network with finite concurrent projects, where each activity of a project is performed at a devoted service station with one server located in a node of the network. For modeling dynamic PERT networks with CONPIP, we first convert the network of queues into a stochastic network. Then, by constructing a proper finite-state continuous-time Markov model, a system of differential equations is created to solve and find the completion time distribution for any particular project. Finally, we propose a multi-objective model with three conflict objectives to optimally control the resources allocated to the servers, and apply the goal attainment method to solve a discrete-time approximation of the original multi-objective problem.     

Optimization analysis for design and planning of multi-project programs

Program management concerns the long term planning, coordination, and control of major technological, engineering, scientific, and/or developmental activities. In general, programs tend to be exceptionally large, consisting of several parallel or sequential projects or groups of projects. While a large number of modeling efforts have focused at the project level, this paper looks at the application of optimization techniques to the initial design and development of multi-project programs. The classic work breakdown structure (WBS) is used as a framework to provide an aggregate model to investigate the effects of funding levels, resource allocation, and program, project, and component durations. Decomposition, sensitivity analysis, and parametric programming are utilized to provide the decision maker detailed information for establishing program parameters, conditions, and bounds.     

Dynastic cycle: a generic structure describing resource allocation in political economies,markets and firms

A generic system embodies basic principles and insights that are common to a set of diverse cases and situations. This paper presents a new generic system that we name the dynastic cycle structure. It is based on a stylized model of events from the Chinese history. The model describes resource allocation between social, asocial and control uses in political economies, markets and firms that experience cyclical behaviour and homeostasis symbolizing low levels of performance. Numerical simulations with the model are used to understand the internal dynamics and to test several policy scenarios.     

项目鲁棒调度的资源分配启发式算法研究

合理的资源配置是提高项目调度鲁棒性一种有效的方法。本文针对项目鲁棒调度问题,提出了Max-PRUA资源分配启发式算法,以期通过生成鲁棒性高的资源分配方案来提高调度计划的鲁棒性。本算法设计了最大化利用优先关系和不可避免弧传递资源的资源分配两项策略来传递最大资源量,以减少由额外约束传递的资源量,降低对项目调度鲁棒性的影响。为寻优最优资源分配方案,配合局部搜索算法,本算法构建了动态活动组GRA,通过对组内活动顺序重排以生成多种资源分配方案,以利于从解空间中寻优出最佳的鲁棒性方案。最后通过大量的仿真实验验证和与其它算法进行比较,结果表明本算法对于不同规模和不同因素影响的项目均有较好的适应性,生成的资源分配方案对调度计划鲁棒性影响较小,是一种有效的算法。     

Dynamic monitoring and control of software project effort based on an effort buffer

The improvement to the monitoring and control efficiency of software project effort is a challenge for project management research. We propose to overcome this challenge through the use of a model for the buffer determination and monitoring of software project effort. This software project effort buffer was originally determined on the basis of a risk management factor analysis with total consideration for project managers’ risk preference. The effort buffer was next allocated to different stages according to the buffer allocation cardinal. An effort deviation monitoring and control model was then established based on the grey prediction model, including the establishment of a deviation monitoring and control model, a simulation test of the accuracy and the deviation prediction algorithm flow chart. The method system was eventually applied to an actual project and compared with the actual project data. The results show that the relative error test accuracy of the proposed model is qualified according to the test standard of the grey model, signifying that it could be used for the prediction of effort deviation and decision-making. The proposed model could use the dynamic control system to monitor and control software project effort in an effective manner.     

Analysis of supplier buyer relationships using resource constrained project scheduling strategies

Many studies in the product development literature discuss the benefits of partnering with suppliers. In these partnership relations buyers and suppliers establish long term, co-operative relationships during Product Development Projects (PDP) in order to reduce product development time and improve project performance. Traditional contractual approaches, on the other hand, where buyers work independently of suppliers and lack control over suppliers' resources, are commonly blamed for delays in the development time. This study constitutes of an initial effort to model and investigate these relationships analytically. The impact of scheduling strategies, the number of suppliers, and resource availability on PDP completion time is evaluated under contractual or partnership arrangement. Contractual relationships seem to provide a good or even better development times than the ones provided by the partnership approach.     

Discrete allocation of a linear resource according to a sum-of-products objective

The allocation of a linear resource according to the sum of the returns from independent activities is considered. The return from each activity is given by a product of concave and nondecreasing functions of a single allocation variable. The model can be used, for instance, to describe probabilities of success of several serial tasks, into which an activity is subdivided. An incremental algorithm is defined and conditions are given for the algorithm to generate an optimal solution; otherwise, the problem is solved by a two-step procedure involving the incremental maximization of the return corresponding to a single activity and the combination of the activities by dynamic programming. Examples are given of problems solvable and not solvable by the incremental algorithm.     

基于多期有限理性的可再生资源寡头博弈模型与分析

本文讨论多期有限理性条件下可再生资源开发的寡头博弈模型。在每个经济时期以实现多个相邻时期的总贴现利润最大化为目的而得到双寡头决策者资源开发的最优策略组合,并以各期最优策略组合构建资源开发决策的动力系统。通过对系统的动力学分析,讨论了系统中各参数对系统的稳定性与稳定状态的作用与影响,并给出了相应的经济解释。分析了反馈控制系统的稳定性。最后通过对系统的数值模拟,分析了各参数的取值变化与系统稳定速度之间的关系。本文通过系统的稳定性分析获得的主要结论是,资源市场竞争的稳定与可持续发展与决策者注重后期经济利益的决策理性密切相关。     

The effect of environmental parameters on product recovery

Economical and environmental issues are the main driving forces for the development of closed-loop supply chains. This paper examines the impact of environmental issues on long-term behaviour of a single product supply chain with product recovery. The environmental issues examined are the firm's `green image' effect on customer demand, the take back obligation imposed by legislation, and the state campaigns for proper disposal of used products. The behaviour of the system is analyzed through a dynamic simulation model based on the principles of the system dynamics (SD) methodology. This model includes all major inventories of new, used and recovered products and the flows among them. Inventory levels and flow rates are linked through differential equations. The dynamic model provides an experimental simulation tool, which can be used to evaluate the effect of environmental issues on long-term decision making in collection and remanufacturing activities and on product demand. Numerical analysis illustrates the potential uses of the methodology.     

Two Approaches to Problems of Resource Allocation Among Project Activities — A Comparative Study

The paper deals with a class of problems of resource allocation among project activities, where the resource requirements of each activity concern numbers of resource units from given finite sets for particular resource types. Three categories of constrained resources are considered in a general model: renewable (only total usage at every moment is constrained), non-renewable (only total consumption over the period of project duration is constrained) and doubly-constrained (both usage and consumption are constrained). For every feasible combination of resource amounts, the performing time of each activity is known. Time and cost criteria are considered for project performance evaluation. For solving these problems, two general approaches using linear programming in specific ways are described. These approaches are different in nature, the difference being reflected in the range of problems solved by them and in their computational properties. This is shown by an extensive comparison of both approaches. This comparison also characterizes the state-of-the-art across the problems and points out desirable directions for further research.     

Multiobjective network scheduling with efficient use of renewable and nonrenewable resources

The paper deals with the allocation of different categories of resources in a network project under multiple conflicting criteria including project duration or maximum lateness, and several cost criteria. The resource requirements of the splittable activities are assumed to be discrete, i.e., assuming arbitrary values from given finite sets for particular resource types and categories. Two approaches for solving the problem, using multiobjective linear programming in specific ways, are described. Reduction of the number of activity preemptions, as a secondary project performance measure, is considered.     

Managing variances in manufacturing system design

The goal of this paper is to investigate how uncertainties in demand and production should be incorporated into manufacturing system design problems. We examine two problems in manufacturing system design: the resource allocation problem and the product grouping problem. In the resource allocation problem, we consider the issue of how to cope with uncertainties when we utilize two types of resources: actual processing capacity and stored capacity (inventory). A closed form solution of the optimal allocation scheme for each type of capacity is developed, and its performance is compared to that of the conventional scheme where capacity allocation and inventory control decisions are made sequentially. In the product grouping problem, we consider the issue of how we design production lines when each line is dedicated to a certain set of products. We formulate a mathematical program in which we simultaneously determine the number of production lines and the composition of each line. Two heuristics are developed for the problem.     

质量文化传播与工程管理行为耦合演化的系统动力学模型研究

为了研究质量文化建设与工程管理行为以及工程绩效的耦合演化规律,对大型工程中的质量文化建设的动态特性进行了分析,运用系统动力学构建了包括质量文化传播、工作流程、人员调配以及进度压力这四个主要模块相互整合的大型工程耦合演化系统模型。系统仿真的结果表明一些管理行为因忽视了其引发的涟漪效应,导致了质量文化建设和工程建设的失败,而该模型考虑了大型工程存在的返工回路等多种动态反馈,能够帮助工程管理者理解质量文化建设存在的动态复杂性。     

Tracking models and the optimal regret distribution in asset allocation

We present a tracking model for asset allocation that tracks desired investment goals. The model is shown to be optimal with respect to an investor's ‘regret distribution’, the cumulative distribution of the difference between the revenue under perfect foresight and that possible without foresight. Relationships with Markowitz mean/variance models are also explored.     

Multiple-Project Scheduling with Controllable Project Duration and Hard Resource Constraint: Some Solvable Cases

In many large-scale project scheduling problems, multiple projects are either taking place at the same time or scheduled into a tight sequence in order to efficiently share a common resource. One example of this is the computing resource allocation at an Application Service Provider (ASP) which provides data processing services for multiple paying customers. Typical services provided by ASPs are data mining, payroll processing, internet-based storage backup services and Customer Relation Management (CRM) services. The processing mode of an ASP can be either batch or concurrent, depending on the type service rendered. For example, for CPU intensive or long processing time required services, it would be more economical to processes one customer request at a time in order to minimize the context switching overhead. While the data transaction processes within a service request are subject to certain precedence relationships, the requests from different customers to an ASP are independent of each other, and the total time required to process a service request depends on the computing resource allocated to that request. The related issue of achieving an optimal use of resources at ASPs leads to problem of project scheduling with controllable project duration.In this paper, we present efficient algorithms for solving several special cases of such multi-project scheduling problems with controllable project duration and hard resource constraints. Two types of problems are considered. In type I, the duration of each project includes a constant and a term that is inversely proportional to the amount of resource allocated. In type II, the duration of each individual project is a continuous decreasing function of the amount of resource allocated.     

对象标识统一化程度影响物流资源整合的系统动力学分析

为了分析对象标识统一化程度对物流资源整合的影响,提出利用系统动力学理论建立反馈模型。采用2002年以来国家统计局和《中国现代物流发展报告》的数据,设计模型变量,并进行回归,以确定变量关系方程式。在该模型中采用物流资源利用率、企业间合作比例、物流行业总收益作为衡量物流资源整合水平的指标,运用Vensim仿真对象标识统一化程度与三者之间的相互影响。模拟结果显示对象标识统一化程度对物流资源利用率、企业间合作比例和物流行业总收益均有正向影响。该研究表明提升对象标识统一化程度可以有效提高企业间的沟通,促进物流资源整合水平的提高,实现物流产业对经济增长的可持续拉动作用。     

System dynamics simulation model for assessing socio-economic impacts of different levels of environmental flow allocation in the Weihe River Basin,China

This study develops a complex system dynamics model (SD) reflecting interactions between water resources, Environmental Flow (EF) and socio-economy using SD software package “Vensim PLE”. The proposed model is employed to assess socio-economic impacts of different levels of EF allocation in the Weihe River Basin of China. Four alternative socio-economic growth patterns and four EF allocation schemes are designed to simulate those impacts. The results reveal that developed SD model performance well in reflecting the dynamic behavior of the system in the current study area. In the meanwhile, an optimal growth pattern considering both socio-economic growth and EF requirements are also found by comparing the different scenario simulation results.