基于二层信用策略的两货栈库存模型

假设供应商向零售商提供信用支付期的同时,零售商也向顾客提供信用支付期,研究了两货栈的变质物品库存模型,并讨论了模型最优解的唯一性,最后给出了最优订购策略的算法步骤与数值例子.     

基于信用支付和现金折扣的变质物品库存模型

本文在供应商提供给零售商定期信用支付和现金折扣情况下,研究了零售商的变质物品最优库存问题。基于信用支付和现金折扣的两种支付条件下,分四种情况建立库存模型,并给出了寻求变质物品最优订购周期和最优付款时间的有效算法。最后,给出算例以及最优解,以说明本模型及求解过程。     

三层供应链上需求信息不对称下Newsboy型协作问题

本文主要研究单产品在单周期内由供应商、制造商、零售商组成的三层供应链上的协作订购问题,即在随机需求下供应商、制造商、零售商以利润最大化为目的的最优协作订购问题。在需求信息不对称下,零售商充分了解需求信息。在协作订购时面临四种策略,给出了在这四种策略下的四种利润模型及零售商在这四种策略下的最优订购量并比较它们的大小,最后通过需求服从正态分布的实例验证了供应商一制造商一零售商在采用数量折扣和返回措施三者完全合作时供应链上的利润最大。     

供应中断下零售商的最优定价和最优分批订购策略

考虑了由两个可靠性不同的供应商,一个零售商和一个竞争零售商组成的供应链系统,研究了以双垄断市场为背景,在供应中断条件下,建立了零售商的最优定价模型,给出了最优销售价格和分批订购策略.最后通过数值算例就零售商和竞争零售商价格对竞争零售商的采购成本在不中断和中断情形下做了比较.     

基于商业信用和回购契约的供应链最优化策略研究

本文考虑由单一供应商和零售商组成的供应链系统,当供应商为零售商提供回购契约,同时零售商又为下游顾客提供商业信用契约时,供应商如何设计回购契约来有效协调整个供应链,以及零售商又如何借助回购和商业信用契约来做出自身最优订货策略问题,并建立了相应的决策模型。通过模型分析,给出了供应商和零售商在四种情形下的最优契约设计参数,以及零售商的最优订货决策。研究发现,当满足一定的参数范围时,供应链中两主体同时采用协调契约能够更加有效地增加整个供应链中的订货量和利润,为各主体创造更多新的价值。最后,本文结合数值例子,分析了模型参数变化对最优订货策略和各主体利润的影响。     

商业信用额度下易腐品最优订货策略

运作实践中,供应商不仅会给予零售商延期付款待遇以刺激其订购量,同时也会为信用期内零售商的应付账款设置上限值(即商业信用额度),从而规避零售商的应付账款对其造成的资金机会成本和违约风险。鉴于此,本文基于商业信用额度构建了零售商关于易腐品的订购决策模型。通过分析零售商资金机会成本的不同形式,可以得到零售商关于易腐品五种不同的成本函数表达式。结合数学证明可以得到零售商五种目标函数的性质,以及在商业信用额度条款下零售商最优的订购决策。算例表明供应商可以通过设置一个合理的商业信用额度条款将零售商的订购量和信用期内的应付账款控制在一个合适范围。同时商业信用额度条款有助于缓解供应商的营运资金压力,但会在一定程度上增加零售商的运营成本。     

信用支付下基于收益共享契约的网购供应链协调策略研究

信用支付在网购交易中成为了日益重要的支付方式,考虑网络零售商能否在规定的免息期内支付货款两种情形,针对实际延迟支付时间影响网络零售商订货量问题,建立当网络零售商面临不确定的市场需求时的网购供应链决策模型,运用逆向归纳法分析供应商、网络零售商对相关参数的决策并设计收益共享契约实现网购供应链的协调。结果表明:网络零售商的订购量不会随着网络零售商实际支付时间的无限延长而持续增加,只有在供应商规定的免息期内,信用支付策略才会对订购量具有激励作用;两种情形下只要收益共享系数满足一定条件都能够实现网购供应链的协调。最后利用数值算例对上述结论进行了验证。     

需求依赖于展示区库存水平的易腐品订购和转运策略

本文主要研究易腐品零售商的订货和转运策略。零售商的库存分为两部分,即展示区/货架库存和仓库库存。零售商定期向供应商订货,零售商收到订购的商品首先将其中一部分商品存放在展示区中,余下的部分储存在仓库。展示区的空间是有限的,并且需求依赖于展示区商品的库存量。本文首先建立了以平均利润最大化为目标的库存优化模型并对模型最优解的存在性进行了分析,然后得到了求解最优订购量、转运量、转运时间间隔以及再订购点的算法,最后给出了不同参数条件下的算例。     

基于商业信用的收入共享契约与供应链协调

在一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链中,由于供应商向零售商提供商业信用,订货量和资金占用的变化会影响供应商与零售商各自的利润.为了确定公平合理的收益分配机制,建立了随机需求下基于商业信用的收入共享契约协调模型,分析了商业信用条件下收入共享机制在实现收益的合理分配与改进供应链整体运作绩效方面的作用,推导出实现分散供应链协调的最优契约参数.最后通过数值算例说明了所得结论.     

随机需求下供应链商业信用契约协调

研究一个供应商和一个零售商构成的两级供应链面对随机需求时的商业信用契约协调问题。通过分析商业信用对供应商与零售商各自目标利润及供应链的总利润的影响,建立了商业信用契约协调模型,推导了最优信用期和最优订货量,指出通过信用策略可以使双方实现对利润的合理分配与协调。最后通过数值算例说明了所得结论。     

Seller’s optimal credit period and replenishment time in a supply chain with up-stream and down-stream trade credits

In practice, a supplier often offers its retailers a permissible delay period M to settle their unpaid accounts. Likewise, a retailer in turn offers another trade credit period N to its customers. The benefits of trade credit are not only to attract new buyers who consider it a type of price reduction, but also to provide a competitive strategy other than introduce permanent price reductions. On the other hand, the policy of granting credit terms adds an additional cost to the seller as well as an additional dimension of default risk. In this paper, we first incorporate the fact that trade credit has a positive impact on demand but negative impacts on costs and default risks to establish an economic order quantity model for the seller in a supply chain with up-stream and down-stream trade credits. Then we derive the necessary and sufficient conditions to obtain the optimal replenishment time and credit period for the seller. Finally, we use some numerical examples to illustrate the theoretical results.     

A particle swarm optimization for solving lot-sizing problem with fluctuating demand and preservation technology cost under trade credit

In this paper, we consider the effect of preservation technology cost investing on preservation equipment for reducing deterioration rate under two-level trade credit. The preservation technology cost is allowed for periodical upward or downward adjustments due to the time varying demand and the strategy of trade credit within the planning horizon. We establish a deterministic economic order quantity model for a retailer to determine his/her optimal preservation technology cost per replenishment cycle, the trade credit policies, the replenishment number and replenishment schedule that will maximize the present value of total profit. A particle swarm optimization with constriction factor is coded and used to solve the mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem by employing the properties derived from this paper. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the features of the proposed model.     

Inventory management under date-terms supplier trade credit with stochastic demand and leadtime

Executives and academics alike are expressing increasing interest in supplier trade credit. We consider a form of credit known as ‘date-terms’ where the credit period extends to a specified date in the month following the invoice. We extend published research to consider both demand and supply uncertainty, employing a gamma distribution to model demand during the leadtime and reorder period. Taking an applied perspective, we evaluate four heuristics against an optimal solution for the case where pragmatic restrictions are placed on the reorder period. We evaluate how the reorder period and the performance of heuristics are affected by various environmental parameters (based on industrial data) and comment on the ramifications of this form of trade credit.     

Retailer’s optimal replenishment and payment policies in the EPQ model under cash discount and two-level trade credit policy

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the retailer’s optimal cycle time and optimal payment time under the supplier’s cash discount and trade credit policy within the economic production quantity (EPQ) framework. In this paper, we assume that the retailer will provide a full trade credit to his/her good credit customers and request his/her bad credit customers pay for the items as soon as receiving them. Under this assumption, we model the retailer’s inventory system as a cost minimization problem to determine the retailer’s optimal inventory cycle time and optimal payment time under the replenishment rate is finite. Then, an algorithm is established to obtain the optimal strategy. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results and obtain some managerial phenomena.     

Two-phase pricing and inventory management for deteriorating and fashion goods under trade credit

This study models a finite horizon inventory problem for deteriorating and fashion goods under trade credit and partial backlogging conditions. Demand may vary with price or time. The supplier can extend credit to the retailer. As a result, the retailer does not have to pay for goods immediately upon acquiring them, and can instead earn interest on the retail price of the goods between the time they are sold and the end of the credit period. The proposed model considers two-phase pricing and inventory decisions. In other words, it determines both the optimal prices and the lengths of the in-stock and stock-out period. This paper is the first to consider different price decisions for in-stock and stock-out periods under trade credit. We develop an algorithm to determine the optimal pricing and replenishment strategy while still maximizing the total profit. Further, this study shows that the proposed two-phase pricing strategy is superior to a one-phase pricing strategy in terms of profit maximization. Computational analysis illustrates the solution procedures and the impacts of the related parameters on decisions and profits. The results of this study can serve as references for business managers or administrators.     

基于随机市场需求的供应链融资模式研究

传统供应链融资模型大都在线性市场需求情形下分析零售商的商业信用、债权融资等内外部融资模式。本文同时了考虑零售商的股权融资、债权融资以及商业信用融资模式, 并引入随机市场需求因素, 针对一个供应商和两个具有资金约束零售商组成的两级供应链, 分析债权股权融资比例、商业信用等因素对零售商融资策略的影响, 并构建基于随机市场需求的融资模型;进一步, 利用数值示例和敏感性分析对此融资模型进行深入探讨。研究发现:当债权融资比例小于某临界值时, 零售商债权融资比例与订购量正相关, 反之债权融资比例与订购量负相关;对于一个服从均匀分布函数的随机市场需求而言, 若供应链采用外部融资模式, 那么随着其债权融资比例的增大, 利润将逐渐增加;若零售商采用商业信用融资模式, 那么其融资利率与利润负相关。相关研究结论对于供应链上中小企业融资模式的选择具有重要理论指导意义和实际引用价值。     

贸易信用交易下的保险投资策略研究

贸易信用融资被广泛应用于解决中小企业融资困境,而保险正成为解决贸易信用融资风险的重要手段。本文站在核心企业角度,探究贸易信用融资保险的运营策略,运用Stackelberg博弈分析方法分别建立并比较了贸易信用融资、贸易信用融资保险、资金约束无融资、资金充足四类优化模型,探究了博弈均衡下的最优运营决策,并分析了零售商初始资金、生产商风险态度等关键参数的影响。研究表明:融资不仅对供应链有利,还能同时实现生产商及零售商共赢;当生产商风险厌恶程度、保险市场竞争程度较高,零售商初始资金较低时,融资保险能够为生产商及供应链创造价值,否则生产商应当放弃投保。研究结论为工业界合理且高效开展贸易信用融资保险运营提供了策略指导和管理启示。     

Determination of the optimal ordering policy for the retailer with limited capitals when a supplier offers 2 levels of trade credit

In this article, we consider and investigate the cases when the retailer's capitals are restricted and when the supplier offers another kind of 2‐level trade credit. This means that the supplier offers 2‐level trade credit for the retailer to settle the account and the retailer's capitals are restricted, so the retailer decides to pay off the unpaid balance as follows: Firstly, the retailer decides to pay off the unpaid balance at the end of the first credit period if the retailer can pay off all accounts and, in addition, the retailer can use the sales revenue to earn interest throughout the replenishment cycle time. Secondly, the retailer decides to pay off all accounts either after the end of the first credit period, but before the second credit period, or after the second credit period if the retailer cannot pay off the unpaid balance at the end of the first credit period. Additionally, the delay will incur interest charges on the unpaid and overdue balance due to the difference between the interest earned and the interest charged. Consequently, the main purpose of this article is to characterize the optimal solution processes and (in accordance with the functional behavior of the cost function) to search for the optimal replenishment cycle time. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the theoretical results which are proven in this article by means of mathematical solution procedures.     

Trade credit competition between two retailers in a supply chain under credit-linked retail price and market demand

The paper considers a supply chain system in which the sole manufacturer supplies the same product to two retailers who compete in offering trade credit period to customers. Both the market demand and retail prices vary with the trade credit periods offered by the retailers. The manufacturer also provides a trade credit period to both the retailers to settle down their accounts. The net profit function of the supply chain is derived considering possible relationships among the trade credit periods offered by the manufacturer and the retailers and the time when each retailer receives the last payment from his customer. An algorithm is developed to find the optimal solution of the proposed model. From the numerical study, it is observed that a two-level trade credit financing can increase profits not only for the manufacturer and the retailers but also for the whole supply chain.     

Optimal trade credit and order quantity when trade credit impacts on both demand rate and default risk

In practice, to attract new buyers and to avoid lasting price competition, a seller frequently offers its buyers a permissible delay in payment (ie, trade credit). However, the policy of granting a permissible delay in payment adds an additional dimension of default risk to the seller. In contrast to previous researchers for finding optimal solutions to buyers, we first propose an economic order quantity model from the seller's prospective to determine its optimal trade credit and order quantity simultaneously. In addition, we incorporate the important and relevant fact that trade credit has a positive impact on demand rate but a negative impact on receiving the buyer's debt obligations. Then the necessary and sufficient conditions to obtain the seller's optimal trade credit and order quantity are derived. An algorithm to determine the seller's optimal trade credit is also proposed. Finally, we use some numerical examples to illustrate the theoretical results and to provide some managerial insights.