市场与规制双重不确定下企业环境投资行为选择

通过主体适应性规则构建企业环境投资行为模型,从政府环境规制和市场波动等方面刻画企业环境投资决策面临的不确定性,基于计算实验方法探寻企业在基准、震荡、上涨与下跌等4种情景下的环境投资行为规律。研究发现:政府规制强度越强,企业环境投资越充分,但投资偏差现象越明显。在震荡情景中,企业的环境投资行为表现出非理性状态,在上涨情景中,企业环境投资表现出过度反应。当市场产品价格波动处在单边行情,政府可以通过较为宽松的环境规制实现目标,而当市场产品价格处在震荡波动时,政府需要通过较为严格的环境规制刺激企业进行环境投资。企业的环境投资受到政府规制与市场信号的共同影响,政府的环境规制稳定的持续刺激并不会让企业盲目投资,但政府环境规制的频繁变动却会使企业无所适从。     

乡镇企业经营管理者环境意识的模糊AHP评价

根据模糊 AHP评价方法 ,从环境知识 ,环境政策 ,环境评价 ,正面环境行为 ,负面环境行为 5个原则对乡镇企业经营管理者的环境意识进行定量计算 ,可以较全面地评价其环境意识 .     

环境规制、环境研发与绿色技术进步

为鼓励和引导绿色技术发展,驱动预防性技术和处理性技术协同进步,有必要开发环境规制的绿色技术进步导向功能,并探究其传导机理。论文通过建立双寡头同时博弈模型对环境规制、环境研发与绿色技术进步进行关联分析。研究表明:环境研发是环境规制推动绿色技术进步的重要传导路径;环境补贴力度会显著影响环境规制政策组合的技术进步效果;绿色技术进步导向的环境规制的政策组合存在一个普适性较强的应用策略;环境税和环境补贴的规制政策组合能够有效增进社会福利,具体表现为通过污染预防技术和污染处理技术的协同进步带来的产量增加、生产成本减少、污染产生量减少以及污染处理量增加。     

A non-radial DEA approach to measuring environmental performance

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) has gained great popularity in environmental performance measurement because it can provide a synthetic standardized environmental performance index when pollutants are suitably incorporated into the traditional DEA framework. Past studies about the application of DEA to environmental performance measurement often follow the concept of radial efficiency measures. In this paper, we present a non-radial DEA approach to measuring environmental performance, which consists of a non-radial DEA-based model for multilateral environmental performance comparisons and a non-radial Malmquist environmental performance index for modeling the change of environmental performance over time. A case study of OECD countries using the proposed non-radial DEA approach is also presented. It is found that the environmental performance of OECD countries as a whole has been improved from 1995 to 1997.     

企业绿色创新行为的演化博弈分析——基于环保社会组织参与的视角

绿色创新是企业应对政府环境规制的有效方式, 而环保社会组织的参与监督和引导则是对政府环境规制效果的有力补充。本文通过构建企业、环保社会组织和政府三方演化博弈模型, 研究企业绿色创新行为演化过程中三方主体的互动机理。结果表明:增加环保社会组织直接参与监督的比例、环保社会组织对企业提供的绿色创新支持、对企业污染行为的震慑压力等因素均能影响演化结果。最后从政府、环保社会组织和企业自身角度给出推动企业绿色创新的政策建议。     

政府行为对制造企业绿色创新模式选择影响的演化博弈研究

为获取竞争优势,企业会根据政府环境规制对绿色创新模式做出合理选择。以企业产品具有可替代性、不同绿色创新模式资本投入具有差异性为前提,构建了政府绿色创新投入补贴与征收碳税对制造企业绿色创新模式选择影响的演化博弈模型,并对演化路径、稳定均衡策略及影响机理进行理论与数值仿真分析。研究结果表明:当政府行为下的企业通过突破式绿色创新获得的最低额外净收益为正值时,企业群体才会向全部选择突破式绿色创新模式的“理想状态”演化;绿色创新投入补贴与征收碳税均能提升企业开展突破式绿色创新活动的可能性,并能诱导企业加速向突破式绿色创新演化;征收碳税的激励作用较为显著,应将其控制在一定范围使其发挥最大促进作用。     

环境规制中地方政府与中央政府的演化博弈分析

针对环境规制中地方政府与中央政府之间的行为互动,从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了地方政府与中央政府的决策演化过程。通过建立地方政府与中央政府的非对称演化博弈模型,考察了环境规制中参与者的行为特征。根据复制动态方程得到了参与者的行为演化规律、分析了参与者的演化稳定策略及其影响因素。研究表明,环境规制系统的初始状态、地方政府的环境规制成本和环境规制收益、中央政府的监查成本以及中央政府对地方政府的处罚额都会影响地方政府与中央政府的演化稳定策略。降低中央政府的监查成本、加强中央政府对地方政府的监查力度和违规处罚力度,降低环境规制成本、提高环境规制收益,将有利于促使地方政府执行环境规制,从而达到改善环境质量的目的。     

装备制造业环境技术创新效率及其影响因素研究——基于DEA-Malmquist和Tobit的实证分析

运用2005~2011年中国装备制造业的面板数据,采用熵值法测度中国装备制造业的环境污染指数,应用DEA-Malmquist方法在考虑环境污染和能源消耗问题的基础上测度中国各类装备制造业环境技术创新效率,应用Tobit回归分析法对影响中国装备制造业环境技术创新效率的因素进行分析。研究结果表明:中国装备制造业的环境污染指数呈现下降—上升—下降的趋势;中国装备制造业的总体环境技术创新效率呈现先上升再下降的趋势,技术效率持续上升,技术退步是导致环境技术创新效率后期下降的原因;市场竞争、资本深化和外资引进对环境技术创新效率的提升具有显著的推动作用。     

Computation of air flows and motion of environmental pollutants over complex geographical topographies

Importance and applicability of numerical flow analysis to environmental science are outlined. Fluid phenomena in the ocean, rivers, atmosphere and the ground are investigated by means of numerical methods and in turn proposals for the control, restoration and counterplans against the so-called environmental disrupters which disorder natural environment as well as ecological systems in nature. All such environmental disrupters diffuse in and are transported by environmental fluids. Those disrupters sometimes react on some other chemicals to generate offensive odor and even more poisonous materials. Environmental fluid dynamics is effective for the evaluation, prediction and restoration of the environmental damage. In this paper we focus our attention on the dynamical analysis of the diffusion and advection processes of environmental disrupters in environmental fluids. The first objective is to make an attempt to formulate a mathematical model for environmental fluids. The second objective is to exhibit some results of numerical simulations of the motion of offensive odor or pollutants in the atmosphere over a complex geographical topography.     

Environmental tax policy,habit formation and nonlinear dynamics

In this paper, we study the impact of environmental tax policy on the dynamic property in an environment-growth model (John and Pecchenino 1994) [3]. We assume that the government levies consumption tax and uses the tax revenue to improve environmental quality. We show that the economic dynamics can be represented by a first-order difference equation in environmental quality when there is no habit formation of environmental quality. If agents have habit formation of environmental quality, the economic dynamics will be represented by a second-order difference equation in environmental quality. In both cases, chaotic and cyclical fluctuations may exist if agents’ preference towards environmental quality, the maintenance efficiency relative to degradation and the tax rate are sufficiently low. However, the economy undergoes transformation from complex dynamics to simple dynamics as the tax rate increases. Furthermore, in the presence of habit formation of environmental quality, an increase in the degree of habit formation lowers the possibility of complex dynamics.     

公众参与下中央与地方政府环保行为演化博弈研究

在公众参与背景下,构建有限理性条件下中央政府与地方政府的环境保护演化博弈模型,分析公众参与下双方环境保护策略选择。结果表明,中央政府严格监管的成本和收益、环保不作为对地方政府声誉的负面影响、地方环保投入和收益、被公众揭发的可能性等是影响双方行为的重要因素。中央监管收益的增加、成本的下降,有助于提高中央政府监管的积极性;地方不作为对地方声誉影响越大、收入分成越少,是提升地方政府努力的有效手段;公众的积极参与,是破解信息不对称,督促央-地政府采取积极环保措施的重要手段。最后,结合理论分析和实际,提出保障地方政府努力开展环保工作的措施。     

基于环境审计的节能减排规制模型

为考察环境审计在节能减排中的规制效果,本文设计了两个参与人三种情境下的博弈模型,(1)监管者介入公司环境审计报告、无条件处罚,(2)监管者不介入公司环境审计报告、无条件处罚,(3)监管者介入公司环境审计报告,有条件处罚。研究结果表明,审计报告的介入权为公司开展环境审计提供了正向激励;公司因努力改善环境而减轻处罚的有条件处罚机制增加了公司环境审计的倾向性。本文的研究发现为环境审计制度设计提供了理论基础。     

绿色发展与环境治理有效性的评价方法研究——两阶段非径向方向距离函数法

绿色发展已经成为我国经济社会发展的核心理念。本文从全要素的角度建立考核绿色发展与环境治理有效性的评估方法。该方法主要是将经济发展与环境治理看作相互关联的两阶段经济-环境治理系统,并基于两阶段非径向方向距离函数给出了绿色发展和环境治理有效性的数理概念和测算方法。遵循可解释、可解析和可形式表达三原则,构建全要素绩效指数和全要素节能减排指数用于度量绿色发展与环境治理的有效性。研究发现:两阶段经济-环境治理系统技术有效的充要条件是绿色发展与环境治理同时有效。利用该方法对我国2011年30个地区的测评结果表明:我国的绿色发展水平处于初中级阶段,而环境治理仅处于初级阶段。因而,我国的绿色发展和环境治理任重道远。     

环境规制强度影响能源效率的门槛效应研究——基于PSTR模型

利用非径向-SBM和CCR模型测算了我国30个省市(暂不包括西藏和港澳台地区)2007-2016年间的环境规制强度以及能源效率,构建面板平滑转移回归模型(PSTR),分析了环境规制强度对我国能源效率的连续非线性变化的影响.研究结果显示,全国环境规制强度对我国能源效率存在非线性效应,二者之间呈倒“U”型关系.环境规制强度小于门槛值0.6376时,环境规制对能源效率产生创新补偿效应,当环境规制强度高于门槛值0.6376时,环境规制对能源效率产生遵循成本效应.而我国东西部地区的环境规制强度与地区能源效率间却存在着与之相反的“U”型效应.     

Measurement of a linkage among environmental,operational, and financial performance in Japanese manufacturing firms: A use of Data Envelopment Analysis with strong complementary slackness condition

This study investigates a linkage among environmental, operational and financial performance in Japanese manufacturing industry. All manufacturing firms examined in this study are listed in Tokyo stock exchange market. We use DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) as an evaluation methodology. This study finds that large firms have managerial capabilities to improve their operational and environmental performance. The improvement leads to the enhancement of their financial performance. However, we cannot find such a business linkage in small and medium-sized firms. They improve their operational performance and then direct themselves toward the improvement of their environmental performance. Their environmental performance is, not the first priority, the second priority for the small and medium-sized firms even though Japanese government is currently making a policy pressure on all manufacturing firms to pay attention to various environmental issues related to the global warming and climate change. The environmental protection policy is effective on only large Japanese manufacturing firms that have technological and financial capabilities for environmental protection.     

马尔柯夫链在多介质环境归趋研究中的应用

以开放的环境系统为依托,阐述了马尔柯夫理论在多介质环境归趋研究中的科学性与合理性,并结合国家重点课题—黄河兰州段典型污染物迁移/转化特性及承纳水平研究,研究壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphenol polyethoxylates—NPEOs)在黄河兰州段的环境归趋.研究结果表明,利用马尔柯夫模型可以确定污染物在环境介质间的迁移时间、环境介质内的滞留时间、任意时刻污染物在不同环境介质内的含量、给定时间内不同迁移转化过程的迁移量和降解量、环境系统达到稳定的时间、污染物在环境系统内的稳定分布、以及污染物的环境容量或排放标准.     

Innovation as a policy strategy for natural resource protection

Growing global food demands place major strains on water resources, including quality impairments and increased water scarcity. Drawing on the largely separate bodies of literature on externalities and technological innovation, this article develops a dynamic framework to explore the long‐term impacts of alternative policy approaches to the agricultural impacts on water resources. Environmental policies, which focus on correcting environmental externalities, lead to an overall gain because costs to farmers are more than offset by reduced environmental damages. Technology policies, which direct public investments into agricultural eco‐innovations, lead to benefits for farmers as well as the environment. Joint implementation of both types of policies leads to the largest overall gain. In principle, a technology policy alone could have greater environmental benefits than an environmental policy alone. This outcome is most likely in cases where the productivity effect of new technology is large and the cost of research is low. Recommendations for research managers

• As an alternative to traditional environmental policy, investments in research can provide win–win solutions that benefit the environment and agricultural producers.
• Conceivably, eco‐innovations could lead to environmental conditions that are better than those achieved by environmental policy alone.
• Adding research investments to existing environmental policy would lead to further improvements in environmental quality while also benefitting farmers.
• Unlike environmental policies that are perceived to impose costs on agriculture, technology policies impart benefits to farmers and are less likely to face political opposition from industry.
• Technology policies are likely to be the most effective when eco‐innovation leads to technologies that meaningfully reduce environmental impacts and also raise farm productivity.

     

基于FHW的火箭发动机环境载荷评估

针对固体火箭发动机环境载荷的诸多不确定性,提出了环境载荷FHW量化评估算法.对比分析了火箭发动机的典型环境条件及其影响,采用熵值法确定了指标权重,基于FHW方法建立了火箭发动机的环境载荷评估模型,根据环境因素的分布特征给出评估指标的隶属函数,并获取其相应的灰色关联系数.算例验证了不同环境载荷因素对火箭发动机的影响程度,结果表明FHW评估策略和算法简单易行、精度高,在装备环境载荷量化评估中具有参考和应用价值.     

The adoption of environmental and risk management practices: Relationships to environmental performance

The Strategic Goals Program sponsored by the United States Environmental Protection Agency which focuses on the Metal Finishing Industry is used to investigate some pertinent issues related to small manufacturing enterprises' environmental performance. Results from the initial years of this program are used to evaluate a number of hypotheses related to the relationship between environmental performance and adoption of environmental and risk management practices, especially among smaller organizations. The methodology uses unique structuring of data to determine temporal environmental performance using data envelopment analysis. Results show that early and increased investment in these practices and programs may not provide for better performance benefits. The findings have implications for environmental managers in smaller organizations and policy makers overseeing these types of organizations.     

供应链纵向结构对EPR政策激励效果的影响研究

为了揭示供应链纵向结构对EPR政策激励效果的影响,本文通过构建EPR政策约束下由上游制造商和下游客户所组成的供应链决策模型,分别在纵向一体化和纵向分离两种典型的供应链纵向市场结构下,考察了EPR政策对制造商环保性能和可循环性设计决策的激励影响。结果表明:在不同的供应链纵向结构下,由于制造商与客户之间的利益协调机制存在着差异,使得EPR政策对制造商环境设计选择的激励效果将发生变化。在纵向一体化结构下EPR政策对制造商可循环性的激励效果更强;而EPR政策对环保性能的激励在哪种供应链纵向结构下更强是不确定的,最终还取决于行业本身在生产成本和环境成本等方面的特征。最后,基于本文的研究结论给出了EPR政策与产业政策相配套的政策建议。