基于关系契约视角的农户与农产品电子商务企业合作机制演化博弈分析

本文基于关系契约的视角,运用演化博弈理论,构建有限理性特性下的农户与农产品电子商务企业合作演化博弈模型,分析双方合作策略的演进过程、稳定策略及其影响因素,并通过Matlab仿真模拟分析影响双方合作策略选择的因素,验证博弈结果正确性。研究结果表明:农户和农产品电子商务企业选择合作策略与合作投入成本、实现的超额收益密切相关,博弈初始状态、再交易成本、单方不合作获得的收益及违约罚金等因素影响系统的演化稳定结果。因此完善农户与农产品电子商务企业的合作机制,需要构建合理的利益分配机制、良好的关系治理机制、有效的监督和惩罚机制和信息共享、沟通与协调机制。     

农超对接下农业合作社联盟的排队网络型合作博弈研究

农超对接模式是当前我国农产品供应链系统的显著发展趋势,其中"农户+农业合作社+配送中心"是农超对接的基本组成部分.文章研究了由农户、农业合作社和配送中心组成的三级农产品供应链系统,构建了农业合作社间的合作博弈模型.基于此,分别利用合作博弈中的Shapley值、加权Shapley值和Owen值设计了三种不同的利润分配机制,并构建了农业合作社的协调与激励机制设计.同时,文章也提供了一个数值算例来表明这些利润分配方案是简单而易操作的.     

信息波动条件下的机构重复博弈分析

本文建立了一个信息波动条件下的机构重复博弈模型，对机构投资者之间的博弈行为进行了分析。结果表明。信息冲击是导致机构投资者做出买卖决策的关键原因；机构投资者的合作均衡和背离均衡均不是风险占优均衡；在信息冲击下，机构博弈是动态的重复博弈过程。     

基于和谐发展的政府主管部门与旅游开发商博弈分析

在构建和谐旅游的过程中，政府主管部门与旅游开发商之间在面对公共资源的保护与监督方面存在着博弈关系。通过对其静态博弈模型和动态博弈模型的分析研究，认为在构建和谐旅游的过程中，博弈各方参与人应该共同合作，严格履行各自职责，统筹各种社会资源，综合解决社会协调发展问题。     

低碳供应链纵向减排合作下的政府补贴策略

为了研究低碳供应链减排合作的政府补贴问题,分别构建了在纳什博弈、斯塔克尔伯格博弈和供应链集中决策三种不同的博弈关系下,政府对制造商和零售商合作减排投入进行补贴的博弈模型。分析了企业的最优减排成本投入和政府的最优补贴率,并进一步讨论了政府补贴行为和企业选择减排合作行为之间的互动博弈。研究显示:政府提供的减排补贴和企业的收益随着供应链上下游合作的紧密程度不同而不同,在纳什博弈下最高,在集中决策下最低,斯塔克尔伯格博弈下介于两者之间。比较了力量不对等供应链中企业分别处于领导者和跟随者时获得的政府补贴的差异。同时在政府补贴行为和供应链企业合作行为的交互博弈中,政府的最优策略是不对任何一方实行减排补贴。     

基于进化博弈视角的水源地与下游生态补偿合作演化分析

水源地与下游地方政府之间的协议合作可以协调流域上下游之间的矛盾和利益,是一种可实现流域生态保护良性循环的生态补偿尝试。本文应用进化博弈的双种群博弈理论,研究了水源地和下游地方政府之间博弈演化过程及影响因素。研究表明,流域上下游地方政府合作的演化方向主要受水源地不保护及下游不补偿受到的惩罚、下游对水源地的补偿额度、水源地和下游合作的初始成本、水源地生态保护的成本及收益等八个因素的影响。降低水源地的保护成本及水源地和下游合作的初始成本,提高水源地因保护而获得的综合效益、提高水源地不保护及下游不补偿受到的惩罚额度、合理确定下游对水源地的补偿额度将有利于水源地生态补偿机制向合作方向演进。     

模糊支付合作博弈的可信性准核仁

合作博弈是处理局中人之间协同行为的数学理论。有诸如核心、稳定集、沙普利值、准核仁和核仁等不同的解概念。在很多情形,除了借助专家经验和主观直觉,没有恰当的方式来确定支付函数,由此产生了具有模糊支付的合作博弈模型。准核仁是一种重要的解概念,在模糊支付合作博弈中如何恰当定义准核仁是个重要的问题。本文在可信性理论的框架下研究了这个问题,定义了两类可信性准核仁概念并证明了它们的存在性和唯一性,同时研究了可信性核心、可信性核仁与它们之间的关系。     

政府激励下秸秆发电供应链的演化博弈模型与分析

农户供应链的序贯决策模型,得出了供应链三方的最优决策;对比了政府激励下供应链各主体决策及利润的变化,分析了政府激励的重要性;其次,建立了在政府激励作用下,发电厂、中间商之间的演化博弈模型,并得出了合理的激励策略。最后,以某地区秸秆发电供应为例,对电厂和中间商之间的合作关系进行分析,验证模型的正确性。揭示了秸秆发电供应链合作中的规律,对电厂、中间商制定合理的激励策略具有参考价值,同时为政府调控政策提供理论依据,从而建立持久的合作关系,推动秸秆发电行业的发展。     

人与野生动物冲突利益均衡分析:一个动态博弈的过程

野生动物冲突补偿是保护野生动物资源、均衡各方利益的有效手段。本文通过2019年陕西省秦岭地区225个农户家庭的半结构化访谈,获得野生动物造成农作物损失的具体情况。运用演化博弈理论阐述野生动物破坏农作物的利益相关者(农户和政府)之间的复制动态方程以及演化稳定策略。研究发现,引入中央政府的激励约束机制才能确定实现最优稳定均衡策略的参数条件;农户只有得到至少720元/公顷的补偿,才愿意采取保护策略;当地政府只有在补偿标准小于2434.6/(1-β)时,才愿意采取补偿策略。因此,应当制定合理的补偿标准以便实现野生动物冲突的利益相关者之间的博弈均衡。     

零售商合作偏好下生鲜农产品供应链的政府补贴机制与优化策略

在零售商具有合作偏好行为的背景下,针对自然灾害影响产出的特性,设计基于“优先保证最大化社会福利的基础上促进农户增收”的灾害年的不同政府补贴政策,建立了政府、零售商和农户的三阶段Stackelberg博弈模型.对比分析了政府的不同补贴政策以及零售商的合作偏好行为对政府的最优补贴率、零售商的最优收购价格、农户的最优生产投入量和三方利益的影响,并给出了政府的最优补贴政策。研究结果表明:(1)当零售商的合作偏好程度低于某一临界值,且“丰收年”发生的概率适中或偏高时,政府的最优补贴政策是对农户提供补贴;否则,政府的最优补贴政策是对零售商提供补贴;(2)政府的补贴政策可以实现政府、消费者和未受补贴方三方共赢的局面,但获补贴方不一定增收。     

Game theoretic formalization of the concept of sustainable development in the hierarchical control systems

The resolution of numerous ecological problems on different levels must be implemented on the base of sustainable development concept that determines the conditions to the state of ecological-economic systems and impacting control actions. Those conditions can’t be realized by themselves and require special collaborative efforts of different agents using both cooperation and hierarchical control. To formalize the inevitable trade-offs it is natural to use game theoretic models. Unfortunately, the main optimality principles of hierarchical control (compulsion, impulsion) are not time consistent and therefore can’t be recommended as the direct base for collective solutions. The most prospective is the conviction method which is formalized as a transition from hierarchy to cooperation and allows a regularization that provides the time consistency. However, in current social conditions other methods of hierarchical control also keep their actuality. To ensure the time consistency of those optimality principles it is necessary to build cooperative differential games on their base. An example of the approach is considered in this paper.     

Transshipment games with identical newsvendors and cooperation costs

In a transshipment game, supply chain agents cooperate to transship surplus products. Although the game has been well studied in the OR literature, the fundamental question whether the agents can afford cooperation costs to set up and maintain the game in the first place has not been addressed thus far. This paper addresses this question for the cooperative transshipment games with identical agents having normally distributed independent demands. We provide characterization of equal allocations which are in the core of symmetric games, and prove that not all transshipment games are convex. In particular, we prove that though individual allocations grow with the coalition size, the growth diminishes according to two rules of diminishing individual allocations. These results are the basis for studying the games with cooperation costs. We model the cooperation costs by the cooperation network topology and the cooperation cost per network link. We consider two network topologies, the clique and the hub, and prove bounds for the cost per link that render coalitions stable. These bounds always limit coalition size for cliques. However, the opposite is shown for hubs, namely newsvendors can afford cooperation costs only if their coalition is sufficiently large.     

Pareto efficiency,simple game stability,and social structure in finitely repeated games

Simple game (sensu Brown and Vincent, 1987) evolutionary theory, when coupled with social structure measured as non‐random encounter of strategy “clones”, often permits equilibrium refinement leading to Pareto superior outcomes (e.g., Axelrod, 1981; Myerson et al., 1991), a foundational goal of economic game theory (Myerson, 1991: 370–375). This conclusion, derived from analyses of one‐shot and infinitely repeated games, fails for finitely repeated games. While mutant cluster invasion enhances Pareto efficiency of equilibria in the former, it can depress Pareto efficiency in the latter. Cooperative equilibria of finitely repeated games (under economic analysis) can be susceptible to cluster‐invasion by even more Pareto efficient strategies which are not themselves evolutionarily stable. Evolutionary (simple) game theory's ability to eliminate Pareto inferior Nash equilibrium strategies induces vulnerabilities foreign to economic analysis. Simple game analysis of finitely repeated games suggests that social structure, modeled as perennial invasion by mutant‐clusters, can induce cyclic invasion, saturation, and loss of cooperation.     

The evolution of cooperation in spatial groups

Much of human cooperation remains an evolutionary riddle. There is evidence that individuals are often organized into groups in many social situations. Inspired by this observation, we propose a simple model of evolutionary public goods games in which individuals are organized into networked groups. Here, nodes in the network represent groups; the edges, connecting the nodes, refer to the interactions between the groups. Individuals establish public goods games with partners in the same group and migrate among neighboring groups depending on their payoffs and expectations. We show that the paradigmatic public goods social dilemma can be resolved and high cooperation levels are attained in structured groups, even in relatively harsh conditions for cooperation. Further, by means of numerical simulations and mean-field analysis, we arrive at the result: larger average group size and milder cooperation environment would lead to lower cooperation level but higher average payoffs of the entire population. Altogether, these results emphasize that our understanding of cooperation can be enhanced by investigations of how spatial groups of individuals affect the evolution dynamics, which might help in explaining the emergence and evolution of cooperation.     

Conflict dissolution by reframing game payoffs using linear perturbations

Human beings have a prevailing drive to achieve their self-interest goals or equilibrium states, which may subsume their social interests. An ideal working environment or cooperative game situation would be one in which each participant or player maximizes his/her own interest while maximizing his/her contribution to the collective group interest. This paper addresses the feasibility, methods, and bounds for reframing a generaln-person game into an ideal game in which full cooperation or a targeted solution can be induced and maintained by the players' self-interest maximization. Criteria for good reframing are introduced. Monotonic games, self-interest cooperative and noncooperative games, and a decomposition theory of general games are also introduced to facilitate the study. It is shown that everyn-person game can be written as the sum of a self-interest cooperative game and a self-interest noncooperative game. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that full cooperation can be achieved by the players' self-interest maximization. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that a targeted solution can be obtained and maintained through the players' self-interest maximization.     

一类具有限制联盟结构的合作对策的两阶段Shapley值

讨论一类具有限制联盟结构的合作对策,其中局中人通过优先联盟整体参与大联盟的合作,同时优先联盟内部有合取权限结构限制,利用两阶段Shapley值的分配思想并考虑到权限结构对优先联盟内合作的限制,给出了此类合作对策的解。 该解可看做具有联盟结构的合作对策的两阶段Shapley值的推广。 证明了该解满足的公理化条件,并验证了这些条件的独立性。     

Share functions for cooperative games with levels structure of cooperation

In a standard TU-game it is assumed that every subset of the player set N can form a coalition and earn its worth. One of the first models where restrictions in cooperation are considered is the one of games with coalition structure of Aumann and Drèze (1974). They assumed that the player set is partitioned into unions and that players can only cooperate within their own union. Owen (1977) introduced a value for games with coalition structure under the assumption that also the unions can cooperate among them. Winter (1989) extended this value to games with levels structure of cooperation, which consists of a game and a finite sequence of partitions defined on the player set, each of them being coarser than the previous one.     

How the expanded crowd-funding mechanism of some southern rural areas in China affects cooperative behaviors in threshold public goods game

The pursuit of high cooperation rates in public goods games has attracted many researchers. However, few researchers attach much weight to the influence of emotions on decision-making, especially on public goods games. From ancient to modern times, publishing the list of cooperators to stimulate cooperation has been a common phenomenon in some southern rural areas in China. Actually, the published list can influence individuals’ behaviors by affecting their emotions. Here we extend the method of publishing the list and optimize it by adding a lobbyist mechanism. Through numerical simulations, we find that the role of lobbyists can not be ignored unless the synergy factor is larger than a certain value. Additionally, we find that publishing the list certainly has a great effect on individual’s cooperative behavior. But whether to publish the list or not and how to publish the list depend on the situation.     

中国东西部经济合作进化博弈分析

本文从进化博弈理论上探讨东西部地区实现互利双赢合作的必然性与理论基础,得出结论:东西部经济合作不但是西部,而且是东部进一步发展的必然选择;东西部经济合作完全可以达到一种互利双赢的结果;政府在合作中发挥着重要的作用.     

Reputation-based mutual selection rule promotes cooperation in spatial threshold public goods games

Most previous studies involving public goods games are investigated under a simplifying assumption that participation is either compulsive or unidirectional optional in collective interactions. Nevertheless, how the mutual selection rule, a more realistic participation mode, affects the evolution of cooperation in structured populations is still unclear. Here we introduce a reputation-based mutual selection rule for constituting participant groups into spatial threshold public goods games, where the public goods game can be conducted only if the participant number is not less than the threshold parameter. Interestingly, we find that moderate tolerance range results in the best environment for cooperators’ viability. Also, we show that lower member threshold is favorable for the evolution of cooperation, and correspondingly provide some typical snapshots for defectors, “active” cooperators (cooperators on which the public goods games are successfully conducted), and “inactive” cooperators. Moreover, we investigate the effects of memory factor in individuals’ reputation updating on the evolution of cooperation. Our work may provide an appropriate and alternative perspective in understanding the widespread cooperative behaviors in some realistic situations.