闭环供应链应对产品召回的应急渠道决策及协调分析

针对具突发事件性的产品召回事件会干扰闭环供应链正常运营的实际,构建了零售商回收、制造商回收和第三方企业回收等渠道闭环供应链的应急决策模型.比较研究发现:在各类系统中,产品召回事件使得其单位生产成本增加不大时,应保持正常运营环境下产品的单位销售价和销售量,以及废旧品的回收率等决策不变更好;当产品的单位生产成本增加较大时,应提高其单位销售价,并降低产品的销售量和废旧品的回收率更好;当产品的单位生产成本增加非常大时,供应链系统会被破坏.产品召回下,零售商回收渠道系统具有较好的应对性;当产品的单位生产成本增加很大时,因集中式决策系统会承担较多的额外处理成本,故系统保持分散式决策会更好;然而,当产品的单位生产成本增加不是很大时,设计应急收益费用共享契约可协调解决各企业的独立决策行为所产生"双重边际效应"问题,并能使各企业均获得帕累托改进的利润.     

绿色混合产品市场下制造企业应对成本突增的策略

在绿色产品和非绿色产品并存的市场环境下,针对绿色产品和非绿色产品的生产成本突增的情况,研究了制造企业的生产调整策略.首先给出了常规环境下,制造企业对绿色产品和非绿色产品的生产策略;接着,研究了绿色产品和非绿色产品生产成本突然增加的情况下,制造企业的生产调整策略.最后,采用数值分析进一步证明了结论的正确性.研究表明:1)常规下的生产策略具有一定的鲁棒性,当突发事件引起生产成本扰动比较小时,应保持常规下的生产策略不变.2)当产品的生产成本突然增加时,会减少产品的市场规模,导致企业的利润受损.3)当产品的生产成本增加幅度比较大时,应该首先适度上调产品的销售价格,同时还要适度调整产品的产量:当其中一类产品的生产成本增加比较大,而另一类产品的生产成本增加比较小(扰动幅度在一定的范围内)时,对成本增加幅度大的产品,应减少产量;对成本增加幅度比较小的产品,应保持常规下的产量不变.随着两类产品的生产成本进一步增加,对成本增加幅度比较大的产品,应进一步减少产量,对成本增加幅度比较小的产品,应适度增加产量.当两类产品的生产成本增加都比较大时,不仅应增加两类产品的销售价格,而且还要减少两类产品的产量,尽管如此,企业的利润还是会大幅度减少.研究结论进一步丰富发展了企业应急管理的理论基础,为企业有效应对突发事件提供了理论指导的作用.     

回收率依赖价格的再制造EPQ模型研究

研究了考虑回收率依赖于回收品价格,并带有废弃处理的制造和再制造混合系统的(1,R)和(M,1)EPQ模型.在模型中,采用新产品的制造和回收产品的再制造两种方式来满足客户的需要,回收产品部分用于再制造,其余作为废弃处理;总平均成本包括与回收产品、可销售产品有关的库存持有成本,与制造和再制造有关的生产成本和固定成本,与回收品及制造所需原材料的采购成本以及废弃处理成本.模型给出最优生产策略及总平均成本的表达式.算例验证了所建模型的计算方法,并分析了新引人决策变量p(回收产品单价占制造新产品所需原料价格的比例对总平均成本的变化率的影响.     

物流企业的单品生产成本分析

生产成本是物流企业生产活动的基础.分析了物流企业生产的流程和其生产成本构成,给出了生产成本各组成部分的定量描述.并对物流成本的分摊方式进行了讨论,以给定物流企业为例,对单品成本进行了分析.对物流企业总成本和单品成本与物流量的关系进行了讨论,指出物流单品成本随相关物流量递减变化的关系.这种单品成本函数关系很好解释了物流配送的一个显著特点——规模集聚效应.     

随机环境下再制造逆向物流网络选址研究

针对逆向物流网络的多目标性和回收废旧产品数量的不确定性,在再制造产品和新产品可相互替代的情形下,建立了随机多目标规划模型.通过求解该模型,可以确定逆向物流网络中设施的位置、数量以及设施间的流量分配.对模型中的机会约束,将其转化为各自的确定性等价类,采用主目标法对多目标问题加以处理.通过Lingo 11.0对模型算例进行求解,并分析了当置信水平和可回收量波动时网络结构和最小成本的变化,进而验证模型的稳定性.     

三部门封闭经济系统资源配置的动态优化模型

通过建立一个三部门的封闭经济系统的资源配置动态优化模型,在理论上分析及证明,通过提高劳动力的素质及技能,劳动力可以从补偿劳动力再生产的生产部门向最终产品的生产部门及资本性资源的生产部门流动,使资本性资源增加生产,增量配置到其它生产部门,从而在保证劳动力再生产产品能满足需要的同时,激发整体经济的成长.最后运用数据分析方法对以上原理及模型进行了验证     

考虑回收品品质可靠性的库存管理策略研究

回收品品质下降是一个客观事实,企业为了在成本支付和产品可靠性之间达成均衡,往往需要设置一个回收品可靠性阈值。本文考察电子产品的订购、到达、销售、回收、剔除过程,以新产品订购成本、新旧产品库存持有成本、产品回收成本、回收品检测清洁成本、短缺成本、抛弃成本和潜在风险成本为目标函数,获得“可靠性阈值—补货策略”的近优解。企业案例仿真结果表明,(s,S)补货策略优于(s,Q)补货策略;敏感性分析表明,新产品单位变动成本、新旧产品单位库存成本对企业成本影响较大;基于分析结果,为企业管理决策提出了参考意见。     

区块链交易环境下中小微物流企业信用寻租约束机制研究

中小微物流企业因其自身信用不足,往往存在融资难、贵等问题,且为了降低融资成本倾向进行信用投机,这些现象直接关系到物流服务供应链信用生态的平衡性和稳定性.鉴于此,文章将核心企业与中小微物流企业交易产生的应收账款作为数字债券凭证,搭建物流服务供应链各级中小微物流企业信用信息流转框架;进一步,基于不完全信息理论构建中小微物流企业信用寻租约束模型,通过对比一般交易环境和区块链交易环境下三级物流服务供应链中不同主体期望收益,实现博弈均衡状态,进一步通过仿真分析验证结论:区块链交易环境能够有效约束一级FLSP的信用寻租投机行为,银行通过“惩罚”因子可以最大程度保障寻租风险下的自身收益,且该环境对于遵循合理交易规则的物流企业具有一定保护机制.文章研究验证了区块链交易环境在物流服务供应链信用信息流转中的有效性,同时为物流服务供应链基于核心企业针对中小微物流企业开展供应链金融相关授信业务提供了支撑.     

面向单产品随机需求的计划期产能决策

国内传统中小生产企业面临的市场需求复杂多变,其生存和发展受到极大挑战.在人工作业系统中,生产线的产能主要取决于工人的数量、掌握技能数及技能水平.在备货型生产模式下,对于只生产单产品的生产线,当计划期内产品需求随机波动性特征明显时,将导致产能与需求的不匹配.考虑工人的薪酬、培训成本,需求工时小于基本产能的库存成本,需求工时处于基本产能与最大产能之间的加班成本,需求工时超过最大产能的加班及外包成本,以员工多技能及各工序生产速率平衡为基础,对计划期初生产线所需的工人数量进行决策,构建总生产成本优化模型,采用极值法对最优解进行求解及分析.通过算例验证了模型的有效性,对员工薪酬、库存成本、加班成本、外包成本系数以及产品单件工时、需求均值及标准差等进行了敏感性分析,得出的结论是:产品单件总工时、需求均值对最优工人数量及总生产成本影响很大,其他各类成本系数对其也有一定影响.尽可能降低单件总工时、提高需求预测准确性等有利于企业控制生产成本.     

集权制下闭环供应链网络最优内生污染税问题

为激励生产企业积极参与逆向物流活动、自发回收处理废旧产品,对其废旧产品的排放实施税收政策是控制污染的一项有效措施.通过对闭环供应链网络中各决策者间相互关系的分析,并结合环境政策,建立集权制下废旧产品排放内生污染税均衡模型,研究网络中各主体的竞争行为及均衡条件,解决集权制下既能使网络中各主体利润最大化又能达到预期环境目标的废旧产品排放内生污染税设计问题,并全面分析环境政策的变化对网络中各主体的产品生产量、交易量、交易价格、需求量和废旧产品回收量等经济指标的影响.     

一般Rebelo增长模型的动态分析

在本文中，我们考虑一个一般Rebelo增长模型：虽然在这一般模型中要求均衡增长轨道与均衡值是更困难的，但我们通过精巧的计算和动态分析，引出了唯一可行轨道及均衡值，且分析了参数对它的影响，当时间偏好率（折现因子增大时，分配在物资生产部门的物资资本与人力资本的比重会增大。而物资资本，人力资本及总生产量的增长率都会相应减少。     

政府协调下群体性突发事件的演化博弈分析及应用

在群体性突发事件应急处置过程中,政府处置不当会使得事态扩大,甚至由非利益直接相关者转变为矛盾冲突方。本文将政府部门视为社会矛盾的调解者,运用演化博弈理论分析了政府作为利益协调者在群体性突发事件中的重要作用,并结合对公平因素的考虑,详细分析了一些主要参数对决策行为的影响。结果表明,政府提早介入、公平的利益再分配以及适当的惩罚措施有助于减少群体性突发事件。最后,通过分析案例“重庆市出租车罢工事件”的发展演化历程及政府的协调作用,说明了本文模型的适用性。     

基于货物分类配送的电动汽车路径优化与换电策略研究

电动汽车参与的物流配送服务需要统筹协调车辆路径、配送对象与换电策略。本文提出了考虑货物分类需求的电动汽车路径优化与换电策略问题,并建立了该问题的整数规划数学模型。其次,提出了基于禁忌搜索-改进节约算法的两阶段混合启发式算法MCWTS和一种四阶段启发式算法IGALNS。通过多组小规模算例验证了算法的有效性。随后,分别从运营成本、路径距离、换电策略以及混合运输线路等方面比较并分析了货物分类对运营策略的影响。实验结果表明,该模型可以在配送距离略有增加的情况下避免将不适宜混合运输的货物指派给同一车辆,达到降低货物运输损失提高顾客满意度的目的。最后,通过多组较大规模算例对两种启发式算法的有效性进行了比较。     

Bounding the Reliability of Networks

Various applied problems require the analysis of systems with randomly failing elements. A typical such instance occurs in assessing the reliability of a transportation or communication network, in which the individual links fail independently with known probabilities. One is then interested in the probability that goods or information will be successfully transported from some source location to some terminal location. Exact calculation of this probability is known to be difficult, so this paper develops a method for obtaining lower and upper bounds on the required value. In fact, our procedure yields a sequence of matched lower and upper bounds, which can be monitored as the algorithm progresses. Rather than simply producing a numerical value, the method produces a functional (symbolic) form for the answer, especially useful for subsequent sensitivity analyses.     

An improved public goods game model with reputation effect on the spatial lattices

How to model the evolution of cooperation within the population is an important and interdisciplinary issue across the academia. In this paper, we propose an improved public goods game model with reputation effect on spatial lattices to investigate the evolution of cooperation regarding the allocation of public resources. In our model, we modify the individual utility or fitness as a product of the present payoff and reputation-related power function, and strategy update adopts a Fermi-like probability function during the game evolution. Meanwhile, for an interaction between a pair of partners, the reputation of a cooperative agent will be accrued beyond two units, but the defective player will decrease his reputation by one unit. Extensive Monte Carlo numerical simulations indicate the introduction of reputation will foster the formation of cooperative clusters, and greatly enhance the level of public cooperation on the spatial lattices. The larger reputation factor leads to the higher cooperation level since the reputation effect will be enormously embedded into the utility evaluation under this scenario. The current results are vastly beneficial to understand the persistence and emergence of cooperation among many natural, social and synthetic systems, and also provide some useful suggestions to devise the feasible social governance measures and modes for the public resources or affairs.     

A genetic algorithm approach for solving a closed loop supply chain model: A case of battery recycling

Due to the implementation of government legislation, social responsibility, environmental concern, economic benefits and customer awareness the industries are under a great pressure not only to provide environmentally friendly products but also to take back the product after its use. The issue in reverse logistics is to take back the used products, either under warranty or at the end of use or at the end of lease, so that the products or its parts are appropriately disposed, recycled, reused or remanufactured. In order to overcome this issue, it is necessary to setup a logistics network for arising goods flow from end users to manufacturers. In this study, the optimum usage of secondary lead recovered from the spent lead–acid batteries for producing new battery is presented. The disposal in surface or sewage water or land of liquid content of the lead–acid batteries is strictly restricted. Because of the need for environmental protection and the lack of considerable lead resources, the spent batteries treatment and lead recovery are becoming crucial now-a-days. The objective of this paper is to develop a multi echelon, multi period, multi product closed loop supply chain network model for product returns and the decisions are made regarding material procurement, production, distribution, recycling and disposal. The proposed heuristics based genetic algorithm (GA) is applied as a solution methodology to solve mixed integer linear programming model (MILP). Finally the computational results obtained through GA are compared with the solutions obtained by GAMS optimization software. The solution reveals that the proposed methodology performs very well in terms of both quality of solutions obtained and computational time.     

Disaster preparedness in humanitarian logistics: A collaborative approach for resource management in floods

The logistical deployment of resources to provide relief to disaster victims and the appropriate planning of these activities are critical to reduce the suffering caused. Disaster management attracts many organisations working alongside each other and sharing resources to cope with an emergency. Consequently, successful operations rely heavily on the collaboration of different organisations. Despite this, there is little research considering the appropriate management of resources from multiple organisations, and none optimising the number of actors required to avoid shortages or convergence.This research introduces a disaster preparedness system based on a combination of multi-objective optimisation and geographical information systems to aid multi-organisational decision-making. A cartographic model is used to avoid the selection of floodable facilities, informing a bi-objective optimisation model used to determine the location of emergency facilities, stock prepositioning, resource allocation and relief distribution, along with the number of actors required to perform these activities.The real conditions of the flood of 2013 in Acapulco, Mexico, provided evidence of the inability of any single organisation to cope with the situation independently. Moreover, data collected showed the unavailability of enough resources to manage a disaster of that magnitude at the time. The results highlighted that the number of government organisations deployed to handle the situation was excessive, leading to high cost without achieving the best possible level of satisfaction. The system proposed showed the potential to achieve better performance in terms of cost and level of service than the approach currently employed by the authorities.     

二手市场对耐用品垄断厂商再制造决策的影响分析

考虑耐用品可多周期使用的特点,从消费者效用角度建立了无限周期中存在二手市场时耐用品垄断厂商再制造决策模型。运用稳态均衡分析方法得到,二手市场会降低耐用品垄断厂商选择再制造策略的成本临界值;提高再制造耐用品的最优定价、降低新耐用品的最优定价;新耐用品价值越高、再制造成本越低,二手市场对耐用品垄断厂商的最优决策影响越大。最后,通过数值分析验证了理论分析的结论。     

A large scale location-allocation problem in the natural rubber industry

In trying to improve the efficiency of the smallholder sector of the natural rubber industry, the Malaysian government is faced with large-scale location-allocation problems. This involves locating and operating central rubber processing factories producing high quality natural rubber, siting of collection stations to which the smallholders can bring their latex, and the vehicle routing problem of transporting the latex to the central rubber processing factories. We formulate a global model which minimizes the collection and fixed costs of the system, subject to capacity and time constraints. Since real-life problems, from their sheer magnitude, are impossible to solve optimally, heuristic approaches are suggested for a simplified version of the problem.     

阈值风险下的多企业合作治理污染的演化博弈分析

针对环境污染具有跨区域性,环境资源的公共物品属性,由单一产污企业治理污染物难以取得有效成果,辖区内多个产污企业合作治理是环境保护的必由之路。 本文从演化博弈论的研究视角探讨了多个排污企业之间的决策演化过程,建立了多主体演化博弈模型,并考虑了污染排放总量超过总量阈值时的环境恶化风险,研究阈值风险对产污企业合作治理污染策略选择的影响。 研究结果表明,较高的治理成本很大地约束了逐利企业治理污染的行为选择,造成公地悲剧的社会问题。 企业治污成本较大背景下,环境阈值风险发生概率越高,越能有效促进合作治理环境策略的演化稳定,合作治理占优于不治理。 出于对企业自身初始禀赋的保护,产污企业初始禀赋越大、排污收费率越高,越能有效促进企业治理污染物的积极性。 最后,为促进辖区内污染企业合作治理污染提出了政策建议。