财险公司偿付能力影响因素对比分析

在定性分析财险公司偿付能力内外部影响因素的基础上,考虑规模因素,本文从大、中、小规模公司中各选取有代表性的一家,采用灰色关联法对三家公司2007～2011年的数据进行偿付能力影响因素对比分析.实证结果表明,同一因素对不同规模的财险公司偿付能力的影响程度存在较大差异,因而不同规模的公司在管理偿付能力风险时侧重点应有所不同.     

基于灰色关联分析的财产保险公司偿付能力的模糊综合评判

为解决财产保险公司的偿付能力的评价问题,建立了基于灰色关联分析的模糊综合评判模型.选取了2003-2005年我国8家财产保险公司的相关数据,用灰色关联分析中的点关联系数求解隶属度得出评判矩阵,用范数灰关联度法确定因素集中各因素的权重,从而对其偿付能力进行模糊综合评判,得出各公司的偿付能力所属的类别.并对评语集中各评语赋予适当的权重,对所研究的8家财产保险公司依据其偿付能力的情况进行了排序.     

王氏保费准则下隐含再保险公司违约风险的最优再保险设计

本文考虑到再保险公司违约风险对保险人再保险的影响,利用VaR风险度量研究最优再保险策略.在再保险合同中,再保险公司向保险人收取一定的保费,承诺赔偿再保险人面临的部分损失.但,当再保险公司承诺的限额超过其偿付能力就可能发生违约风险.因此,为了避免再保险公司违约风险,使保险公司的总风险最小,本文根据王氏保费准则,运用VaR风险度量的最优化标准,得到分层再保险是最优的,并给出相应的数值算例.     

不允许卖空和VaR约束下分红型寿险合同的最优资产配置——基于保险人和被保险人的双重视角

基于保险人和被保险人双重视角出发,研究了在不允许卖空和两个VaR约束下,发行分红型寿险合同的保险人的最优投资问题.该研究对既需在偿二代监管下最大化保险人终端财富的期望效用,又需提供给投保人最低到期保障和分红的保险人具有很好的指导意义.利用对偶控制方法和凹化技巧解决了该优化问题,给出了最优终端财富的封闭解.数值结果显示了从保险人和被保险人双方角度出发所考虑的两个VaR约束比从保险人或被保险人任一方角度出发所考虑的单个VaR约束更能够严格改进经济状态不好时的风险管理,达到降低道德风险的作用.     

基于新巴塞尔协议监管下保险人的均值-方差最优投资-再保险问题

本文研究了均值-方差优化准则下,保险人的最优投资和最优再保险问题.我们用一个复合泊松过程模型来拟合保险人的风险过程,保险人可以投资无风险资产和价格服从跳跃-扩散过程的风险资产.此外保险人还可以购买新的业务(如再保险).本文的限制条件为投资和再保险策略均非负,即不允许卖空风险资产,且再保险的比例系数非负.除此之外,本文还引入了新巴塞尔协议对风险资产进行监管,使用随机二次线性(linear-quadratic,LQ)控制理论推导出最优值和最优策略.对应的哈密顿-雅克比-贝尔曼(Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman,HJB)方程不再有古典解.在粘性解的框架下,我们给出了新的验证定理,并得到有效策略(最优投资策略和最优再保险策略)的显式解和有效前沿.     

监管宽容下资本展期的存款保险定价模型

存款保险制度可化解存款机构挤兑风险,从而保护了存款人利益.监管宽容的存款保险合约具有下列特征:在监管宽容范围内,若投保的存款机构在存款到期时无力偿还存款债务,并不立即对其破产清算,而允许其接受存款保险公司一定额度资金的救助.为准确厘定存款保险费率水平,本文在监管宽容假设上,进一步引入资本展期因素,即接受救助的存款机构继续运营至资本展期结束;若在资本展期期末仍然资不抵债则再对其破产清算.基于上述情景,并且将救助资金作为存款机构的或有债务纳入保费中,本文结果构建了监管宽容下资本展期的存款保险定价模型,并严格推证了监管宽容力度、资本展期期限与存款保险价格的变化关系.结论显示,监管越宽容、资本展期越长、存款保险的价格也应越高.最后,应用所构建的定价模型,进行了实例分析.     

基于区块链技术的食品安全监管演化博弈分析

文章分别考虑了食品安全监管机构采用和不采用区块链技术时监管部门和食品生产企业的收益变化,使用演化博弈方法动态分析了监管机构区块链技术采用策略及食品生产企业生产行为演化稳定策略,并得出均衡条件,最后进行了参数敏感性分析和数值模拟.研究发现:新技术被社会所接受的快慢受到诸多因素的影响,监管机构与食品生产企业之间的利益协调影响着区块链技术的实施效果和落地速度,区块链技术的采用也不一定能提高监管有效性;监管部门对食品生产企业低质量生产行为的惩罚力度大小对企业生产行为影响较大;在一定条件下,食品生产企业的生产行为与监管部门区块链采用策略无关.食品安全监管需要综合考虑食品生产企业的和监管机构的利益动机,对问责力度等进行合理的设计,避免导致食品监管策略失效,造成不良的社会影响.     

竞争与合作统一框架下的鲁棒最优再保险策略

在实际中,多个保险人之间经常存在竞争与合作.文章在竞争与合作统一框架下,研究了鲁棒最优再保险策略.每个保险人的盈余过程满足扩散逼近保险模型,n个保险人的索赔之间存在相依关系,每个保险人通过再保险减少索赔风险.文章主要的研究目标是,在最坏市场环境下,寻找最优均衡再保险策略最大化终端财富的均值同时最小化其方差.通过使用随机动态规划和随机控制理论,求得了鲁棒最优均衡再保险策略、最优市场策略和最优值函数的显式解,并从理论上探讨了最优策略的经济意义.最终,通过数值实验分析了竞争、合作、模糊厌恶和风险厌恶对鲁棒最优均衡再保险策略的影响.文章的研究结果可以有效地指导保险人的实践.     

大数据背景下基于GRBF神经网络的P2P机构信用风险预警研究

针对P2P机构信用风险预警问题,提出了基于大数据思维的信用评估体系,采用基于动态特征的广义径向基神经网络对228家P2P机构12个月的高维数据指标进行信用风险评估.应用设计的广义径向基神经网络和BP神经网络进行对比,准确率分别为91.9%、85.2%,广义径向基神经网络在处理实时高维数据时表现出良好的性能,可以对我国P2P机构信用风险进行预警.同时深入对预警机构进行数据分析发现,如果企业资金流动性较差、净流入低也可能存在较高风险,企业应依据小额分散的借贷原则,降低借款集中度可以有效防范企业信用风险.     

现收现付制和名义账户养老保险制度的可持续性分析

目的是通过理论研究现收现付制和名义账户养老保险制度的可持续性问题.在小型开放经济体中,构建具有内生生育率、死亡率和人力资本积累等因素在内的世代交叠模型.结果表明,养老金收入与人力资本积累之间存在正相关关系;无论在现收现付制还是名义账户制养老保险制度中,退休者的消费与年轻世代工作者的消费成固定比例.应该从制度外的其他因素方面寻找导致养老保险制度偿付能力不足的原因.     

Minimum standards for investment performance: A new perspective on non-life insurer solvency

The aim of this paper is to develop an alternative approach for assessing an insurer’s solvency as a proposal for a standard model for Solvency II. Instead of deriving minimum capital requirements–as is done in solvency regulation–our model provides company-specific minimum standards for risk and return of investment performance, given the distribution structure of liabilities and a predefined safety level. The idea behind this approach is that in a situation of weak solvency, an insurer’s asset allocation can be adjusted much more easily in the short term than can, for example, claims cost distributions, operating expenses, or equity capital. Hence, instead of using separate models for capital regulation and solvency regulation–as is typically done in most insurance markets–our single model will reduce the complexity and costs for insurers as well as for regulators. In this paper, we first develop the model framework and second test its applicability using data from a German non-life insurer.     

跳扩散过程下的保险商偿债率模型研究

本文研究了在有金融困境成本的情况下,带有跳扩散过程的保险商偿债率(SR)模型的问题.利用Girsanov定理进行测度变换的方法以及跳扩散过程下的看涨期权定价公式,获得了保险商终期收益的现值的结果.推广了不带跳扩散过程的保险商偿债率模型的结果.     

允许赤字的MAP风险过程首达时

保险公司作为负债经营的特殊企业,其偿付能力受到监管部门的约束,本文以公司负债经营为前提研究其各种首次时.考虑MAP风险过程,即存在一随机背景Markov过程,索赔到达与索赔大小同时受这一背景过程影响,索赔到达为Markov到达点过程(MAP),索赔大小对于不同的背景状态具有不同的分布.本文给出首达时满足的积分-微分方程,通过求解带边界条件的积分-微分方程,给出了盈余过程从初始盈余水平到达某一给定盈余水平的首达时的Laplace变换的矩阵表示式,并由此推得了盈余过程到达指定水平的若干首达事件概率.     

Assessing the solvency of insurance portfolios via a continuous-time cohort model

This paper evaluates the solvency of a portfolio of assets and liabilities of an insurer subject to both longevity and financial risks. Liabilities are evaluated at fair-value and, as a consequence, interest-rate risk can affect both the assets and the liabilities. Longevity risk is described via a continuous-time cohort model. We evaluate the effects of natural hedging strategies on the risk profile of an insurance portfolio in run-off. Numerical simulations, calibrated to UK historical data, show that systematic longevity risk is of particular importance and needs to be hedged. Natural hedging can improve the solvency of the insurer, if interest-rate risk is appropriately managed. We stress that asset allocation choices should not be independent of the composition of the liability portfolio of the insurer.     

Study on the model of an insurer’s solvency ratio in Markov-modulated Brownian markets

In this paper the insurer’s solvency ratio model with or without jump diffusion process in the presence of financial distress cost is constructed, where an insurer’s solvency ratio is characterized by a Markov-modulated dynamics. By Girsanov’s theorem and the option pricing formula, the expected present value of shareholders’ terminal payoff is provided.     

Dividend optimization for jump–diffusion model with solvency constraints

Belhaj (2010) established that a barrier strategy is optimal for the dividend problem under jump–diffusion model. However, if the optimal dividend barrier level is set too low, then the bankruptcy probability may be too high to be acceptable. This paper aims to address this issue by taking the solvency constrain into consideration. Precisely, we consider a dividend payment problem with solvency constraint under a jump–diffusion model. Using stochastic control and PIDE, we derive the optimal dividend strategy of the problem.     

Managing longevity and disability risks in life annuities with long term care

The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it develops a model for risk assessment in a portfolio of life annuities with long term care benefits. These products are usually represented by a Markovian Multi-State model and are affected by both longevity and disability risks. Here, a stochastic projection model is proposed in order to represent the future evolution of mortality and disability transition intensities. Data from the Italian National Institute of Social Security (INPS) and from Human Mortality Database (HMD) are used to estimate the model parameters. Secondly, it investigates the solvency in a portfolio of enhanced pensions. To this aim a risk model based on the portfolio risk reserve is proposed and different rules to calculate solvency capital requirements for life underwriting risk are examined. Such rules are then compared with the standard formula proposed by the Solvency II project.     

Biometric worst-case scenarios for multi-state life insurance policies

It is common actuarial practice to calculate premiums and reserves under a set of biometric assumptions that represent a worst-case scenario for the insurer. The new solvency regime of the European Union (Solvency II) also uses worst-case scenarios for the calculation of solvency capital requirements for life insurance business. Surprisingly, the actuarial literature so far offers no exact method for the construction of biometric scenarios that let premiums and reserves be always on the safe side with respect to a given confidence band for the biometric second-order basis. The present paper partly fills this gap by introducing a general method that allows one to construct such scenarios for homogenous portfolios of life insurance policies. The results are especially informative for life insurance policies with mixed character (e.g. survival and occurrence character). Two examples are given that illustrate the new method, demonstrate its usefulness for the calculation of premiums and reserves, and show how the new approach could improve the calculation of biometric solvency reserves for Solvency II.