A note on commutators of Hardy operators

Fu and Lu et al. 7 showed that the commutator $\mathcal {H}_{\beta ,b}$ generated by the fractional Hardy operator and a locally integrable function b is bounded on the homogenous Herz spaces if and only if b is a central bounded mean oscillation function. We show that their result is optimal by giving a counterexample.     

Compact and Loeb Hausdorff spaces in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathsf {ZF}$\end{document} and the axiom of choice for families of finite sets

Given a set X, $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(X)}$ denotes the statement: “$[X]^{<\omega }\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ has a choice set” and $\mathcal {C}_\mathrm{R}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )$ denotes the family of all closed subsets of the topological space $\mathbf {2}^{X}$ whose definition depends on a finite subset of X. We study the interrelations between the statements $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(X)},$ $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}([X]^{<\omega })},$ $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin} (F_{n}(X,2))},$ $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(\mathcal {\wp }(X))}$ and “$\mathcal {C}_\mathrm{R}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$has a choice set”. We show:

• (i) $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(X)}$ iff $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}([X]^{<\omega } )}$ iff $\mathcal {C}_\mathrm{R}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ has a choice set iff $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(F_{n}(X,2))}$.
• (ii) $\mathsf {AC}_{\mathrm{fin}}$ ($\mathsf {AC}$ restricted to families of finite sets) iff for every set X, $\mathcal {C}_\mathrm{R}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ has a choice set.
• (iii) $\mathsf {AC}_{\mathrm{fin}}$ does not imply “$\mathcal {K}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ has a choice set($\mathcal {K}(\mathbf {X})$ is the family of all closed subsets of the space $\mathbf {X}$)
• (iv) $\mathcal {K}(\mathbf {2}^{X})\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ implies $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(\mathcal {\wp }(X))}$ but $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(X)}$ does not imply $\mathsf {AC}^{\mathrm{fin}(\mathcal {\wp }(X))}$.

We also show that “For every setX, “$\mathcal {K}\big (\mathbf {2}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$has a choice set” iff “for every setX, $\mathcal {K}\big (\mathbf {[0,1]}^{X}\big )\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$has a choice set” iff “for every product$\mathbf {X}$of finite discrete spaces,$\mathcal {K}(\mathbf {X})\backslash \lbrace \varnothing \rbrace$ has a choice set”.     

Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces of Para-Accretive Type and a Tb Theorem

In this article, we use a discrete Calderón-type reproducing formula and Plancherel-Pôlya-type inequality associated to a para-accretive function to characterize the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces of para-accretive type $\dot{F}^{\alpha,q}_{b,p}In this article, we use a discrete Calderón-type reproducing formula and Plancherel-P?lya-type inequality associated to a para-accretive function to characterize the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces of para-accretive type , which reduces to the classical Triebel-Lizorkin spaces when the para-accretive function is constant. Moreover, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the boundedness of paraproduct operators. From this, we show that a generalized singular integral operator T with M _b TM _b ∈WBP is bounded from to if and only if and T ^* b=0 for , where ε is the regularity exponent of the kernel of T. Chin-Cheng Lin supported by National Science Council, Republic of China under Grant #NSC 97-2115-M-008-021-MY3. Kunchuan Wang supported by National Science Council, Republic of China under Grant #NSC 97-2115-M-259-009 and NCU Center for Mathematics and Theoretic Physics.     

The Bergman‐Shelah preorder on transformation semigroups

Let $\mathbb {N}^\mathbb {N}Let $\mathbb {N}^\mathbb {N}$ be the semigroup of all mappings on the natural numbers $\mathbb {N}$, and let U and V be subsets of $\mathbb {N}^\mathbb {N}$. We write U?V if there exists a countable subset C of $\mathbb {N}^\mathbb {N}$ such that U is contained in the subsemigroup generated by V and C. We give several results about the structure of the preorder ?. In particular, we show that a certain statement about this preorder is equivalent to the Continuum Hypothesis. The preorder ? is analogous to one introduced by Bergman and Shelah on subgroups of the symmetric group on $\mathbb {N}$. The results in this paper suggest that the preorder on subsemigroups of $\mathbb {N}^\mathbb {N}$ is much more complicated than that on subgroups of the symmetric group.     

Spaces of rational loops on a real projective space

We show that the loop spaces on real projective spaces are topologically approximated by the spaces of rational maps . As a byproduct of our constructions we obtain an interpretation of the Kronecker characteristic (degree) of an ornament via particle spaces.

     

Optimal estimates on rotation number of almost periodic systems

In this paper, we will give some optimal estimates on the rotation number of the linear equation $\ifmmode\expandafter\ddot\else\expandafter\"\fi{x} + p(t)x = 0,$\ifmmode\expandafter\ddot\else\expandafter\"\fi{x} + p(t)x = 0, and that of the asymmetric equation: $\ifmmode\expandafter\ddot\else\expandafter\"\fi{x} + p(t)x_{ + } + q(t)x_{ - } = 0,$\ifmmode\expandafter\ddot\else\expandafter\"\fi{x} + p(t)x_{ + } + q(t)x_{ - } = 0, where p(t) and q(t) are almost periodic functions and x ₊ = max{ x,0} ,  x _- = min{ x,0} .x_{ + } = \max \{ x,0\} ,\;x_{ - } = \min \{ x,0\} . These estimates are obtained by introducing some kind of new norms in the spaces of almost periodic functions.     

On the bounded quasi‐degrees of c.e. sets

We study the degree structure of bQ‐reducibility and we prove that for any noncomputable c.e. incomplete bQ‐degree a, there exists a nonspeedable bQ‐degree incomparable with it. The structure $\mathcal {D}_{\mbox{bs}}$ of the $\mbox{bs}$‐degrees is not elementary equivalent neither to the structure of the $\mbox{be}$‐degrees nor to the structure of the $\mbox{e}$‐degrees. If c.e. degrees a and b form a minimal pair in the c.e. bQ‐degrees, then a and b form a minimal pair in the bQ‐degrees. Also, for every simple set S there is a noncomputable nonspeedable set A which is bQ‐incomparable with S and bQ‐degrees of S and A does not form a minimal pair.     

An optimal extension of Marstrand’s plane-packing theorem

We prove that if F is a subset of the 2-dimensional unit sphere in $\mathbb{R}^3$, with Hausdorff dimension strictly greater than 1, and E is a subset of $\mathbb{R}^3$ such that for each $e \in F$, E contains a plane perpendicular to the vector e, then E must have positive 3-dimensional Lebesgue measure.Received: 16 April 2002     

On effective σ‐boundedness and σ‐compactness

We prove several dichotomy theorems which extend some known results on σ‐bounded and σ‐compact pointsets. In particular we show that, given a finite number of $\Delta ^{1}_{1}$ equivalence relations $\mathrel {\mathsf {F}}_1,\dots ,\mathrel {\mathsf {F}}_n$, any $\Sigma ^{1}_{1}$ set A of the Baire space either is covered by compact $\Delta ^{1}_{1}$ sets and lightface $\Delta ^{1}_{1}$ equivalence classes of the relations $\mathrel {\mathsf {F}}_i$, or A contains a superperfect subset which is pairwise $\mathrel {\mathsf {F}}_i$‐inequivalent for all i = 1, …, n. Further generalizations to $\Sigma ^{1}_{2}$ sets A are obtained.     

The dimension of the kernel in an intersection of starshaped sets

We establish the following Helly-type theorem: Let ${\cal K}$ be a family of compact sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$. If every d + 1 (not necessarily distinct) members of ${\cal K}$ intersect in a starshaped set whose kernel contains a translate of set A, then $\cap \{ K : K\; \hbox{in}\; {\cal K} \}$ also is a starshaped set whose kernel contains a translate of A. An analogous result holds when ${\cal K}$ is a finite family of closed sets in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Moreover, we have the following planar result: Define function f on $\{0, 1, 2\}$ by f(0) = f(2) = 3, f(1) = 4. Let ${\cal K}$ be a finite family of closed sets in the plane. For k = 0, 1, 2, if every f(k) (not necessarily distinct) members of ${\cal K}$ intersect in a starshaped set whose kernel has dimension at least k, then $\cap \{K : K\; \hbox{in}\; {\cal K}\}$ also is a starshaped set whose kernel has dimension at least k. The number f(k) is best in each case.Received: 4 June 2002     

On Clarkson's inequality,type and cotype for the Edmunds-Triebel logarithmic spaces

We show that the (p, p') Clarkson's inequality holds in the Edmunds-Triebel logarithmic spaces A_q(logA)_b,q A_{\theta}({\log}A)_{b,q} and in the Zygmund spaces L_p(logL)_b(W) L_p({\log}L)_b(\Omega) , for b ? \mathbbR b \in \mathbb{R} and for suitable 1 ￡ p ￡ 2 1 \leq p \leq 2 . As a consequence of these results we also obtain some new information about the types and the cotypes of these spaces.     

Stationary measures and rectifiability

For integers , we consider -valued Radon measures on an open set which satisfy

A Converse Hawking-Unruh Effect and dS<Superscript>2</Superscript>/CFT Correspondence

Given a local quantum field theory net $ \mathcal{A} $ on the de Sitter spacetime dS ^d , where geodesic observers are thermalized at Gibbons-Hawking temperature, we look for observers that feel to be in a ground state, i.e., particle evolutions with positive generator, providing a sort of converse to the Hawking-Unruh effect. Such positive energy evolutions always exist as noncommutative flows, but have only a partial geometric meaning, yet they map localized observables into localized observables. We characterize the local conformal nets on dS ^d . Only in this case our positive energy evolutions have a complete geometrical meaning. We show that each net has a unique maximal expected conformal subnet, where our evolutions are thus geometrical. In the two-dimensional case, we construct a holographic one-to-one correspondence between local nets $ \mathcal{A} $ on dS ² and local conformal non-isotonic families (pseudonets) $ \mathcal{B} $ on S ¹. The pseudonet $ \mathcal{B} $ gives rise to two local conformal nets $ \mathcal{B}_\pm $ on S ¹, that correspond to the $ \frak{H}_\pm $ horizon components of $ \mathcal{A} $, and to the chiral components of the maximal conformal subnet of $ \mathcal{A} $. In particular, $ \mathcal{A} $ is holographically reconstructed by a single horizon component, namely the pseudonet is a net, iff the translations on $ \frak{H}_\pm $ have positive energy and the translations on $ \frak{H}_\mp $ are trivial. This is the case iff the one-parameter unitary group implementing rotations on dS ² has positive/negative generator. Communicated by Klaus Fredenhagen submitted 07/02/03, accepted: 07/07/03     

非齐性广义Morrey空间上双线性强奇异Calder\''{o}n-Zygmund算子及交换子

本文的主要建立非齐性度量测度空间上双线性强奇异积分算子$\widetilde{T}$及交换子$\widetilde{T}_{b_{1},b_{2}}$在广义Morrey空间$M^{u}_{p}(\mu)$上的有界性. 在假设Lebesgue可测函数$u, u_{1}, u_{2}\in\mathbb{W}_{\tau}$, $u_{1}u_{2}=u$,且$\tau\in(0,2)$. 证明了算子$\widetilde{T}$是从乘积空间$M^{u_{1}}_{p_{1}}(\mu)\times M^{u_{2}}_{p_{2}}(\mu)$到空间$M^{u}_{p}(\mu)$有界的, 也是从乘积空间$M^{u_{1}}_{p_{1}}(\mu)\times M^{u_{2}}_{p_{2}}(\mu)$到广义弱Morrey空间$WM^{u}_{p}(\mu)$有界的,其中$\frac{1}{p}=\frac{1}{p_{1}}+\frac{1}{p_{2}}$及$1相似文献   

On ideals of polynomials and multilinear mappings between Banach spaces

It is shown that for every quasi-normed ideal ${\cal Q}$ of n-homogeneous continuous polynomials between Banach spaces there is a quasi-normed ideal ${\cal A}$ of n-linear continuous mappings ${\cal A}$ such that $q \in {\cal Q}$ if and only if the associated n-linear mapping $\check{q}$ of q is in ${\cal A}$. Received: 12 March 2001     

Function Spaces in Lipschitz Domains and Optimal Rates of Convergence for Sampling

Assume that we want to recover $f : \Omega \to {\bf C}$ in the $L_r$-quasi-norm ($0 < r \le \infty$) by a linear sampling method $$ S_n f = \sum_{j=1}^n f(x^j) h_j , $$ where $h_j \in L_r(\Omega )$ and $x^j \in \Omega$ and $\Omega \subset {\bf R}^d$ is an arbitrary bounded Lipschitz domain. We assume that $f$ is from the unit ball of a Besov space $B^s_{pq} (\Omega)$ or of a Triebel--Lizorkin space $F^s_{pq} (\Omega)$ with parameters such that the space is compactly embedded into $C(\overline{\Omega})$. We prove that the optimal rate of convergence of linear sampling methods is $$ n^{ -{s}/{d} + ({1}/{p}-{1}/{r})_+} , $$ nonlinear methods do not yield a better rate. To prove this we use a result from Wendland (2001) as well as results concerning the spaces $B^s_{pq} (\Omega) $ and $F^s_{pq}(\Omega)$. Actually, it is another aim of this paper to complement the existing literature about the function spaces $B^s_{pq} (\Omega)$ and $F^s_{pq} (\Omega)$ for bounded Lipschitz domains $\Omega \subset {\bf R}^d$. In this sense, the paper is also a continuation of a paper by Triebel (2002).