Choice from a Three-Element Set: Some Lessons of the 2000 Presidential Campaign in the United States

We consider the behavior of four choice rules—plurality voting, approval voting, Borda count, and self-consistent choice—when applied to choose the best option from a three-element set. It is assumed that the two main options are preferred by a large majority of the voters, while the third option gets a very small number of votes and influences the election outcome only when the two main options receive a close number of votes. When used to rate the main options, Borda count and self-consistent choice contain terms that allow both for the strength of preferences of the voters and the rating of the main candidates by voters who vote for the third option. In this way, it becomes possible to determine more reliably the winner when plurality voting or approval voting produce close results.     

Fuzzy Application to the Analytic Hierarchy Process for Robot Selection

The problem of Robot Selection is of great relevance in the present times of automation. Traditionally such problems were addressed using conventional techniques of Multi Criteria Decision Making such as The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and The Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT). This paper proposes a methodology for solving common Robot Selection problems using a modification of the conventional AHP by incorporating ‘Fuzzy Linguistic Variables’ in place of numbers. The methodology encapsulates creation of Fuzzy Interface for conversion of input and output variables into suitable linguistic variables. Further, employing the fuzzification process by assigning the linguistic variables to numerical values of the membership functions and formulating suitable decision rules, the procedure culminates into the defuzzification process for converting fuzzy output into crisp value and obtaining the result in the form of Fuzzy Score. The proposed model is explained using a numerical example. The paper also presents a validation of the proposed methodology over real world problems and provides directions for future research towards the end.Additional support was provided by the National Science Foundation.     

Linguistic fuzzy consensus model for collaborative development of fuzzy cognitive maps: a case study in software development risks

Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) have been widely used in several domains for information processing, such as, data fusion, decision making. Although several methods to automatically learn FCMs are recognized from the scientific literature, the most used approach to build an FCM relies on a collaborative task involving single person or, more suitably, group of experts. Collaborative development increases reliability and robustness of the resulting FCM, but rises some problems in terms of group decision making to aggregate different perspectives of the problem representation. This paper proposes to support collaborative development of FCMs introducing knowledge engineering process that relies on Linguistic Fuzzy Consensus Model. In the proposed approach, each expert builds the own version of the FCM. When all different versions are available, a Group Decision Making process is activated in order to reach the consensus on conflictual modeling opinions. The result is a unique final version of the FCM that is not a simple aggregation of the versions provided by the experts but is the result of a well-suited mathematical model. In addition, this work adopts consensus model with incomplete preference relations scheme to address knowledge harmonization issues. Finally, advantages and the limitations of the proposed framework are argued.     

广义概率对偶犹豫模糊语言幂集结算子在多属性决策中的应用

在对偶犹豫模糊语言集、概率对偶犹豫模糊集和广义幂集结算子的基础上,研究了在概率对偶犹豫模糊语言环境下的广义幂集结算子问题。首先,给出了概率对偶犹豫模糊语言集的定义、运算规则、得分函数、精确函数、距离测度、熵。然后,定义了广义概率对偶犹豫模糊语言幂集结算子,并研究其具有的性质。其次,提出了一种决策方法来解决集结数据之间存在相互关系的概率对偶犹豫模糊语言多属性决策问题。最后,结合相关案例验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于语言变量模糊评价的可信软件非功能需求权衡模型

提出了一个模糊定性定量的软目标相互依存图FQQSIG模型(Fuzzy Qualitative and Quantitative Softgoal Interdependency Graphs)来分析可信软件(Trustworthy Software,TS)中的非功能需求(Non-Functional Requirements,NFRs)的相关性.首先描述了一个NFRs层次分解图,专家团队并对NFRs的重要性程度进行语言变量形式的模糊定性评价,然后再用梯形模糊数和RAGE(RAndom GEneration)随机仿真算法来完成定性到定量数据的转化,最后再提出关系矩阵算法实现NFRs节点贡献值的计算以及应用FQQSIG模型进行NFRs节点权衡.     

Linguistic group decision-making: opinion aggregation and measures of consensus

Group decision-making is a crucial activity, necessary in many aspects of our civilization. In many cases, due to inherent complexity, experts cannot express their opinion or preferences using exact numbers, thus resorting to a qualitative preference such as linguistic labels. Another complicating factor is the fact that very seldom all individuals in a group share the same opinion about the alternatives. This creates the need to aggregate all the differing individual opinions into a group opinion. Moreover, it is desirable to be able to assess the level of agreement among the experts; termed consensus. This paper presents a methodology for aggregating experts’ judgements, presented as linguistic labels, into a group opinion with a measure of the group consensus. The aggregation model allows weighted experts to express a degree of optimism or upward bias in their opinions. Then the paper presents two models of calculating the consensus based on the individual expert opinions and the group aggregated opinion.     

基于对偶犹豫模糊语言变量的多属性决策方法

首先定义了对偶犹豫模糊语言变量,然后给出其运算规则、得分值函数、精确值函数、比较规则以及对偶犹豫模糊语言变量的加权算术平均算子、有序加权算术平均算子和混合平均算子。针对属性值为对偶犹豫模糊语言变量的多属性决策问题,提出了一种基于对偶犹豫模糊语言变量集结算子的多属性决策方法。最后,结合国家电网公司合作单位选择问题,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

基于二维二元语义和模糊AHP-TODIM的低碳供应商选择方法

针对专家给出二维语言评价信息的低碳供应商评选问题,提出一种基于二维二元语义和模糊AHP-TODIM的方法。该方法首先提出改进的二元语义模型,基于此定义二维二元语义及其加权平均算子。接着构建低碳供应商评价的指标体系。最后,将专家给出的二维语言评价信息转化为二维二元语义,使用模糊AHP法计算指标权重,并利用二维二元语义加权平均算子集结信息,在此基础上将TODIM方法扩展到二维二元语义环境以获取低碳供应商排序。案例分析说明了所提出的方法的有效性。     

Committees,sequential voting and transparency

We propose a model of sequential voting in committees, where members use their individual votes to signal high efficiency in their bid to become re-appointed. Transparency precludes efficient information aggregation, and thus decreases the utility of the principal in the first period; it may be beneficial to her in the second period. Under transparency, equilibria under sequential voting always differ from those under simultaneous voting and may lead to more or less efficient information aggregation.     

含语言评价信息的一种模糊多属性群决策方法

对于多属性群决策问题的处理,有时需要采用先决策、后综合的处理方法,而含有语言评价信息的多属性群决策问题,定性目标一般用语言评价信息描述,由决策人给出定性目标和权系数的语言变量评价,用梯形模糊数表示,对定量目标进行无量纲化处理;将决策人对于单一目标的评价指标聚合成多个目标的评价模糊数,采用Bass-Kw akernaak模糊数排序方法对方案进行排序;群体的评价通过Borda函数来集结方案集的群体排序.     

基于二元语义TAC积分算子的语言型多属性群决策方法

针对属性之间存在模糊关联的语言型多属性群决策问题,给出了二元语义TAC(Two-Additive Choquet)积分算子的定义,分析和证明了算子的有关性质,并提出了相应的决策方法。该方法首先将各专家提供的语言短语形式的属性权重信息、属性关联信息与属性评价信息转化为二元语义形式,然后利用二元语义TAC积分算子将转化后的属性相关信息集结为各专家的方案评价值,并进一步集结专家意见获得方案的综合评价值,从而确定其排序。最后,通过实例分析和方法比较说明了所给方法的有效性和优点。研究结果表明,该方法具有属性关联刻画细致、计算过程简单且无信息损失、决策结果可解释性强等优点,为求解属性之间存在模糊关联的语言型多属性群决策问题提供了一种新的途径。     

基于Steiner点的非确定语言信息群决策方法研究

本文针对不确定语言信息的群决策问题,提出了一种解决多粒度不确定二元语义语言信息集结与决策的新方法。首先,根据各专家不确定语言短语决策信息,通过相关转化规则,量化为与其对应的二元语义区间数,并将其端点映射到二维坐标系中。其次,运用植物模拟生长算法(PGSA)求出各区间数端点坐标的加权Steiner点(专家群体最优结集点,即群体共识点)。其后,再由最优集结点,给出专家最优集结判断矩阵。从而,可以对决策方案的进行排序,以便给出最优群体决策方案。为了验证此方法的合理性和有效性,本文选择了两个其他学者的研究算例,对其进行了平行的算例研究。最终得到了与其相同的研究结果。     

Pythagorean三角模糊语言Hamacher集结算子及其应用

在Pythagorean模糊集和Hamacher集结算子基础上,研究了Pythagorean三角模糊语言环境下的Hamacher集成算子问题。首先给出了Pythagorean三角模糊语言的定义、运算规则、得分函数、精确函数;其次,介绍了一系列关于Pythagorean三角模糊语言Hamacher集结算子,比如Pythagorean三角模糊语言Hamacher加权平均算子(PTrFLHWA)、Pythagorean三角模糊语言Hamacher加权几何平均算子(PTrFLHWG)等,并研究其具有的性质;之后,提出了两种决策方法来解决Pythagorean三角模糊语言信息环境下的多属性群决策问题;最后,用示例验证所给方法的有效性。     

Fuzzy rule generation methods for high-level computer vision

In many decision making systems involving multiple sources, the decisions made may be considered as the result of a rule-based system in which the decision rules are usually enumerated by experts or generated by a learning process. In this paper, we discuss the various issues involved in the generation of fuzzy rules automatically from training data for high-level computer vision. Features are treated as linguistic variables that appear in the antecedent clauses of the rules. We present methods to generate the corresponding linguistic labels (values) and their membership functions. Rules are generated by constructing a minimal approximate fuzzy aggregation network and then training the network using gradient descent methods. Several examples are given.     

Evaluating correct classification probability for weighted voting classifiers with plurality voting

Weighted voting classifiers (WVCs) consist of N units that each provide individual classification decisions. The entire system output is based on tallying the weighted votes for each decision and choosing the winning one (plurality voting) or one which has the total weight of supporting votes greater than some specified threshold (threshold voting). Each individual unit may abstain from voting. The entire system may also abstain from voting if no decision is ultimately winning. Existing methods of evaluating the correct classification probability (CCP) of WVCs can be applied to limited special cases of these systems (threshold voting) and impose some restrictions on their parameters. In this paper a method is suggested which allows the CCP of WVCs with both plurality and threshold voting to be exactly evaluated without imposing constraints on unit weights. The method is based on using the modified universal generating function technique.     

基于Archimedean三角模的犹豫直觉模糊语言信息群决策方法

针对语言术语集下标运算不封闭的问题,基于Archimedean三角模讨论了犹豫直觉模糊语言信息下的封闭运算体系。首先提出基于Archimedean三角模的犹豫直觉模糊语言集,然后给出了相应的得分函数、精确函数、排序规则和集结算子,给出一种基于Archimedean三角模的犹豫直觉模糊语言信息的群决策方法,最后用一个实例说明了方法的有效性和优越性。     

Hare's voting scheme and negative responsiveness

Doron and Kronick (1977) have shown that Hare's voting system may given negative responsiveness. The present note shows that this negative responsiveness can be caused by the method of transfer of surplus votes from the elected candidates as well as by the method of transfer of all the votes from the eliminated candidates.     

Linguistic quantifiers based on Choquet integrals

The introduction of linguistic quantifiers has provided an important tool to model a large number of issues in intelligent systems. Ying [M.S. Ying, Linguistic quantifiers modeled by Sugeno integrals, Artificial Intelligence 170 (2006) 581–606] recently introduced a new framework for modeling quantifiers in natural languages in which each linguistic quantifier is represented by a family of fuzzy measures, and the truth value of a quantified proposition is evaluated by using Sugeno’s integral. Representing linguistic quantifiers by fuzzy measures, this paper evaluates linguistic quantified propositions by the Choquet integral. Some elegant logical properties of linguistic quantifiers are derived within this approach, including a prenex normal form theorem stronger than that in Ying’s model. In addition, our Choquet integral approach to the evaluation of quantified statements is compared with others, in particular with Ying’s Sugeno integral approach.     

A Direct Approach to Group Decision Making with Uncertain Additive Linguistic Preference Relations

In this paper, we study the group decision-making problem in which the preference information given by experts takes the form of uncertain additive linguistic preference relations. We define the concept of uncertain additive linguistic preference relation, and introduce a formula based on possibility measure for comparing two uncertain linguistic preference values. We introduce some aggregation operators such as the uncertain linguistic averaging (ULA) operator and uncertain linguistic weighted averaging (ULWA) operator, etc. Based on the ULA and ULWA operators, we develop a direct approach to group decision making with uncertain additive linguistic preference relations without loss of information. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is given to verify the developed approach.     

直觉语言Hamacher加权集结算子及其应用

研究带参数的直觉语言Hamacher集结算子。基于Hamacher t-模与s-模定义直觉语言Hamacher运算法则。而后,利用所提Hamacher运算法则提出含参数的直觉语言Hamacher加权平均算子与几何算子,研究其基本性质。进一步地,剖析算子与参数之间的关系,如算子关于参数的单调性、算子关于参数的退化情况等。最后,基于所提出的集结算子构建出多属性决策方法,通过算例分析表明所提决策方法的可行性和实用性。