反射扩散过程的某些极限定理

设（Ｘｉ）是由如下随机微分方程所决定的反射扩散过程： Ｘｔ＝Ｘ０＋∫＾ｔ０σ（Ｘｓ）ｄＷｓ＋∫＾ｔ０ｂ（Ｘｓ）ｄｓ＋Ｌｔ－Ｕｔ， Ｌｔ＝∫＾ｔ０Ｉ｛０｝（Ｘｓ）ｄＬｓ，Ｕｔ＝∫＾ｔ０Ｉ｛１｝（Ｘｓ）ｄＵｓ。 本文证明了当ｔ→∞时，Ｐｘ｛Ｘｔ∈Ａ｝→π（Ａ），１／ｔＥｘ（Ｌｒ）→ａ，１／ｔ     

上期课外练习解答

高一年级1 .在ＡＢ上取一点Ｄ ,使ＤＢ =ＣＢ ,设Ｅ为Ｄ关于ＡＣ的对称点 .连ＥＡ ,ＥＢ ,ＥＤ ,ＣＤ .易证△ＤＣＥ为正三角形 .ＢＥ为ＤＣ的中垂线 ,ＡＣ为ＤＥ的中垂线 ,有 :∠ＥＢＡ =4 0° =∠ＥＡＢ ,ＥＢ =ＥＡ =ＡＤ =ｂ -ａ .在△ＡＢＥ中 ,ｃｏｓ∠ＡＥＢ =2 (ｂ-ａ) 2 -ｂ22 (ｂ -ａ) 2 ;在△ＡＢＣ中 ,ｃｏｓ∠ＡＢＣ =ａ2 +ｂ2 -ｂ22ａｂ ;由ｃｏｓ∠ＡＥＢ =-ｃｏｓ∠ＡＢＣ ,得2 (ｂ-ａ) 2 -ｂ22 (ｂ-ａ) 2 =- ａ2ｂ.整理 ,得　ａ3+ｂ3=3ａｂ2 .2 .ｙ=1 -ｓｉｎｘｃｏｓｘ1 +ｓｉｎｘｃｏｓｘ=212 ｓｉｎ2ｘ + 1- 1 .∵　 π…     

有关椭圆的四个性质

文 [1]对椭圆的内接矩形进行了讨论 ,本文对此问题进行了拓展 ,并就椭圆中的“最大角”问题进行了探讨 .定理 1　设Ｐ0 (ｘ0 ,ｙ0 ) (ｘ20 + ｙ20 ≠ 0 )是椭圆 ｘ2ａ2+ ｙ2ｂ2 =1(ａ >ｂ >0 )内一点 ,则过点Ｐ0 的弦中 ,有且仅有一条以Ｐ0 为中点 .证　设过Ｐ0 的直线的参数方程为ｌ2 :ｘ =ｘ0 +ｔｃｏｓαｙ =ｙ0 +ｔｓｉｎα (α为倾角 ,ｔ为参数 ) ,代入 ｘ2ａ2 + ｙ2ｂ2 =1,整理得(ａ2 ｓｉｎ2 α +ｂ2 ｃｏｓ2 α )ｔ2 + (2ａ2 ｙ0 ｓｉｎα +2ｂ2 ｘ0 ｃｏｓα)ｔ+ａ2 ｙ20 +ｂ2 ｘ20 -ａ2 ｂ2 =0 .若直线ｌ2 截椭圆 ｘ2ａ2 + ｙ2ｂ2…     

上期课外练习参考解答

初一年级1 .两边连续乘以 2 ,得　12 ｘ + 2 =4,∴　ｘ =4.2 .∵　ＡＢ·ＡＡＡＡ =ＡＢ·ＡＡ·1 0 1 ,ＡＢＡＢ·ＡＡ =ＡＢ·1 0 1·ＡＡ ,∴　等式成立 .3.分类比较三个有理数的两种表达形式 ,得出ａ =-1 ,ｂ =1 .故所求式的值为 0 .初二年级1 .由已知得　 5 =ｘ -1 .∴　原式 =ｘ3 -( 2 +ｘ -1 )ｘ2 + ( 1 + 2ｘ-2 )ｘ -ｘ + 1 + 2 0 0 3=ｘ2 -2ｘ + 2 0 0 4=(ｘ -1 ) 2+ 2 0 0 3=2 0 0 8.2 .原式 =ａ2 ｄ2 -2ａｂｃｄ +ｂ2 ｃ2 +ａ2 ｃ2+ 2ａｂｃｄ +ｂ2 ｄ2=(ａ2 +ｂ2 ) (ｃ2 +ｄ2 )=1× 2 0 0 3=2 0 0 3.3.如图 ,记Ａｉ(ｉ =1 ,2 ,…     

圆锥曲线间的有趣变换

文 [1 ]中给出了双曲线的一个有趣的性质 ,受此启发 ,进一步研究 ,得到圆锥曲线间的一个有趣的变换 .定理 1　设椭圆Ｃ :ｘ2ａ2 +ｙ2ｂ2 =1 (ａ>ｂ>0 ) ,ＰＰ′是Ｃ上的垂直于ｘ轴的一条弦 ,Ａ(-ａ,0 ) ,Ａ′(ａ,0 )是Ｃ的两个顶点 ,则直线ＰＡ与Ｐ′Ａ′的交点在双曲线ｘ2ａ2 -ｙ2ｂ2 =1上 .证明　设Ｐ(ａｃｏｓｔ,ｂｓｉｎｔ) ,则Ｐ′(ａｃｏｓｔ,-ｂｓｉｎｔ) ,直线ＰＡ :ｙｂｓｉｎｔ=ｘ+ａａｃｏｓｔ+ａ (1 )直线Ｐ′Ａ′:ｙ-ｂｓｉｎｔ=ｘ-ａａｃｏｓｔ-ａ (2 )由 (1 ) ,(2 )解得 ｘ=ａｓｅｃｔ,ｙ=ｂｔａｎｔ.所以ｘ2ａ2 -ｙ2ｂ2 =1…     

课外练习

高一年级1.在△ＡＢＣ中 ,∠Ａ =2 0° ,ＡＢ =ＡＣ =ｂ ,ＢＣ=ａ .求证 :ａ3 +ｂ3 =3ａｂ2 .2 .若 π6 ≤ｘ≤ π3,求函数 ｙ =ｔａｎｘ -ｓｉｎ2 ｘｔａｎｘ +ｓｉｎ2 ｘ的最大值和最小值 .3 .若函数ｆ(ｘ)在 (-∞ ,3]上是减函数 ,且ｆ(ａ2 -ｓｉｎｘ)≤ｆ(ａ+ 1+ｃｏｓ2 ｘ)对一切ｘ∈Ｒ恒成立 ,求实数ａ的取值范围 .高二年级1.在棱长为ａ的正方体ＡＢＣＤ -Ａ1 Ｂ1 Ｃ1 Ｄ1中 ,过ＢＤ1 的截面分别交ＡＡ1 、ＣＣ1 于Ｅ、Ｆ两点 ,求四边形ＢＥＤ1 Ｆ面积的最小值 .(北京　含　笑 )2 .已知 :ｘ ,ｙ∈Ｒ+ ,且ｘ + ｙ =1.求ｕ =1ｘ3 +12ｙ的…     

数形结合法解选择题

数形结合法是解题的基本方法之一 ,许多选择题也可转化为图形问题 ,用数形结合法直图 1接揭示问题的本质 ,直观地看到问题的结果 ,稍加计算或推导就行了 .例 1　函数ｙ=ａｘ,ｙ =ｂｘ,ｙ=ｃｘ,ｙ =ｄｘ 的图像如图 1所示 ,则下列四个式子中 ,成立的是 (　　 ) .(Ａ)ａ <ｂ<1 <ｃ<ｄ(Ｂ)ｂ <ａ <1 <ｄ <ｃ(Ｃ)ａ <ｂ<1 <ｄ <ｃ(Ｄ)ｃ<ｄ <1 <ａ <ｂ解　作直线ｘ =1与四条曲线依次交于Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ ,这四个点的纵坐标分别是ａ、ｂ、ｃ、ｄ ,由图 1可见　ｃ>ｄ >1 >ａ >ｂ,故选 (Ｂ) .例 2　如果 3ｓｉｎθ +2ｃｏｓθ =0 ,那么角 2θ所在的…     

抛物线内接等腰三角形的一个性质

抛物线ｙ =ａｘ2 +ｂｘ+ｃ如果与ｘ轴有两个交点 ,以这两点及与ｙ轴交点为顶点的三角形是等腰三角形的充分必要条件是ｂ =0或者ｂ2 =ａｃ(ａｃ+3 ) 2ａｃ+2 .下面加以分析 :(1 )不难证明当ｂ=0时 ,△ＡＢＣ为等腰三角形 (ＡＣ =ＢＣ) .当ＡＣ =ＢＣ时 ,ｂ=0 .图 2图 1(2 )如图 2 ,设Ａ(ｘ1 ,0 ) ,Ｂ(ｘ2 ,0 ) .Ｃ点坐标为 (0 ,ｃ) .因此　ｘ1 =-ｂ- ｂ2 - 4ａｃ2ａ ,ｘ2 =-ｂ +ｂ2 - 4ａｃ2ａ .又∠ＢＯＣ =90°由勾股定理知ＢＣ2 =ＯＢ2 +ＯＣ2= -ｂ+ｂ2 - 4ａｃ2ａ2 +ｃ2 而ＡＢ=ｂ2 - 4ａｃａ(这里以ａ>0为例 ) .当ＡＢ =ＢＣ时 ,则ｂ2 -…     

圆锥曲线焦半径的一个性质

定理 1　Ａ1 ,Ａ2 为椭圆长轴上的顶点 ,Ｆ为椭圆的焦点 ,ｌ为椭圆的与Ｆ对应的准线 ,Ｐ是椭圆上任一点 (除Ａ1 、Ａ2 外 ) ,设Ａ1 Ｐ、Ａ2 Ｐ分别与ｌ交于Ｍ、Ｎ ,则①ＭＦ⊥ＮＦ ,②以ＭＮ为直径的圆与ＰＦ相切于Ｆ ,③ＦＭ平分∠ＰＦＡ2 (如图 1 ) .图 1证明　①设椭圆方程为ｂ2 ｘ2 +ａ2 ｙ2 =ａ2 ｂ2 (ａ >ｂ>0 ) ,Ｐ(ａｃｏｓα ,ｂｓｉｎα) ,Ｆ(ｃ ,0 ) ,ｌ:ｘ =ａ2ｃ,Ａ1 (-ａ ,0 ) ,Ａ2 (ａ ,0 ) .则Ａ1 Ｐ :　　ｙ=ｂｓｉｎαａ(ｃｏｓα +1 ) (ｘ+ａ) ,Ａ2 Ｐ :　　ｙ =ｂｓｉｎαａ(ｃｏｓα - 1 ) (ｘ -ａ) ,容易求得Ｍ ａ2ｃ…     

构造点的坐标证明不等式

有些不等式的证明 ,若采用常规方法 ,往往不易下手或比较冗繁 ,但若从数形结合思想考虑 ,充分挖掘出不等式的几何背景 ,通过构造点的坐标 ,建立起不等式的几何模型 ,利用几何图形的不等性质 ,可使不等式较易得到证明 .一、构造点的坐标 ,利用点线距最短证明图 1不等式例 1　已知ａ≥0 ,ｂ≥ 0 ,且ａ +ｂ =1,求证 :(ａ + 2 ) 2 + (ｂ +2 ) 2 ≥2 52 .证明　设Ａ(-2 ,-2 ) ,Ｐ(ａ ,ｂ) ,则点Ｐ在线段ｘ +ｙ =1(0≤ｘ≤ 1)上 ,点Ａ到直线ｘ + ｙ =1的距离ｄ =| -2 -2 -1|2 =52 .如图 1,∵　 |ＡＰ|≥ｄ ,即　 (ａ + 2 ) 2 + (ｂ + 2 ) 2 ≥ 52 …     

Initial value problems for singular and nonsmooth second order differential inclusions

We study the existence of W^2,1 solutions for singular and nonsmooth initial value problems of the type whereT > 0 is a priori fixed, x₀, x₁ ∈ ?, and F: [0, T ] × ? → ??(?) \ {??} is a multivalued mapping. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Dupin indicatrices and families of curve congruences

We study a number of natural families of binary differential equations (BDE's) on a smooth surface in . One, introduced by G. J. Fletcher in 1996, interpolates between the asymptotic and principal BDE's, another between the characteristic and principal BDE's. The locus of singular points of the members of these families determine curves on the surface. In these two cases they are the tangency points of the discriminant sets (given by a fixed ratio of principle curvatures) with the characteristic (resp. asymptotic) BDE.

More generally, we consider a natural class of BDE's on such a surface , and show how the pencil of BDE's joining certain pairs are related to a third BDE of the given class, the so-called polar BDE. This explains, in particular, why the principal, asymptotic and characteristic BDE's are intimately related.

     

Localized triangular differential quadrature

A localized triangular differential quadrature method is introduced in this article. Not only is the existing limitation on the approximation order in the triangular differential quadrature eliminated but also the convergent rate is enhanced in the new method. As an example to validate the new method, elastic torsion of prismatic shaft with regular polygonal cross section is studied and excellent agreement with available theoretical and analytic solutions is reached. It is believed that the present work further widens the applicability of the triangular differential quadrature technique. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 682–692, 2003     

ON THE CONVEXITY OF SOME BANACH SPACES

51. IntroductionThe convexity of Banach spaces is an important topic in functional analysis and playsan importals role in indnite dimensional holomorphy. In order to study the geometricproperties of a Banach spacet Clarksonl3] and Krein (independently) introduced the veryimportallt class of strict convex spaces. In the same paper [3], Clarkson also introduced thestronger notion of uniform convexity. Since Clarkson's paper many authors have definedand studied the classes of Banach spaces lyi…     

From an iteration formula to Poincaré's Isochronous Center Theorem for holomorphic vector fields

We first generalize a classical iteration formula for one variable holomorphic mappings to a formula for higher dimensional holomorphic mappings. Then, as an application, we give a short and intuitive proof of a classical theorem, due to H. Poincaré, for the condition under which a singularity of a holomorphic vector field is an isochronous center.

     

变系数线性齐次常微分方程组的λ-矩阵求解法

进一步讨论了微分变换矩阵的性质 ,指出了变系数线性齐次微分方程组 ,通过因变量变换化为常系数线性齐次方程组的充要条件     

Equivalence and symmetries of first order differential equations

In this article, the equivalence and symmetries of underdetermined differential equations and differential equations with deviations of the first order are considered with respect to the pseudogroup of transformations . That means, the transformed unknown function is obtained by means of the change of the independent variable and subsequent multiplication by a nonvanishing factor. Instead of the common direct calculations, we use some more advanced tools from differential geometry; however, the exposition is self-contained and only the most fundamental properties of differential forms are employed. We refer to analogous achievements in literature. In particular, the generalized higher symmetry problem involving a finite number of invariants of the kind is compared to similar results obtained by means of auxiliary functional equations.     

微分周形式与稀疏微分结式

代数周(Chow)形式和代数结式是代数几何的基本概念,同时还是消去理论的强大工具.一个自然的想法是在微分代数几何中发展相应的周形式和结式理论.但是由于微分结构的复杂性,在本文的研究工作之前,微分结式只有部分结果,而微分周形式与稀疏微分结式理论一直没有得到发展.本文的主要结果包括:第一,发展一般(generic)情形的微分相交理论,作为应用,证明一般情形的微分维数猜想.第二,初步建立微分周形式理论.对不可约微分代数簇定义微分周形式并证明其基本性质,特别地,给出微分周形式的Poisson分解公式,引入微分代数簇的主微分次数这一不变量并证明一类微分代数闭链的周簇和周坐标的存在性.作为应用,首次严格定义微分结式,证明其基本性质.第三,初步建立稀疏微分结式理论.引入Laurent微分本性系统的概念,定义稀疏微分结式,证明其基本性质,特别地,引入微分环面簇的概念,给出稀疏微分结式阶数和次数界的估计,并基于此给出计算稀疏微分结式的单指数时间算法.     

Equivalence and symmetries of second-order differential equations

In this article we investigate the equivalence of underdetermined differential equations and differential equations with deviations of second order with respect to the pseudogroup of transformations = φ(x), ȳ = ȳ() = L(x) + y(x), = () = M(x) + z(x). Our main aim is to determine such equations that admit a large pseudogroup of symmetries. Instead the common direct calculations, we use some more advanced tools from differential geometry, however, our exposition is self-contained and only the most fundamental properties of differential forms are employed. This research has been conducted at the Department of Mathematics as part of the research project CEZ: Progressive reliable and durable structures, MSM 0021630519.