对相关市场条件下贸易竞争的博弈机制及福利效应的研究

在古诺双头模型的框架内分析了市场风险和相关因素对贸易竞争均衡和福利水平的影响.与传统模型不同,假设各国市场具有潜在相关的随机需求,且出口企业具有风险规避的态度,并利用博弈模型研究了市场风险和相关因子对竞争力和成本优势形成的产出效应及定价行为的影响.推论表明国际市场的不确定性和相关性削弱了企业在完全信息条件下参与贸易竞争的动机,而各国的福利水平则取决于企业风险态度、市场风险和相关系数的特定组合.     

干散货运价波动的杠杆效应特征研究——基于非对称随机波动模型

由信息冲击引起的干散货运价的剧烈波动给航运实体市场带来巨大风险,同等强度的利空消息通常要比利好消息引起更大的市场波动,本文对干散货航运市场运价波动存在的杠杆效应特征进行研究,为航运企业和租船人等把握市场态势、规避风险提供重要依据。考虑运价收益分布的厚尾特征,改变传统的非对称随机波动模型中随机误差项的正态分布假定,建立基于student-t分布的改进的非对称随机波动模型,在贝叶斯分析的基础上通过MCMC方法进行参数估计。通过实证研究发现,在考虑了极端风险情况后,改进的厚尾分布的非对称随机波动模型对干散货运价波动的杠杆效应特征刻画更加准确和优越。     

基于数量弹性契约的供应商数量选择问题研究

供应商数量对供应链的风险和成本有重要的影响,确定供应商数量必须考二方面因素。在引入数量弹性契约的基础上,考虑供应商的供应风险和市场需求的随机性,通过最大化供应链企业的收益,建立了最优供应商数量的整数规划模型;然后分析了数量弹性契约的可行性,衡量了最优供应商数量下存在的风险以及风险的影响程度;算例和仿真证明了模型的有效性。该模型在考虑供应风险、需求风险和供应成本的情况下选择最优的供应商数量,可以为供应链企业的供应商选择决策提供重要依据。     

规避风险的多阶段最优库存研究

基于市场需求是随机的,并且在进行市场销售前,就要确定每个阶段的生产数量的背景下,建立了具有规避风险的多阶段库存凸随机规划模型.该模型以最小化损失函数的期望值为目标函数,以规避风险为约束条件,以价值风险(VaR)和条件价值风险(CVaR)为风险度量;采用样本平均近似方法(SAA)求解该模型,并分析样本平均近似方法的收敛性;最后,给出数值结果.     

含有随机波动的非线性的最优投资和消费模型

在连续时间模型假设下,研究风险资产价格服从一个带有随机波动的几何布朗运动的最优消费和投资问题．首先建立了最优消费和投资同题随机最优控制数学模型;然后运用随机最优控制理论,得到了最优投资和消费随机最优控制问题的值函数所满足的线性抛物线偏微分方程和非线性抛物线偏微分方程．     

对数正态随机波动率期权局部风险最小定价与风险对冲

随机波动率模型是著名的Black-Scholes模型的推广,该模型描述的市场是不完备的,相应期权的定价与保值和投资者的风险态度有关．本文假设标的资产波动率为对数正态过程,根据局部风险最小准则,运用梯度算子方法,得到了欧式看涨期权的局部风险最小定价及套期保值策略的显式解．     

在风险投资下破产概率的一个渐近显式

在本文中, 我们研究了一个离散时间风险模型的破产概率\bd 在此风险模型中, 保险公司的剩余资本被用于进行风险投资\bd 我们运用纯概率的手法建立了无限时间破产概率的渐近显式, 从而将Tang和Tsitsiashvili (2003)近期的一个结果推广到了无限时间的场合.     

波动率风险溢价:基于香港权证市场的实证

波动率风险溢价包含了关于投资者风险厌恶的重要信息,它的估计是金融计量学文献关注的一个核心问题。本文基于香港权证市场数据和GARCH扩散随机波动率(SV)模型,对香港证券市场的波动率风险溢价进行了估计研究。采用香港恒生指数和指数权证数据,通过建立基于有效重要性抽样的极大似然(EIS-ML)方法联合估计了GARCH扩散模型的客观与风险中性测度,进而得到了香港证券市场的波动率风险溢价。研究结果发现,在香港证券市场上,市场投资者对波动率风险进行了定价,即存在波动率风险溢价,且波动率风险溢价在绝大多数情形下为正,说明市场投资者总体表现为风险爱好。     

CIR框架下的投资组合效用微分博弈(英文)

建立了Cox-Ingersoll-Ross随机利率下的关于两个投资者的投资组合效用微分博弈模型.市场利率具有CIR动力,博弈双方存在唯一的损益函数,损益函数取决于投资者的投资组合财富.一方选择动态投资组合策略以最大化损益函数,而另一方则最小化损益函数.运用随机控制理论,在一般的效用函数下得到了基于效用的博弈双方的最优策略.特别考虑了常数相对风险厌恶情形,获得了显示的最优投资组合策略和博弈值.最后给出了数值例子和仿真结果以说明本文的结论.     

CIR框架下的投资组合效用微分博弈

建立了Cox-Ingersoll—Ross随机利率下的关于两个投资者的投资组合效用微分博弈模型．市场利率具有CIR动力,博弈双方存在唯一的损益函数,损益函数取决于投资者的投资组合财富．一方选择动态投资组合策略以最大化损益函数,而另一方则最小化损益函数．运用随机控制理论,在一般的效用函数下得到了基于效用的博弈双方的最优策略．特别考虑了常数相对风险厌恶情形,获得了显示的最优投资组合策略和博弈值．最后给出了数值例子和仿真结果以说明本文的结论．     

考虑云安全风险的个人云存储服务最优定价策略

针对现有个人云存储服务纷纷关闭的现象,如何根据不同市场时期和云用户特征,制定合理的定价策略已成为个人云存储服务商面临的挑战性问题。本文在考虑云安全风险,云用户感知价值及弹性成本对个人云存储服务定价的影响,建立了基于云安全风险的两阶段定价模型,给出了免费试用时长确定下的最优决策及免费试用时长不确定下的最优免费试用时长及最优价格。借助数值分析,进一步研究了云安全风险系数,云用户感知价值,云安全运营成本系数对最优免费时长,最优利润的影响,结果表明,当云安全风险系数适中时,个人云存储供应商(PCSP)采取两阶段定价策略。另外,最优利润随着云安全风险系数,免费试用时长,单位安全运营成本的增加先增加后减少。     

A fuzzy stochastic model for telecommunications bandwidth brokers under probabilistic QoS measures

In this paper, we model and solve profit maximization problem of a telecommunications Bandwidth Broker (BB) under uncertain market and network infrastructure conditions. The BB may lease network capacity from a set of Backbone Providers (BPs) or from other BBs in order to gain profit by leasing already purchased capacity to end-users. BB’s problem becomes harder to deal with when bandwidth requests of end-users, profit and cost margins are not known in advance. The novelty of the proposed work is the development of a mechanism via combining fuzzy and stochastic programming methodologies for solving complex BP selection and bandwidth demand allocation problem in communication networks, based on the fact that information needed for making these decisions is not available prior to leasing capacity. In addition, suggested model aims to maximize BB’s decision maker’s satisfaction ratio rather than just profit. As a solution strategy, the resulting fuzzy stochastic programming model is transformed into deterministic crisp equivalent form and then solved to optimality. Finally, the numerical experiments show that on the average, proposed approach provides 14.30% more profit and 69.50% more satisfaction ratio compared to deterministic approaches in which randomness and vagueness in the market and infrastructure are ignored.     

ATIS和道路收费下混合SUE相对于SSO的效率损失

在ATIS和道路收费共同作用的异质性交通网络中,基于用户在信息接受程度与时间价值上的异质性,对用户进行合理分类,所有用户均按照随机方式进行择路.构建了多用户混合随机均衡等价的变分不等式模型,以及多用户随机社会最优模型.以用户感知的总出行成本作为系统性能评价的指标,当收费作为系统总成本的一部分时,分别在时间准则与费用准则下研究了多用户混合随机均衡相对于随机社会最优的绝对效率损失问题.研究结果表明,时间准则下的绝对效率损失上界与路段出行时间函数和混合随机均衡时系统的实际总出行时间有关,费用准则下的绝对效率损失上界还与出行者的社会经济特性和随机社会最优时系统的实际总出行时间有关.     

基于双曲型谱风险度量的大用户购电策略

直购电模式正在推行,大用户与电网公司的风险偏好却各不相同。本文将风险偏好纳入结算策略,建立了基于双曲型谱风险的购电优化模型,并用PJM日前市场的数据进行了实证分析。探讨了风险厌恶因子的敏感范围,将大用户划分为积极、稳健和保守三种类型,分别讨论了其购电策略。结果表明:无论风险偏好如何,大用户总愿意为获得高收益而承担更高的风险;风险偏好是购电策略的重要影响因素;当风险偏好既定时,大用户在远期合同市场和日前市场的购电比例可由谱风险值确定。随着谱风险值的增加,大用户会减少远期合同市场的购电量,更倾向于在日前市场购电。     

需求拉动型供应链突发风险传递模型

研究突发事件风险在需求拉动型供应链中传递的效应和规律。以博弈论思想为指导,分析了突发事件风险在需求拉动型供应链中传递的过程,建立了相应的风险传递模型,计算了供应链双方利润的需求风险弹性系数。研究表明:供应链双方利润与市场容量呈正相关,与价格敏感系数呈负相关;突发事件引起的市场容量变化对供应链双方利润的影响要远大于价格弹性系数变化对供应链双方利润的影响;无论供应链成本如何变化,供应链各方利润对需求总量和需求倾向的各风险弹性系数恒大于1,说明下游需求的小幅变动可能引起上游利润的大幅变动,证明了牛鞭效应的存在。     

Calculating risk neutral probabilities and optimal portfolio policies in a dynamic investment model with downside risk control

This paper presents a method for solving multiperiod investment models with downside risk control characterized by the portfolio’s worst outcome. The stochastic programming problem is decomposed into two subproblems: a nonlinear optimization model identifying the optimal terminal wealth distribution and a stochastic linear programming model replicating the identified optimal portfolio wealth. The replicating portfolio coincides with the optimal solution to the investor’s problem if the market is frictionless. The multiperiod stochastic linear programming model tests for the absence of arbitrage opportunities and its dual feasible solutions generate all risk neutral probability measures. When there are constraints such as liquidity or position requirements, the method yields approximate portfolio policies by minimizing the initial cost of the replication portfolio. A numerical example illustrates the difference between the replicating result and the optimal unconstrained portfolio.     

随机需求下有产能约束的技术创新策略研究

在随机需求和技术变革的环境下,基于有产能约束的单供应商-单零售商的供应链结构,研究供应商分销价格决策和技术创新策略以及零售商订货决策。建立了三阶段Stackelberg博弈模型,通过逆推方法求得了供应商最优分销价格和技术创新策略以及零售商最优订货量,深入探讨了供应商产能、新技术出现概率以及市场需求期望与波动分别对供应商、零售商和供应链整体利润的影响。结果表明当供应商产能不足时进行技术创新会提高供应商和供应链的利润,但零售商因间接承担供应商技术创新的投资成本而利润下降;当供应商产能过剩时进行技术创新则会降低供应商及供应链的利润,而零售商的利润增加。新技术出现概率增加会提高供应链各成员的利润;提高市场需求期望并减小市场波动对供应商及供应链有利,但可能会降低零售商的利润。     

Flexible capacity strategy with multiple market periods under demand uncertainty and investment constraint

We establish a flexible capacity strategy model with multiple market periods under demand uncertainty and investment constraints. In the model, a firm makes its capacity decision under a financial budget constraint at the beginning of the planning horizon which embraces n market periods. In each market period, the firm goes through three decision-making stages: the safety production stage, the additional production stage and the optimal sales stage. We formulate the problem and obtain the optimal capacity, the optimal safety production, the optimal additional production and the optimal sales of each market period under different situations. We find that there are two thresholds for the unit capacity cost. When the capacity cost is very low, the optimal capacity is determined by its financial budget; when the capacity cost is very high, the firm keeps its optimal capacity at its safety production level; and when the cost is in between of the two thresholds, the optimal capacity is determined by the capacity cost, the number of market periods and the unit cost of additional production. Further, we explore the endogenous safety production level. We verify the conditions under which the firm has different optimal safety production levels. Finally, we prove that the firm can benefit from the investment only when the designed planning horizon is longer than a threshold. Moreover, we also derive the formulae for the above three thresholds.     

Time-invariant portfolio strategies in structured products with guaranteed minimum equity exposure

We introduce a new exotic option to be used within structured products to address a key disadvantage of standard time-invariant portfolio protection: the well-known cash-lock risk. Our approach suggests enriching the framework by including a threshold in the allocation mechanism so that a guaranteed minimum equity exposure (GMEE) is ensured at any point in time. To be able to offer such a solution still with hard capital protection, we apply an option-based structure with a dynamic allocation logic as underlying. We provide an in-depth analysis of the prices of such new exotic options, assuming a Heston–Vasicek-type financial market model, and compare our results with other options used within structured products. Our approach represents an interesting alternative for investors aiming at downsizing protection via time-invariant portfolio protection strategies, meanwhile being also afraid to experience a cash-lock event triggered by market turmoils.