Who You Know vs. What You Know: The Impact of Social Position and Knowledge on Team Performance

Organizational behavior theories generally agree that human capital is critical to teams and organizations, but little guidance exists on the extent to which such theories accurately explain the relative contributions of individual actors to overall performance. Using newly created network measures and simulations based on data obtained from a software development firm, we investigate the relative effectiveness of social network theory and resource dependency theory as predictors of individuals' contributions to team performance. Our results indicate that individual impacts on team performance are more closely associated with knowledge and task dimensions than with social network structure. Furthermore, given that knowledge may be assessed a priori, these factors provide useful guidance for structuring teams and predicting team performance.     

国企高管人力资本优势度评析方法及应用

鉴于资历、职称、学历等刻度人力资本的“名本”倾向,按照科学人才观,构建包括七类质性要素的国企高管人力资本指标体系;为了识别国企高管的综合优质能力水平及其优劣势,提出人力资本优势度群评析方法,能够定量识别单项指标优劣度及多项指标综合水平。应用本方法对国企高管开展实证研究:国企高管综合优质能力较好,单项优势度强弱比较结果为:心理品德观念与理念能力政治知识。最后,从完善选拔任用机制、差异化管理、培育成长环境、适度把握政治性等提出对策建议。     

Intra-organizational Networks and Performance: A Review

Intra-organizational network research had its first heyday during the empirical revolution in social sciences before World War II when it discovered the informal group within the formal organization. These studies comment on the classic sociological idea of bureaucracy being the optimal organization. Later relational interest within organizational studies gave way to comparative studies on the quantifiable formal features of organizations. There has been a resurgence in intra-organizational networks studies recently as the conviction grows that they are critical to organizational and individual performance. Along with methodological improvements, the theoretical emphasis has shifted from networks as a constraining force to a conceptualization that sees them as providing opportunities and finally, as social capital. Because of this shift it has become necessary not only to explain the differences between networks but also their outcomes, that is, their performance. It also implies that internal and external networks should no longer be treated separately.Research on differences between intra-organizational networks centers on the influence of the formal organization, organizational demography, technology and environment. Studies on outcomes deal with diffusion and adaptation of innovation; the utilization of human capital; recruitment, absenteeism and turnover; work stress and job satisfaction; equity; power; information efficiency; collective decision making; mobilization for and outcomes of conflicts; social control; profit and survival of firms and individual performance.Of all the difficulties that are associated with intra-organizational network research, problems of access to organizations and incomparability of research findings seem to be the most serious. Nevertheless, future research should concentrate on mechanisms that make networks productive, while taking into account the difficulties of measuring performance within organizations, such as the performance paradox and the halo-effect.     

人力资本结构对我国技术效率的影响——基于随机前沿生产函数的实证分析

基于随机前沿生产函数框架,将异质性人力资本、人力资本结构纳入技术无效方程,利用1996-2008年省际面板数据估算我国区域技术效率,研究发现:我国经济增长平均技术效率水平偏低,存在区域差异,但总体区域差异有缩小的趋势,人力资本不平等对技术效率具有显著的阻碍作用,无论低技能劳动力还是高技能劳动力都对我国技术效率具有显著的正向促进作用,但进出口贸易对技术效率具有阻碍作用,市场化促进了效率的改善.     

社会资本、资本替代与内生经济增长模型

与以往国内相关研究不同,本文首次把社会资本引入生产函数和福利函数,构造了一个四部门内生经济增长模型并运用动态最优化方法求解。模型解释了社会资本、人力资本、自然资本和人造资本之间的经济关系,阐明了实现经济稳态增长的内在机理。模型的求解结果表明社会资本对自然资本的替代作用,通过增加社会资本积累可以节约自然资本,实现稳态经济增长。文章还结合中国经济发展和自然资本储量现状,分析了当前中国经济发展过程中一些重要社会问题发生的原因,提出对社会资本实施高度开发并保持合理增长以实现国民经济长期增长的政策建议。这对我国调整产业结构建设创新型社会、实现可持续发展具有理论指导意义。     

Social status and long-run effects of monetary policy in a two-sector monetary economy of endogenous growth

We develop a two-sector monetary economy with human capital accumulation and a cash constraint applied to both consumption and investment to examine the ways in which social status affects the impact of monetary policy on the long-run economic growth rate. Our findings suggest that the formation of human capital is an important determinant to the super-neutrality of money in the growth-rate sense. Within an economy with Lucas-type human capital formation, money is super-neutral; however, within an economy where human capital accumulation formation is more generalized, and in which both physical and human capital are used as inputs, the growth rate in money will have a negative effect on the long-run growth rate of the economy. The existence, uniqueness and saddle-path stability of balanced-growth equilibrium are also examined.     

人力资本投资的随机内生增长模型

本文假设人力资本是宏观经济的一部分 ,由此建立一个随机内生增长模型 ,把人力资本作为宏观经济变量并进入个人效用 .分析了经济达到均衡时个体偏好 ,不确定性对均衡增长率的影响 .同时分析了财政政策 ,税率对经济增长的影响 ,还求出了最优的增长率和人力资本投入与物质资本比 .     

PPP项目中非完全利益群体的合作形成机制研究

协调政府与社会资本合作的利益分歧,进而实现个体理性向集体理性的趋同,这是纾解PPP项目合作困境的切入点之一。基于合作博弈理论,本文构建PPP项目非完全利益群体的合作形成机制,分析政府与社会资本间“合作共赢”的必要因素。研究表明,由政府与社会资本组成的PPP项目非完全利益群体,可在“理性-效用转移-有效协商”机制的协同作用下主动采取最优合作策略。其中,理性机制验证了政府与社会资本达成合作意向的前提,效用转移机制可实现二者之间的风险-收益对等,有效协商机制将达成政府与社会资本合作的帕累托均衡。     

人力资本、自然资本与最优经济增长要素分析

通过把人力资本、自然资本与社会生产总量联系起来 ,由消费物资多少、获得知识多少及自然资本存量大小这三因素来确定效用 ,提供了物质、人力和自然资本三种重要资产增长的模型框架 ,得到了经济的消费增长率、均衡时各种资本的增长率之间的关系和实现最优经济增长的控制策略 .     

Optimal Allocation of Resources in the Production of Human Capital

This paper deals with the optimal allocation of resources in the production of human capital; i.e. the stock of knowledge of students has to be maximized subject to a limited budget. The optimal training intensity over time is obtained using optimal control theory. Considering various types of production functions (of human capital), the question of whether resources should be concentrated in early grades or not is investigated. The results are illustrated in special cases where monotonicity results for the training intensity can be obtained. Also provided is an analysis of the problem where the budget is replenishable.     

基于知识资本的大学学术竞争力自组织机理研究

学术性是大学的本质所在,大学的核心竞争力本质上是基于知识资本的学术竞争力。大学学术竞争力是大学人力、科教、文化、组织与社会等五种(知识)资本学术竞争力的整体协同涌现,其自组织演进,既受到大学内部因素的协同作用,又离不开外部环境作用的影响。     

Sustainability screw: role of relative production and abatement time scales

We postulate that reasonable notions of sustainability must include a time-scale synchronization of both the processes of human development and those of the natural environment. We perform our analysis within a simple system of five differential equations where non-renewable and renewable resources are coupled with production capacities, abatement and human capital as functions of time. A ‘sustainability screw’ phenomenon is demonstrated describing a spiral like trajectory of three key variables—the non-renewable resources, the renewable resources and the production capital. This spiral may tend to an undesirable steady state, however, by adjusting a ratio of intensity parameters, time scales of production and natural recovery processes can be altered to produce more sustainable trajectories.     

Meritocratic and monopoly inequality: A computer simulation of income distribution

This paper explores the properties of a model of the distribution of income in which individual income is proportional to a multiplicative function of previous income, ability, chance, a ceiling factor determined by competition among members of an income class for resources held by members of other classes, and an additive factor summarizing effects of altruism and minimal subsistence. The behavior of the model is investigated by computer simulation for combinations of values of three model parameters representing the tendency of income to grow exponentially (the Monopoly effect), the weight of the ability factor (the meritocracy effect), and the weight of the ceiling factor resulting from competitive interactions. Steady state income distributions generated by the model are characterized by measures of income inequality, exchange mobility, elite stability, and meritocracy. Results suggest that for constant Monopoly effect, the effect of the meritocracy parameter on various aggregate outcomes is nonlinear, with a range over which greater returns to ability produce lower inequality, lower exchange mobility, greater elite stability and meritocracy, for constant returns to ability, a greater Monopoly effect generally produces greater inequality, more exchange mobility, less stability of the elite, and lower meritocracy. Results also reveal a nonlinear relationship between exchange mobility and inequality, with mobility decreasing to a minimum and then increasing again as inequality increases; a nonlinear but monotonic negative relationship between elite stability and inequality, with greater inequality, associated with less stability, and a nonlinear relationship between meritocracy and inequality, with meritocracy increasing at first with inequality at low inequality levels, reaching a maximum and then decreasing as inequality increases further. These findings are interpreted in relation to major stratification trends in the course of sociocultural evolution.     

人力资本与经济增长关系实证分析——以浙江省为例

本文针对浙江省人力资本水平与经济增长水平不相匹配的经济现象,利用浙江省1985—2004年统计数据,论证了浙江人力资本与经济增长之间的关系.通过建立人力资本评价体系,运用因子分析法测算出浙江人力资本综合指数H;运用计量分析方法,论证了人力资本与经济增长之间存在着长期协整关系;通过建立模型,得出以下基本结论:浙江人力资本对经济增长有显著影响,其人力资本的产出弹性大于物资资本的产出弹性,简单劳动力的产出弹性为负值,表明人力资本对经济增长的拉动力要大于物质资本,简单劳动力已经处于过剩或饱和状态,提高劳动力素质尤为重要.对此,本文提出了相应的政策建议.     

Urban public pension, replacement rates and population growth rate in China

This paper uses an overlapping generations model to investigate the urban public pension in China. It examines the effects of the replacement rates and population growth rate on the capital–labor ratio, pension benefits, consumption and utility, and finds the optimal replacement rate. It is shown that raising the individual account benefit replacement rate only induces the increase in the individual account benefits. Raising the social pool benefit replacement rate induces the increase in the social pool benefits and retirement-period consumption, while the decrease in the capital–labor ratio, individual account benefits, working-period consumption and utility. The fall in the population growth rate leads to the increase in the capital–labor ratio, social pool benefits, individual account benefits, working-period consumption and utility, and leads to a decrease in the retirement-period consumption. The optimal social pool benefit replacement rate depends on the individual discount factor, social discount factor, capital share of income and population growth rate, and it decreases in the case of falling population growth rates. It will do more good than harm to raise the individual account benefit replacement rate, reduce the social pool benefit replacement rate and strictly implement China’s population policy.     

Examining Elementary School Science Achievement Gaps Using an Organizational and Leadership Perspective

There is the tendency to explain away successful urban schools as indicative of the heroic efforts by a tireless individual, effectively blaming schools that underperform for a lack of grit and dedication. This study reports the development of a research instrument (School Science Infrastructure, or SSI) and then applying that tool to an investigation of equitable science performance by elementary schools. Our efforts to develop a science‐specific instrument to explore associations between school‐level variables and equitable science performance are informed by James Coleman's tripartite notion of social capital: the “wealth” of organizations is encompassed within their social norms, informational channels, and reciprocating relationships. Grounded in school effectiveness research and social capital theory, the instrument that we report on here is a valid and reliable tool to support meso‐level investigations of factors contributing to school variations in science achievement.     

企业雇佣下残疾人就业行为研究——基于就业促进政策的演化博弈分析

融合就业是残疾人可持续发展的关键途径。基于演化博弈理论和残疾人就业促进政策,建立残疾人与用人单位(企业)行为交互过程的动态演化模型,用数值实验展示了初始条件改变和决策变量不同取值对系统演化结果的影响。研究发现,残疾人就业行为路径演化系统收敛于良好状态和“锁定”状态两种模式;调控模型中的参数收敛于不同模式的概率发生显著变化或变化不明显,揭示了现实中残疾人就业治理效果不理想的深层次原因;通过提高残疾人的工资待遇、心理收益、为企业创造的价值,减少残疾人的社会补助与就业付出的人力和社会资本,增加残疾人就业法定比例、企业雇佣残疾人的声誉收益、增值税退税优惠(企业符合退税条件)与雇佣残疾人数量,减少企业支持残疾人的就业投入等均能使系统演化到良好状态的概率增加。这为制定灵活有效的残疾人就业制度、政策与措施提供了较大的操作空间,多元主体协同治理,利益共享,良性互动,以跳出不良“锁定”状态,实现残疾人就业行为良序发展,破解就业难题。     

Optimal dividend payments in the stochastic Ramsey model

We consider the dividend payments of a self-financing firm in the stochastic Ramsey model. The firm invests in capital stock and its production technology is given by the Cobb–Douglas function. Our objective is to maximize the expected present value of future real dividends subject to a positive constraint on the capital stock. We use the penalization method to obtain a solution for the variational inequality associated with the optimal growth problem and give a synthesis of the optimal dividend policy.     

Human mate choice is a complex system

From a psychological perspective, human mate choice has been viewed as a problem of identifying the individual cognitive preferences and decisions that explain empirical results such as similarity in attractiveness between mates and the right‐skewed unimodal marriage hazard curves for marriage rates. Agent‐based models provide a powerful theoretical tool for investigating this relationship, but until now have not considered the effects of local neighborhoods or mobility on emergent population dynamics. In failing to do so, they have effectively ruled out the population‐level complexity inherent in human mate choice. Real people live in physical space, and their interactions are constrained by their location in and mobility among physical neighborhoods and social networks. We developed a general model of human mate choice in which agents are localized in space, interact with close neighbors, and tend to range either near or far. At the individual level, our model uses two oft‐used but incompletely understood decision rules: one based on preferences for similar partners, the other for maximally attractive partners. We show that space and mobility can interact nonlinearly with these individual decision rules and nonspatial aspects of the population structure. In particular, local interactions and limited mobility decrease interpair matching and increase mate search time. We also show that it is too easy to fit various model configurations to the scant available data. More data and more specific predictions are required. Human mate choice is a complex system with properties that emerge from space, mobility, and other factors that structure social dynamics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011.