关于循环环的零因子、零化子以及单位群的结构

研究了循环环的零因子、零化子以及单位群的结构,得到的主要结论有:1)若R为无限循环非零乘环,则有R_0=φ,Z(R)=0;又设R=a,a~2=ka(k∈Z,k≠0),若|k|=1,则R~*={a,-a};若|k| 1,则R~*=φ.2)设n( 1)阶循环环R=a,a~2=ka(k∈Z,0 k n), i)如果(k,n)≠1,则有R_0=R-{0}, Z(R)=n/(k,n)a,|Z(R)|=(k,n),R~*=φ; ii)如果(k,n)=1,则有R_0={sa|0sn,(s,n)≠1},Z(R)=0, R~*={sa|0 s n,(s,n)=1},|R~*|=φ(n);并且R~*是循环群的充要条件是:(k,n)=1,且n等于2,4,p~α或2p~α(p是奇质数).最后,给出了上述主要结论的一个应用.     

UPPER SEMICONTINUITY OF ATTRACTORS FORTHE REACTION DIFFUSION EQUATION

1IntroductionInthepresentpaper,weconsiderthefollowingreactiondiffusionequation:at~vAn f(u) A0u g(x)=0,V(x,t)ERxR .(1.1).u(x,0)=u000,VxER,(1.2)andforO=(--n,n)withnEN,otu.~aam. f(,u.) A0u,, g(x)=0,V(x,t)EfixR .(1.3)u.(x,0)=.no.(x),VxeO,(1.4)un(~n,f)=un(n,t)=0,(1.5)whereuandAcarepositivenumbers,g(x)EL'(R),f:R~Risasmoothfunctionwhichsatisfiesf(u)u20,VatER,(1.6)f(0)=0,f,(0)=0,f'(u)2~C,VatER,(1.7)If'(u)I5C(1 fi4lp),p>0,V.uER,(1.8)Inthefollowing,wedenotebyH=L'(R)witlltheusualillnerpro…     

线性模型中均值向量的最小二乘估计和最佳线性无偏估计之差的欧氏范数的界

我们讨论最一般的线性模型 Y=Xβ e E(e)=0,Cov(e)=V,(1)其中Y为n×1随机观测向量,X为n×p的已知矩阵,其秩 R(X)=r,β为p×1未知参数向量,e为n×1随机误差向量,E(e)表示e的均值向量,Cov(e)表示e的协方差矩阵.V为n×n的定正方阵.记为V>0(下同).     

Oscillatory and Asymptotic Behavior for Second Order Quasilinear Difference Equations

1 IntroductionConsider the second order quasilinear difference equationA(g(Ay.--l)) + f(n,y.) = 0, for n E N(no), (l'l)where A is defined by Ay. = Vn+1--yn, n E N(no) = {no, no + 1,'' }, nO E N = {l, 2,'. }.The following hold throughout the paPer:(H0) (i) g: R-R is a continuous increasing fUnction with propertiessgng(y) = sgny) g(R) = R;(il) f: N(no) x R--+ R is continuous as a function of y E R;(iii) yf(n,y) > 0 for n E N and y / 0.By a solution of the equation (1.l) we mean a non…     

一类上三角矩阵环$W_{n}(p, q)$的斜Armendariz性质

设α是环R的一个自同态,称环R是α-斜Armendariz环,如果在R[x;α]中,(∑_(i=0)~ma_ix~i)(∑_(j=0)~nb_jx~j)=0,那么a_ia~i(b_j)=0,其中0≤i≤m,0≤j≤n.设R是α-rigid环,则R上的上三角矩阵环的子环W_n(p,q)是α~—-斜Armendariz环.     

Stability of Linear Integrodifferential Systems with Time-varied Confficients with Large Scale

51.IntroductionConsideralinearintegrodifferentialsystemswithtime-variedconfficientswherex6R",A(t)isanXnrealmatrixfunctioncontinuousforoO.ManyscholarshavecontributedtheirpaPers[1-4]todiscussstabilityofzerosolutionofsystem(1.l).Inthispaper,weassumethatsystem(1.1)canbedecomPOsedintotheform=n,A,j(t)isaniXnjrealmatrixfunctioncontinuousforo相似文献   

MODELS OF ASYNCHRONOUS MRALLEL NONLINEAR MULTISPLITTING RELAXED ITERATIONS

1.IntroductionConsiderthelargescalesystemofnonlinearequationsF(x)=O,F:DcR"-R".(1'1)Givena(cr5n5aninteger)nonemptysubsetsJi(i=1,2,',cr)oftheset{1,2,'3n}withwhereJ1,J2,',JamayoverlaPamongthem.Fori=1,2,')a,weassumethatb)E=diag(e1`),e;`),'-',e2))EL(R")satisfiesThen,thecollectionofpairs(f('),E)(i=1,2,',a)iscalledanonlinearmultisplittingofthemaPpingF:DCR"-R".Nowadays,therehavebeenalot0fmoredeepenedresearchresultsonb0ththepaxallelmethods,designedbymakinguseofthisconceptfors0lvingt…     

BOUNDEDNESS OF INFINITE DELAY DIFFERENCE SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF TWO MEASURES

1 PreliminariesLet R (R--), Z (Z--) denote the sets of non-negative (non-positive) realnumbers and nonnegative (nonpositive) integers, respectively, X= {of: { --r,'' 1--2, --1, 0} - Rk}, where r is a non-negative integer or r = oo. DenoteF == {h: Z X Rk - R , h(n, x) is continuous in x, and inf{h(n, x)} = 0},K = {a E C(R ,R ) t a(u) is strictly increasing in u and a(0) = 0},n LQ = {ry E C(R , R ): there are constants a, L 2 1 such that Z n(s) < a,s=n 1for all n E Z }, and in this …     

${\mbox{\boldmath $R$}}^N$上奇异非线性多调和方程的正整体解

本文研究形如△((△nu)(p-1) )=f(|x|,u,|(?)u|)u-β,x∈RN的奇异非线性多调和方程在RN上的正整体解,此处P>1,β≥0是常数,n是自然数,f:R × R ×R →R 是一个连续函数, ξδ*:=sign(ξ)·|ξ|δ,,ξ∈R,δ>0,给出了该类方程具有无穷多个其渐进阶刚好为|x|2n的正整体解的充分条件与必要条件.这些结论可以推广到更一般的方程.     

也谈函数f(x)=n∑i=1|aix+bi|的最小值

文[1]对函数f(x)=n∑I=1|aix+bi|的最小值进行了研究,得到如下结论: 对于函数f(x)=n∑I=1|aix+bi|(ai∈Q,且ai≠0,bi∈R,I∈N*),总可以写成f(x)=1/m[|x-x1|+|x-x2|+…+|x-xn|](x1≤x2≤…≤xn,m,n∈N*)的形式.     

The ε c -Product of a Schwartz b-Space by a Quotient Banach Space and Applications

We define the -product of a -space by a quotient Banach space. We give conditions under which this -product will be monic. Finally, we define the _c -product of a Schwartz b-space by a quotient Banach space and we give some examples of applications.     

On Logarithmic Smoothing of the Maximum Function

We consider the maximum function f resulting from a finite number of smooth functions. The logarithmic barrier function of the epigraph of f gives rise to a smooth approximation g of f itself, where >0 denotes the approximation parameter. The one-parametric family g converges – relative to a compact subset – uniformly to the function f as tends to zero. Under nondegeneracy assumptions we show that the stationary points of g and f correspond to each other, and that their respective Morse indices coincide. The latter correspondence is obtained by establishing smooth curves x() of stationary points for g , where each x() converges to the corresponding stationary point of f as tends to zero. In case of a strongly unique local minimizer, we show that the nondegeneracy assumption may be relaxed in order to obtain a smooth curve x().     

Local Stochastic Channeling Theory: Kinetic Functions in the Case of Interaction Between Fast Particles and Lattice Atoms

We investigate the motion of high-energy particles in a crystal with regard to their interaction with the thermal vibrations of the lattice atoms using analytic methods in the theory of Markov processes including the local Fokker–Planck equation. We construct a local matrix of random actions, which is used to introduce the main kinetic functions in the traverse-energy space, namely, the function a() of energy losses due to the dynamic friction and the diffusion function b(). We show that the singularities of the functions a() and b() are related to the distinction between the contributions to the kinetics from particles moving in three different regimes, namely, in the channeling, quasichanneling, and chaotic motion modes.     

Approximation du temps local des surfaces gaussiennes

Summary LetX be a centered stationary Gaussian stochastic process with ad-dimensional parameter (d2),F its spectral measure, (x denotes the Euclidean norm ofx). We consider regularizations of the trajectories ofX by means of convolutions of the formX (t)=( *X)(t) where stands for an approximation of unity (as tends to zero) satisfying certain regularity conditions.The aim of this paper is to recover the local time ofX at a given levelu, as a limit of appropriate normalizations of the geometric measure of theu-level set of the regular approximating processesX . A part of the difficulties comes from the fact that the geometric behavior of the covariance of the Gaussian processX can be a complex one as approaches O.The results are onL ²-convergence and include bounds for the speed of convergence.L ^presults may be obtained in similar ways, but almost sure convergence or simultaneous convergence for the various values ofu do not seem to follow from our methods. In Sect. 3 we have included examples showing a diversity of geometric behaviors, especially in what concerns the dependence on the thickness of the set in which the covariance of the original processX is irregular.Some technical results of analytic nature are included as appendices in Sect. 4.     

Almost flat locally finite coverings of the sphere

For any subset A of the unit sphere of a Banach space X and for [0,2) the notion of -flatness is introduced as a measure of non-flatness of A. For any positive , construction of locally finite tilings of the unit sphere by -flat sets is carried out under suitable -renormings of X in a quite general context; moreover, a characterization of spaces having separable dual is provided in terms of the existence of such tilings. Finally, relationships between the possibility of getting such tilings of the unit sphere in the given norm and smoothness properties of the norm are discussed.     

Positivity Preserving Forms have the Fatou Property

We prove that if (,D) is a positivity preserving form on L ² (E;m), and if (u _n)_n is a sequence in D() converging m-almost everywhere to u L ² (E;m), then (u,u) lim inf_n (u _n ,u _n ).     

S-Continued Fraction Method for the Investigation of a Complex Dielectric Constant of Two-Components Composite

The aim of this contribution is to examine the S-continued fraction method of obtaining bounds on the effective dielectric constant _e of a two-phase composite for the case where the dielectric coefficients ₁and ₂ of both components are either complex or real. The starting point for our study is a power expansion of _e (z) at(z)=0 (z)=₂/₁-1. The obtained S-continued fraction bounds have an interesting mathematical structure convenient for theoretical and numerical investigations of _e. They also agree with the earlier estimations reported by Bergman and Milton. Specific examples of calculation of bounds on _e by theS-continued fraction method are also provided.     

Shift invariant spaces inL 2

If is a complex, separable Hilbert space, letL ² () denote theL ²-space of functions defined on the unit circle and having values in . The bilateral shift onL ²() is the operator (U f)()=f(). A Hilbert spaceH iscontractively contained in the Hilbert spaceK ifHK and the inclusion mapH–K is a contraction. We describe the structure of those Hilbert spaces, contractively contained inL ²(), that are carried into themselves contractively byU . We also do this for the subcase of those spaces which are carried into themselves unitarily byU .     

Über die Tonneliertheit von lokalkonvexen Tensorprodukten

It is known that the inductive tensor product of two barrelled spaces is barrelled and that the projective tensor product of two barrelled metrizable spaces or barrelled (DF)-spaces is barrelled. In this note it will be shown by a counterexample that the projective tensor product EF of two barrelled spaces E and F in general is not barrelled, even if E is (DF)-Montel-space and F (F)-Montel-space. Furthermore we show that the -tensor product of two (B)-spaces in general is not barrelled. It follows from the fact that an (F)-space E is nuclear if and only if the -tensor product E l ⁴ is barrelled.     

Estimates of the tail of the stationary density function of certain nonlinear autoregressive processes

We consider the Markov chainX _n+1=T(X _n )+ _n , where { _n ;n1} is a ^d -valued random sequence of independent identically distributed random variables, and the functionT: ^{d d} is measurable and satisfies a suitable growth condition. Under certain conditions involvingT and the probability distribution of _n , we show that this Markov chain is ergodic. Moreover, we obtain sharp upper bounds for the tail of the corresponding stationary probability density function. In our proofs, we make use of the Leray-Schauder fixed-point theorem.