建构主义及其对数学教育的启示

建构主义及其对数学教育的启示章建跃（北京师范大学研究生院１００８７５）１建构主义简介当今，教育心理学领域“正在发生着一场革命”，其标志是建构主义的学习理论的兴起和得到普遍重视．在心理学的发展史上，行为主义者的刺激—反应学习理论曾长期占据统治地位．他们...     

基于APOS理论的集合概念教学设计

集合是高中数学学习的基础，也是高中数学学习的工具.对于刚从初中升到高一的学生而言，面对集合这一抽象的概念，往往理解不透.APOS理论是一种建构主义学习理论，它认为学生学习数学概念的过程是一个建构的过程，分为操作、过程、对象、图式这四个阶段.在APOS理论的指导下，以“集合”为例，进行四个阶段的教学设计.     

现代教育技术环境下高等数学教学改革的实践与思考

现代教育技术环境，特别是网络环境，对高等数学教学、学习带来了巨大变革。教学过程中，充分应用现代教育媒体，精心制作多媒体课件，优化课堂教学，开设数学实验和数学建模，是实践建构主义理论，提高教学质量的有效方法。     

建构意义下的数学课堂教学

建构主义的教学观认为,数学学习并非是一个被动的过程,而是主体(学生)借助于自身已有的知识经验,在外部环境的制约和影响下,主动地建构对客体(学习材料)认识的过程.笔者认为,在数学客体教学中运用建构主义教学观,能更好地实施素质教育,提高客体教学的质量.     

数学发现学习及其促进

1引言随着建构主义的兴起,其教学理论在数学教育中影响日甚.让学习者掌握学会学习的技能成为时代的要求和挑战,发现学习因此受到了越来越多的重视.在新一轮数学课程改革中,数学发现作为数学课程的教学方式、教学目标、教学理念贯穿于整个数学课程标准中,注重数学发现是数学新课程的鲜     

现代教育技术环境下高等数学教改革的实践与思考

现代教育技术环境,特别是网络环境,对高等数学教学、学习带来了巨大变革.教学过程中,充分应用现代教育媒体,精心制作多媒体课件,优化课堂教学,开设数学实验和数学建模,是实践建构主义理论,提高教学质量的有效方法.     

评述在建构主义理论指导下的一堂“说课”——对“直线的倾斜角和斜率”的教学设计和调控

当前,在国际教育改革的实践和探索中,建构主义的理论愈来愈受到普遍的重视.它吸取了近几十年来哲学、心理学、思维科学、教育研究领域的新成果,逐渐成为被广大数学教师认识和运用的教学指导性理论.　建构主义的核心即是认为“知识不是被动接受的,而是认知主体积极建构的”.这一理论有其自身的学科观、学习观和教学观.建构主义认为:数学的对象是思维对象,是从已有的数学对象出发,根据科学、生活、生产实践的需要,经人类自身的数学活动而建构成的模式和秩序的科学.如果用这样的观点来看待整个人类建构的“数学实体”,那么也可以以这样的观点来…     

基于APOS理论的概念教学设计——以“实数”教学为例

数学具有抽象概括性，因此数学教学要遵循这一特点；APOS理论基于数学抽象性的特点，将数学概念的学习概括为操作或活动、过程、对象、概型四个阶段.本文中以初中数学“实数”的教学为例，得到基于APOS理论为框架数学概念教学的教学设计.     

数学概念建构的教学策略研究

数学概念的学习是数学学习的基础，整个高中数学，所涉及的数学概念不但数量多，而且范围广泛，包括代数学、几何学、三角学、概率统计等数学分支学科的数学概念．这些概念中有的简单，有的综合，有的形象，有的抽象。显然，对于综合性强及抽象程度高的概念，学生在理解和接受的过程中会产生各种困难，怎样帮助学生正确理解并掌握这些概念便成了教师教学设计的重点和难点，建构主义认为，学习的过程不是教师向学生传授知识的过程，而是学生作为认知主体积极主动建构的过程。     

高中数学探究性教学的探讨

数学是一门抽象性和严谨性都较强的学科,这就决定了数学探究性学习与科学教育界倡导的探究性学习有很大的不同“数学探究”是波利亚“数学发现”和弗赖登塔尔的“再创造”教育思想的继承和发展,是现代建构主义认知理论的具体实践.本文打算在对已有理论进行梳理的基础上,尝试从新的角度,结合数学学科本身的特点以及高中数学新课改的理念来探讨与丰富数学探究性学习的理论,努力使得我们所倡导的数学探究性学习适合高中数学课堂学习的特点与规律,适应现代数学教育改革的趋势与要求,为数学探究性学习提供一定的理论支撑.     

Learning study – promoting and hindering factors in mathematics teaching

This article focuses on presenting success factors for a group of teachers in carrying out a learning study in mathematics at their school. The research questions are: what are the actions of the school teaching community during development projects? What factors enable a group of teachers to carry out a learning study at their school? Activity theory provides a holistic framework to investigate relationships among the components present in a learning study. The results are based on analysis of interviews with teachers, students, principal organizers of schools and project coordinators, videotaped lessons, students’ tests and minutes taken at meetings of mathematics projects. The results show that the skills of facilitators, the time devoted to collaborative work, the link to learning theory and avoiding overly comprehensive content when teaching lessons are important promoting factors in mathematics teaching. The findings raise important questions about the way in which teacher work within universities.     

Reflections on theories of learning

Four philosophies of learning are contrasted, namely ‘simple’ constructivism, radical constructivism, enactivism and social constructivism. Their underlying explanatory metaphors and some of their strengths and weaknesses are contrasted, as well as their implications for teaching and research. However, it is made clear that none of these ‘implications’ is incompatible with any of the learning philosophies, even if they sit more comfortably with one of them.     

数学实验在工程数学教学中的应用

从《工程数学》教学实践出发,针对当前面临的教与学困难,提出引进《数学实验》课以解决这一问题.阐述了《数学实验》课的特点、重要性、作用,并给出具体实施办法.《数学实验》课可全方位提高学生学习《工程数学》兴趣,进而提高应用《工程数学》解决问题的能力.     

Students’ experiences with mathematics teaching and learning: listening to unheard voices

This study documents students’ views about the nature of mathematics, the mathematics learning process and factors within the classroom that are perceived to impact upon the learning of mathematics. The participants were senior secondary school students. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to understand the students’ views about their experiences with mathematics learning and mathematics classroom environment. Interviews of students and mathematics lesson observations were analysed to understand how students view their mathematics classes. A questionnaire was used to solicit students’ views with regards to teaching approaches in mathematics classes. The results suggest that students consider learning and understanding mathematics to mean being successful in getting the correct answers. Students reported that in the majority of cases, the teaching of mathematics was lecture-oriented. Mathematics language was considered a barrier in learning some topics in mathematics. The use of informal language was also evident during mathematics class lessons.     

基于“动态生成”的大学数学课堂教学

"动态生成"教学观的建立旨在摆脱课堂教学中以教师为中心、强调知识传授的传统教学模式的缺陷,从根本上正确理解课堂教学的复杂性和动态性,构建充满生命活力的大学数学课堂教学生态环境.在用动态生成的视角审视当前大学数学课堂教学中存在的问题的基础上,文章对在课堂教学中如何有效地进行动态生成提出了一些具体的策略:更新教学观念,精心预设弹性化的数学课堂教学方案;根据学生课堂反馈情况及时调整预设,并及时捕捉可利用的动态资源,为学生的生成创造可能的机会;加强教学研究,不断提高课堂教学智慧.     

Mathematics university teachers' perception of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK)

Teaching mathematics in university levels is one of the most important fields of research in the area of mathematics education. Nevertheless, there is little information about teaching knowledge of mathematics university teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) provides a suitable framework to study knowledge of teachers. The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the perception of mathematics university teachers about PCK. For this purpose, a phenomenological study was done. Data resources included semi-structured interviews with 10 mathematics university teachers who were in different places of the mathematics university teaching experience spectrum. Data analysis indicated a model consisting of four cognitive themes which are mathematics syntactic knowledge, knowledge about mathematics curriculum planning, knowledge about students' mathematics learning and knowledge about creating an influential mathematics teaching–learning environment. Besides, it was found out that three contextual themes influenced on PCK for teaching mathematics in university levels which were the nature of mathematics subjects, university teachers' features and terms of learning environment.     

Generating the patterns of variation with GeoGebra: the case of polynomial approximations

In this paper, we report a teaching experiment regarding the theory of polynomial approximations at the university mathematics teaching in Sweden. The experiment was designed by applying Variation theory and by using the free dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra. The aim of this study was to investigate if the technology-assisted teaching of Taylor polynomials compared with traditional way of work at the university level can support the teaching and learning of mathematical concepts and ideas. An engineering student group (n = 19) was taught Taylor polynomials with the assistance of GeoGebra while a control group (n = 18) was taught in a traditional way. The data were gathered by video recording of the lectures, by doing a post-test concerning Taylor polynomials in both groups and by giving one question regarding Taylor polynomials at the final exam for the course in Real Analysis in one variable. In the analysis of the lectures, we found Variation theory combined with GeoGebra to be a potentially powerful tool for revealing some critical aspects of Taylor Polynomials. Furthermore, the research results indicated that applying Variation theory, when planning the technology-assisted teaching, supported and enriched students’ learning opportunities in the study group compared with the control group.     

The relationship of theory and practice in mathematics teacher professional development: an activity theory perspective

This paper describes certain interactions between the activity of “teaching” and the activity of “researching” in which the teachers participate in a 52-h professional development course aiming to introduce them to research in mathematics education as a tool for inquiry in their teaching. The teachers are involved in different research tasks such as: reading and presenting research papers; analyzing classroom dialogues and tasks; and designing, implementing, and evaluating collaboratively a classroom teaching intervention. From an activity theory (AT) perspective, and in particular Engeström’s (2001) third generation AT, distinguish two activity systems, the activity system of research and the activity system of teaching, to identify links that the participating teachers make. These links indicate the development of an inquiring stance to mathematics teaching and learning as a means of professional learning.     

Cognitive Demands and Second-Language Learners: A Framework for Analyzing Mathematics Instructional Contexts

The issues involved in teaching English language learners mathematics while they are learning English pose many challenges for mathematics teachers and highlight the need to focus on language-processing issues related to teaching mathematical content. Two realistic-type problems from high-stakes tests are used to illustrate the complex interactions between culture, language, and mathematical learning. The analyses focus on aspects of the problems that potentially increase cognitive demands for second-language learners. An analytical framework is presented that is designed to enable mathematics teachers to identify critical elements in problems and the learning environment that contribute to increased cognitive demands for students of English as a second language. The framework is proposed as a cycle of teacher reflection that would extend a constructivist model of teaching to include broader linguistic, cultural, and cognitive processing issues of mathematics teaching, as well as enable teachers to develop more accurate mental models of student learning.     

Zum Begriff der “Argumentation” im Rahmen einer Interaktionstheorie des Lernens und Lehrens von Mathematik

Recent theories of learning emphasize increasingly the social dimension of cognitive development. With regard to this movement, BRUNER (1990), for example, speaks of a “cultural psychology” and MILLER (1986) describes his own approach as the attempt of generating a “sociological theory of learning”. In the following paper the concept of “argumentation” will be applied in order to develop an “interactional theory of, learning and teaching mathematics” and will be based on an extended analysis of interaction of an episode of students’ group work.