壁面加热湍流相干结构的子波分析实验研究

通过在平板湍流边界层沿流向固壁表面平行放置若干条通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的大尺度流向涡结构,改变了平板湍流边界层中不同尺度结构及其能量分布。采用对壁湍流多尺度结构的子波分析表明,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生规则的流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,抑制了壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构脉动,特别抑制了能量最大尺度湍涡结构的脉动,减小由于湍流脉动引起的在湍流边界层法向和展向的动量和能量损耗,从而减小了湍流的阻力。     

Mechanism of compressor airfoil boundary layer flow control using nanosecond plasma actuation

The flow control effects of nanosecond plasma actuation on the boundary layer flow of a typical compressor controlled diffusion airfoil are investigated using large eddy simulation method. Three types of plasma actuation are designed to control the boundary layer flow, and two mechanisms of compressor airfoil boundary layer flow control using nanosecond plasma actuation have been found. The plasma actuations located within the laminar boundary layer flow can induce a small vortex structure through influencing on the density and pressure of the flow field. As the small vortex structure moves downstream along the blade surface with the main flow, it can suppress the turbulent flow mixing and reduce the total pressure loss. The flow control effect of the small vortex structure is summarized as wall jet effect. Differently, the plasma actuation located within the turbulent boundary layer flow can act on the shear layer flow and induce a large vortex structure. While moving downstream, this large vortex structure can suppress the turbulent flow mixing too.     

Measurements of Turbulent Jet Mixing in a Turbulent Co-Flow Including the Influence of Periodic Forcing and Heating

In this work, the turbulent mixing of a confined coaxial jet in air is investigated by means of simultaneous particle image velocimetry and planar laser induced fluorescence of the acetone seeded flow injection. The jet is injected into a turbulent duct flow at atmospheric pressure through a 90 ^° pipe bend. Measurements are conducted in a small scale windtunnel at constant mass flow rates and three modes of operation: isothermal steady jet injection at a Dean number of 20000 (R e _d =32000), pulsed isothermal injection at a Womersley number of 65 and steady injection at elevated jet temperatures of ΔT=50 K and ΔT=100 K. The experiment is aimed at providing statistically converged quantities of velocity, mass fraction, turbulent fluctuations and turbulent mass flux at several downstream locations. Stochastic error convergence over the number of samples is assessed within the outer turbulent shear layer. From 3000 samples the statistical error of time-averaged velocity and mass fraction is below 1 % while the error of Reynolds shear stress and turbulent mass flux components is in the of range 5-6 %. Profiles of axial velocity and turbulence intensity immediately downstream of the bend exit are in good agreement with hot-wire measurements from literature. During pulsed jet injection strong asymmetric growing of shear layer vortices lead to a skewed mass fraction profile in comparison with steady injection. Phase averaging of single shot PLIF-PIV measurements allows to track the asymmetric shear layer vortex evolvement and flow breakdown during a pulsation cycle with a resolution of 10^°. Steady injection with increased jet temperature supports mixing downstream from 6 nozzle diameters onward.     

Structures of Density Fluctuations at a Low-Mach-Number Turbulent Boundary Layer by DNS

We performed a direct numerical simulation of a low-Mach-number turbulent boundary layer using fundamental equations of compressible flow to investigate the relation between vortex structures and the density distribution. A fully developed turbulent boundary layer of compressible flow was reproduced in the simulation. From the turbulence statistics and instantaneous structures of the density fluctuation, we identified different features in the three regions of a near-wall field, far field and flow field outside the turbulent boundary layer. Structures of the density fluctuation could correspond to sound sources in a turbulent boundary layer. We then observed fine-scale structures of the density fluctuation that were strongly related to turbulent vortices in the vicinity of the wall. In addition, there were large-scale density structures in the upper boundary layer. The large-scale structures seem to correlate with the fine-scale structures close to the wall, with there being a non-steady larger-scale density fluctuation profile in the outer region of the boundary layer.     

PIV MEASUREMENT OF CLOSE IMPINGING JET ON FLAT PLATE 1)

运用时间分辨粒子成像测速系统(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)对近距离下射流冲击平板时的流场进行了直接测量, 通过对两个正交的平面流场开展测量, 揭示了冲击距离和雷诺数对射流间隙内三维流动特征及涡系结构演化规律的影响. 结果表明: 射流间隙存在三种典型的涡系结构, 分别为双涡环模式、单涡环模式和卷吸模式, 但在大流量湍流状态下, 射流可能会冲破涡环, 形成随机的高速出流, 各流动模式的出现主要与射流流态及壁面约束作用有关. 运用涡量分析对三种典型涡系结构的能量传递和损失特性进行了比较. 结果表明: 近距离冲击时, 射流的能量通过涡环模式向外传递. 在双涡环模式下, 两个涡环的旋向相反, 端面的约束作用使得两个涡环都被严格约束在射流棒端面之内, 且一次涡环强度显著大于二次涡环强度. 最后, 运用本征正交分解方法对射流间隙内的流动模态及其能量分布进行了分析. 单涡和双涡模式前十阶模态分析结果表明: 能量脉动在较低阶时即以配对的模式出现, 这表明一次涡环与二次涡环均具有良好的对称性, 同时在双涡模式中, 一次涡环是占主导作用的大尺度流动结构. 卷吸模式的前三阶模态分析表明: 射流的能量集中在射流上游, 能量随紊动扩散急剧衰减.     

近距离下射流冲击平板PIV实验研究

运用时间分辨粒子成像测速系统(time-resolved particle image velocimetry, TR-PIV)对近距离下射流冲击平板时的流场进行了直接测量, 通过对两个正交的平面流场开展测量, 揭示了冲击距离和雷诺数对射流间隙内三维流动特征及涡系结构演化规律的影响. 结果表明: 射流间隙存在三种典型的涡系结构, 分别为双涡环模式、单涡环模式和卷吸模式, 但在大流量湍流状态下, 射流可能会冲破涡环, 形成随机的高速出流, 各流动模式的出现主要与射流流态及壁面约束作用有关. 运用涡量分析对三种典型涡系结构的能量传递和损失特性进行了比较. 结果表明: 近距离冲击时, 射流的能量通过涡环模式向外传递. 在双涡环模式下, 两个涡环的旋向相反, 端面的约束作用使得两个涡环都被严格约束在射流棒端面之内, 且一次涡环强度显著大于二次涡环强度. 最后, 运用本征正交分解方法对射流间隙内的流动模态及其能量分布进行了分析. 单涡和双涡模式前十阶模态分析结果表明: 能量脉动在较低阶时即以配对的模式出现, 这表明一次涡环与二次涡环均具有良好的对称性, 同时在双涡模式中, 一次涡环是占主导作用的大尺度流动结构. 卷吸模式的前三阶模态分析表明: 射流的能量集中在射流上游, 能量随紊动扩散急剧衰减.      

Effect of local forcing on a turbulent boundary layer

An experimental study is performed to analyze flow structures behind local suction and blowing in a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. The local forcing is given to the boundary layer flow by means of a sinusoidally oscillating jet issuing from a thin spanwise slot at the wall. The Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness is about Re _θ =1700. The effects of local forcing are scrutinized by altering the forcing frequency (0.011 ≤ f ⁺≤ 0.044). The forcing amplitude is fixed at A ₀=0.4. It is found that a small local forcing reduces the skin friction and the skin friction reduction increases with the forcing frequency. A phase-averaging technique is employed to capture the large-scale vortex evolution. An organized spanwise vortical structure is generated by the local forcing. The cross-sectional area of vortex and the time fraction of vortex are examined by changing the forcing frequency. An investigation of the random fluctuation components reveals that turbulent energy is concentrated near the center of vortical structures. Received: 17 March 2000/Accepted: 3 April 2001     

Mass and momentum transport in the near field of swirling turbulent jets. Effect of swirl rate

Local transport of the flow momentum and scalar admixture in the near-field of turbulent swirling jets (Re = 5,000) has been investigated by using a combination of the particle image velocimetry and planar laser-induced fluorescence methods. Advection and turbulent and molecular diffusions are evaluated based on the measured distributions of the mean velocity and concentration and the Reynolds stresses and fluxes. As has been quantified from the data, the flow swirl intensifies the entrainment of the surrounding fluid and promotes mass and momentum exchange in the outer mixing layer. A superimposed swirl results in the appearance of a wake/recirculation region at the jet axis and, consequently, the formation of an inner shear layer. In contrast to the scalar admixture, the momentum exchange in the inner shear layer is found to be strongly intensified by the swirl. For the jet with the highest considered swirl rate, a substantial portion of the surrounding fluid is found to enter the unsteady central recirculation zone, where it mixes with the jet that is issued from the nozzle. The contribution of the coherent velocity fluctuations, which are induced by large-scale vortex structures, to the turbulent transport has been evaluated based on triple decomposition, which was based on proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of the velocity data sets. For the considered domain of the jet with the highest swirl rate and vortex breakdown, the contributions of detected helical vortex structures, inducing pressing vortex core, to the radial fluxes of the flow momentum and the scalar admixture are found to locally exceed 65% and 80%, respectively.     

Population,characteristics and kinematics of vortices in a confined rectangular jet with a co-flow

Vortex behavior and characteristics in a confined rectangular jet with a co-flow were examined using vortex swirling strength as a defining characteristic. On the left side of the jet, the positively (counterclockwise) rotating vortices are dominant, while negatively rotating vortices are dominant on the right side of the jet. The characteristics of vortices, such as population density, average size and strength, and deviation velocity, were calculated and analyzed in both the cross-stream direction and the streamwise direction. In the near-field of the jet, the population density, average size and strength of the dominant direction vortices show high values on both sides of the center stream with a small number of counter-rotating vortices produced in the small wake regions close to jet outlet. As the flow develops, the wake regions disappear, these count-rotating vortices also disappear, and the population of the dominant direction vortices increase and spread in the jet. The mean size and strength of the vortices decrease monotonically with streamwise coordinate. The signs of vortex deviation velocity indicate the vortices transfer low momentum to high-velocity region and high momentum to the low velocity region. The developing trends of these characteristics were also identified by tracing vortices using time-resolved particle image velocimetry data. Both the mean tracked vortex strength and size decrease with increasing downstream distance overall. At the locations of the left peak of turbulent kinetic energy, the two-point spatial cross-correlation of swirling strength with velocity fluctuation and concentration fluctuation were calculated. All the correlation fields contain one positively correlated region and one negatively correlated region although the orientations of the correlation fields varied, due to the flow transitioning from wake, to jet, to channel flow. Finally, linear stochastic estimation was used to calculate conditional structures. The large-scale structures in the velocity field revealed by linear stochastic estimation are spindle-shaped with a titling stream-wise major axis.     

An inclined rectangular jet in a turbulent boundary layer-vortex flow

A model test study was performed on streamwise vortices generated by a rectangular jet in an otherwise flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. The study was conducted in a low speed wind tunnel. The rectangular jet had a cross-section size of 28 mm by 5.5 mm. The oncoming boundary layer had a 99.5 percent thickness of 25 mm. The freestream speed of the oncoming flow was 20 m/s. Measurements were performed with a three-element LDA system. The effects of skew angle and streamwise development of vortex were investigated and the mean flow properties are presented. The study showed that the rectangular jet was able to produce a streamwise vortex of higher strength than that of a round jet, while at the same time keeping the same size and shape as that of a round jet. A 63% increase in the maximum vorticity was found. The 45^∘ skew angle was identified as the optimal skew angle for vortex production. Received: 24 June 1998/ Accepted: 21 May 1999     

等离子体激励器诱导射流的湍流特性研究

为了进一步掌握等离子体流动控制机理, 完善等离子体激励器数学模型, 提升等离子体激励器扰动能力, 采用粒子图像测速技术, 在静止空气下开展了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器诱导射流特性研究. 实验时, 将非对称布局激励器布置在平板模型上, 随后将带有激励器的模型放置在有机玻璃箱内, 从而避免环境气流对测试结果的影响. 基于激励器诱导流场, 分析了激励电压对诱导射流特性的影响, 揭示了较高电压下诱导射流近壁区的拟序结构, 获得了卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构的演化发展过程, 计算了卷起涡脱落频率, 阐述了卷起涡与启动涡的区别, 初步探索了卷起涡的耗散机制. 结果表明: (1)层流射流不能完全概括等离子体诱导射流特性, 激励电压是影响射流特性的重要参数. 当电压较低时, 诱导射流为层流射流; 当电压较高时, 诱导射流的雷诺数提高, 射流剪切层不稳定, 层流射流逐渐发展为湍流射流. (2)等离子体诱导湍流射流包含着卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构; 在固定电压下, 这些涡结构存在恒定的卷起频率. (3)当激励电压较高时, 流动不稳定使得卷起涡发生了拉伸、变形, 引起了流场湍动能增大, 从而加速了卷起涡的耗散. 研究结果为全面认识激励器射流特性, 进一步挖掘激励器卷吸掺混能力, 提升激励器控制能力积累基础.      

The stability and development of tip and root vortices behind a model wind turbine

An inclined turbulent jet discharging a passive scalar into a turbulent crossflow is investigated under conditions of favorable, zero and adverse streamwise pressure gradient. Experiments are conducted in water by means of magnetic resonance velocimetry and magnetic resonance concentration measurements. The velocity ratio and density ratio are equal to one for all cases. The flow configuration is relevant to film cooling technology, the molecular properties of the fluid being immaterial in the fully turbulent regime. Under favorable pressure gradient (FPG), the streamwise acceleration tilts the jet trajectory toward the wall, which would be beneficial for the film cooling performance. However, the counter-rotating vortex pair is strengthened in the accelerating flow by streamwise stretching. Also, the crossflow boundary layer is significantly thickened by increasingly adverse pressure gradient, which affects the mass transfer from the jet. Overall, the more intense counter-rotating vortices and the thinner boundary layer associated with increasingly FPG enhance the scalar dispersion into the main flow, hampering the film cooling performance in terms of surface effectiveness.     

The Flow Structure Produced by Pulsed-jet Vortex Generators in a Turbulent Boundary Layer in an Adverse Pressure Gradient

The effect of pulsed jet vortex generators on the structure of an adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer flow was investigated. Two geometrically optimised vortex generator configurations were used, co-rotating and counter-rotating. The duty cycle and pulse frequency were both varied and measurements of the skin friction (using hot films) and flow structure (using stereo PIV) were performed downstream of the actuators. The augmentation of the mean wall shear stress was found to be dependent on the net mass flow injected by the actuators. A quasi steady flow structure was found to develop far downstream of the injection location for the highest pulse frequency tested. The actuator near field flow structure was observed to respond very quickly to variations in the jet exit velocity.     

金属丝壁面加热湍流标度律的实验研究

通过在固壁表面的平板湍流边界层沿流向平行放置若干通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的流向涡结构。对壁湍流小尺度结构标度律统计特性的研究表明,金属丝加热后形成的规则流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,增强了湍流小尺度结构的层次结构相似性,减小了壁湍流中小尺度结构的间歇性和奇异性,抑制了壁湍流中奇异的湍涡结构。     

Three-dimensional flow structure in highly buoyant jet by scanning stereo PIV combined with POD analysis

The flow characteristics and the structure of highly buoyant jet of low density fluid issuing into a stagnant surrounding of high density fluid is studied by scanning stereo PIV combined with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis. The experiment is carried out at Froude number of 0.3 and Reynolds number of 200, which satisfies the inflow condition due to the unstable density gradient near the nozzle exit. An increase in the maximum mean velocity occurs and the vertical velocity fluctuation is highly amplified near the nozzle exit, which suggests the influence of inflow due to the unstable density gradient. The POD analysis indicates that the vertical velocity fluctuation is the major source of fluctuating energy contributing to the development of the highly buoyant jet. The examination of the POD modes show that the longitudinal structure of the vertical velocity fluctuation is generated along the jet axis having the opposite sign of velocity fluctuation on both sides of the jet axis. The vertical scale of the POD mode decreases with increasing the mode number and results in the frequent appearance of cross-flow across the buoyant jet. The reconstruction flow from the POD modes indicates that the vortex structure is caused by the highly sheared layer between the upward and downward velocity and the inflow is induced by the vortex structure. The magnitude of the vortex structure seems to be weakened with an increase in the distance from the nozzle and the buoyant jet approaches to an asymptotic state in the further downstream.     

An experimental study of a radial wall jet formed by the normal impingement of a round synthetic jet

The flow field of a radial wall jet created by the impingement of a round synthetic jet normal to a flat surface was characterized using hot-wire anemometry. In the synthetic wall jets the width of the outer layer was observed to increase linearly with the radial distance along the wall, while the local maximum velocity varied inversely. The synthetic wall jet exhibits self-similar behavior as distinguished by the collapse of the mean and rms velocity profiles when normalized by the outer layer scaling variables. Increasing the actuator driving amplitude at a fixed frequency (i) increased the growth rate of the outer layer, and (ii) decreased the decay rate of the local velocity maximum. The flow field of the synthetic wall jet was dominated by vortical structures associated with the actuator driving frequency, and harmonics connected with the interaction of the produced vortex structures. For the actuator conditions investigated, neither the classical laminar nor fully turbulent analytical solutions for continuous wall jets were amenable to modeling the synthetic wall jet profile due to the transitional and unsteady nature of the synthetic wall jet.     

Nanoparticle dispersion and coagulation in a turbulent round jet

Nanoparticle dispersion and coagulation behaviors in a turbulent round jet were studied in this article. An experimental system was designed to generate a uniformly distributed air–nanoparticle two-phase flow in a turbulent round jet. The particle size distribution (PSD) was measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) in the near field of the jet. The particle diameters were nearly constant in the potential core due to the high carrying velocity and laminar characteristic of the flow but grew larger in the region of high turbulence intensities because the vortex structures in the mixing layer promoted coagulation. Furthermore, the migration property of small-sized nanoparticles forced them to be preserved in the potential core also leading to the diameter increase. The comparison of the particle concentration distributions at different sections indicated that the shear layer is the major region for the mixing of particle-laden stream and ambient air. The particle diameters in the axial direction experienced three stages including a slightly changed stage, an increasing stage and a constant stage. The diameter increase should be attributed to turbulence coagulation.     

The use of turbulent inflow conditions for the modelling of a high aspect ratio jet

The aim of this work is to investigate the capabilities of a turbulent inflow method. The application selected for this study is the high aspect ratio jet. The complexities associated to the numerical modelling of a high aspect ratio jet are embedded in its physical complexity. Consequently, the numerical modelling does not only require a high mesh resolution, but furthermore it requires a careful mesh construction, inflow conditions and subgrid-scale modelling to make an accurate computation of the unsteady flow phenomena. The results indicate that increased grid resolution and enhanced turbulence modelling reduce the effect of the imposed flow fluctuations. It is concluded that for a high aspect ratio free-jet turbulent inflow conditions are effective if the mesh resolution is insufficient to trigger shear-layer instabilities. Applied with sufficient mesh resolution the onset of vortex motions will occur in the shear layer, hence there is limited inflow sensitivity.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF HAIRPIN VORTEX BY STEREO-PIV 1)

发卡涡是湍流相干结构研究中最为关注的内容,实现发卡涡三维结构的定量测量并进行流体动力学分析,对深入研究湍流相干结构、实现湍流精准控制等具有重要意义.本研究通过对合成射流装置进行合理控制,使得层流边界层中产生了规则的人造发卡涡结构,进而用体视图像粒子测速仪(Stereo-PIV)锁相实验技术对发卡涡结构所在的三维空间流场进行了定量测量,并得到了一个完整周期内形成的发卡涡三维结构的空间流场. 结果发现,重构所得的三维发卡涡结构质量较高, 实验技术和方案具有可行性.发卡涡结构所在空间流场情况,符合目前人们对于发卡涡、高低速条带、喷射和扫掠事件的常规认识. 此外,对近壁二次流向涡、展向涡量集中区域的展向涡头和强剪切区域、与低速喷射流体相关的汇聚流动和发散流动等有了更细致的认识.同时, 也探讨了"基于二维脉动流场的相关特征去重构发卡涡三维流场"的可行性.为进一步定量探究发卡涡结构的形成演化、不同涡结构的融合及二次诱导等壁湍流相干结构问题提供思路.     

基于Stereo-PIV技术的三维发卡涡结构定量测量研究

发卡涡是湍流相干结构研究中最为关注的内容,实现发卡涡三维结构的定量测量并进行流体动力学分析,对深入研究湍流相干结构、实现湍流精准控制等具有重要意义.本研究通过对合成射流装置进行合理控制,使得层流边界层中产生了规则的人造发卡涡结构,进而用体视图像粒子测速仪(Stereo-PIV)锁相实验技术对发卡涡结构所在的三维空间流场进行了定量测量,并得到了一个完整周期内形成的发卡涡三维结构的空间流场. 结果发现,重构所得的三维发卡涡结构质量较高, 实验技术和方案具有可行性.发卡涡结构所在空间流场情况,符合目前人们对于发卡涡、高低速条带、喷射和扫掠事件的常规认识. 此外,对近壁二次流向涡、展向涡量集中区域的展向涡头和强剪切区域、与低速喷射流体相关的汇聚流动和发散流动等有了更细致的认识.同时, 也探讨了"基于二维脉动流场的相关特征去重构发卡涡三维流场"的可行性.为进一步定量探究发卡涡结构的形成演化、不同涡结构的融合及二次诱导等壁湍流相干结构问题提供思路.