The NIMO Monte Carlo model for box-air-mass factor and radiance calculations

A new fully spherical multiple scattering Monte Carlo radiative transfer model named NIMO (NIWA Monte Carlo model) is presented. The ray tracing algorithm is described in detail along with the treatment of scattering and absorption, and the simulation of backward adjoint trajectories. The primary application of NIMO is the calculation of box-air-mass factors (box-AMFs), which are used to convert slant column densities (SCDs) of trace gases, derived from UV–visible multiple axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements, into vertical column densities (VCDs). Box-AMFs are also employed as weighting functions for optimal estimation retrievals of vertical trace gas profiles from SCDs. Monte Carlo models are well suited to AMF calculations at high solar zenith angles (SZA) and at low viewing elevation angles where multiple scattering is important. Additionally, the object-oriented structure of NIMO makes it easily extensible to new applications by plugging in objects for new absorbing or scattering species. Box-AMFs and radiances, calculated for various wavelengths, SZAs, viewing elevation and azimuth angles and aerosol scenarios, are compared with results from nine other models using a set of exercises from a recent radiative transfer model intercomparison. NIMO results for these simulations are well within the range of variability of the other models.     

被动多轴差分吸收光谱大气气溶胶光学厚度监测方法研究

介绍了基于太阳散射光的被动多轴差分吸收光谱（MAX-DOAS）技术在大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical density,AOD）监测中的应用. MAX-DOAS根据氧的二聚物（O₄）在紫外、可见波段的特征吸收来确定气溶胶参数,实验中利用测量得到的O₄在360 nm处斜柱浓度,并结合O₄垂直柱浓度基本稳定等信息,在选取合适的气溶胶单次散射反照率、非对称因子及其廓线形状等条件下,基于大气辐射传输模型采用迭代算法解析出大气气溶胶光学厚度. 经过与太阳光度计(CE318)测量结果的对比,两者相关性达到87%. 关键词： 多轴差分吸收光谱 大气气溶胶 光学厚度     

被动多轴差分吸收光谱大气气溶胶光学厚度监测方法研究

介绍了基于太阳散射光的被动多轴差分吸收光谱（MAX-DOAS）技术在大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical density,AOD）监测中的应用. MAX-DOAS根据氧的二聚物（O₄）在紫外、可见波段的特征吸收来确定气溶胶参数,实验中利用测量得到的O₄在360 nm处斜柱浓度,并结合O₄垂直柱浓度基本稳定等信息,在选取合适的气溶胶单次散射反照率、非对称因子及其廓线形状等条件下,基于大气辐射传输模型采用迭代算法解析出大气气溶胶光学厚度. 经过与太阳光度计(CE318)测量结果的对比,两者相关性达到87%.     

利用天顶光光谱和天空光光谱测量大气NO_2含量和角空间分布

研究了一种用地基天顶光-天空光光谱数据反演大气NO2倾斜柱体密度的有效方法。利用该方法计算了同一方位不同倾角（10°～85°）下的倾斜柱体密度（在0.5～11×1016 molecule·cm^-2范围）,以及同一倾角不同方位的NO2倾斜柱体密度（1016～1017molecule·cm^-2量级）。结果与实际大气状况有很好的相关性。不同方位及倾角的NO2倾斜柱体密度不同,体现出角空间分布特征。该方法中,由同一仪器同时采集天顶光光谱和其他方向的天空光光谱,提高了测量准确度。该方法有利于实时监测空间任意方向NO2的含量,尤其靠近地面的NO2局部污染,更适合多阴雨地区（在地面上很难采集到良好的直射太阳光谱）的污染监测。     

DOAS tomography for the retrieval of trace gas profiles from satellite-based UV-Vis limb spectra

A new method is employed for retrieving the profiles of trace gas number densities from satellite-based ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra of scattered sunlight, which are recorded from the limb atmosphere over a range of tangent heights. The slant column abundances of trace gas along the lines of sight (LOSs) are obtained by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), and the tomographic technique is applied to such column abundances to retrieve two-dimensional (2D) concentration profiles. For validation of the tomographic technique, the slant column abundances are simulated by a tested 2D NO2 profile set with latitudes from 90°S to 90°N between altitudes of 0 and 100 km, and the retrieval of number density profiles on 1-km grids is performed. The results suggest that between ±80°, the retrieved structure is almost the same as the test data. According to the comparison of the selected cross sections of the vertical profiles between retrieved and true concentrations, the NO2 number densities have been retrieved with an accuracy of 15% or better and 5% for altitudes between 25 and 40 km. The validation of the retrieved data shows good agreement between the retrieved and true profiles.     

利用被动差分吸收光谱技术反演南极中山站地区夏季臭氧柱浓度

采用被动差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy,DOAS)对南极中山站地区(69°22′24′′S,76°22′14′′E)的臭氧柱含量进行了72天(2008年12月10日-2009年2月19日)观测,通过被动差分吸收光谱处理方法对系统采集的天顶太阳散...     

基于差分吸收光谱技术的大气痕量气体二维观测方法

基于差分吸收光谱技术, 对大气痕量气体二维观测方法进行研究. 对常规多轴差分吸收光谱系统进行改进, 使望远镜可指向不同方位角, 获取测量点各方位角上的痕量气体信息, 从而更直观地了解测量点四周污染气体分布及其演变情况. 主要对NO₂浓度分布进行了研究, 同时获取了不同方位角上的O₄斜柱浓度; 采用辐射传输模型模拟计算O₄斜柱浓度并与实测数据对比, 结果表明二者具有高度相关性, 验证了大气中O₄分布的稳定性; 基于实测O₄数据提取光路信息, 结合辐射传输模型对NO₂和O₄因廓线不同造成的散射路径差异进行修正, 将NO₂斜柱浓度进一步转化为体积混合比, 获得了不同方位角上NO₂ 浓度分布图. 将计算结果与长光程差分吸收光谱技术数据进行对比, 结果表明二者具有较好的一致性.     

基于QDOAS的多轴差分吸收光谱测量对流层HCHO的研究

由于甲醛在大气光化学反应中的重要性及其对环境、气候和人类健康的危害,监测、有效控制甲醛浓度已经成为一件刻不容缓的要事。目前传统的监测多局限于基于化学方法、色谱法的室内监测,或是室外较小范围的监测,室外大范围的大气中的甲醛监测往往为人们所忽视。为了有效监测大气中大范围的甲醛（HCHO）浓度,建立了地基MAX-DOAS观测系统,与主动DOAS观测系统相比,该观测系统不受光源和反射装置限制,平台搭建简单,测量范围广。2018年在合肥地区(117°17′E, 31°90′N)夏季开展了基于地基MAX-DOAS的外场连续观测实验,结合新一代光谱处理软件QDOAS利用DOAS算法的非线性最小二乘拟合反演甲醛（HCHO）的斜柱浓度,并通过大气质量因子（AMF）将甲醛（HCHO）的斜柱浓度转换为柱浓度,并分析了7月份的观测数据,结果表明,低仰角下甲醛的差分斜柱浓的值较高,说明,对流层甲醛主要集中在接近地表的位置。从实验数据还可以看到,二氧化氮与甲醛的变化趋势基本一致,说明大气中的甲醛与机动车排放或是工业排放出的的氮氧化物（NO₂等）在大气的源与汇过程中具有一定的相关性。通过地基MAX-DOAS测量数据与OMI观测值的比较发现,二者的变化趋势具有良好的一致性,且相关系数为0.518 9,并分析了OMI观测值偏低的原因。研究结果表明,地基MAX-DOAS系统不仅可以对区域污染的演变进行研究,也为甲醛的测量提供了一种实时、快速的监测手段,为分析大气甲醛的来源提供了一种新的解析手段,为验证卫星观测数据提供了一种有效的手段。     

大气压等离子体炬电子密度的光谱诊断

利用空心针-板放电装置产生了大气压等离子体炬,采用光谱法测量了其内部及表面的电子密度. 向空心针中通入氩气,在大气环境中产生了长度为1cm的等离子体炬.实验分别测量了Hα谱线和ArⅠ(696.54nm)谱线,通过反卷积方法分离出其相应的Stark展宽,并由此计算了电子密度.结果发现,采用Hα谱线和ArⅠ(696.54nm)谱线Stark展宽计算得到的等离子体的电子密度分别为1.0×10¹⁵cm^－3和3.78×10^{15关键词： 等离子体炬 电子密度 气体温度 Stark展宽}     

Research of NO2 vertical profiles with look-up table method based on MAX-DOAS

Obtaining the vertical distribution profile of trace gas is of great significance for studying the diffusion procedure of air pollution.In this article,a look-up table method based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS)technology is established for retrieving the tropospheric NO₂ vertical distribution profiles.This method retrieves the aerosol extinction profiles with minimum cost function.Then,the aerosol extinction profiles and the atmospheric radiation transfer model(RTM)are employed to establish the look-up table for retrieving the NO₂ vertical column densities(VCDs)and profiles.The measured NO₂ differential slant column densities(DSCDs)are compared with the NO₂ DSCDs simulated by the atmospheric RTM,and the NO₂ VCDs,the weight factor of NO₂ in the boundary layer,and the boundary layer height are obtained by the minimization process.The look-up table is established to retrieve NO₂ VCDs based on MAX-DOAS measurements in Huaibei area,and the results are compared with the data from Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service(CAMS)model.It is found that there are nearly consistent and the correlation coefficient R2 is more than 0.86.The results show that this technology provides a more convenient and accurate retrieval method for the stereoscopic monitoring of atmospheric environment.     

电厂烟羽中SO2柱浓度的紫外非色散二维成像

鉴于近年来突发事故和雾霾等污染现象时有发生,其危害范围广、危害程度深,因此迫切需要掌握污染影响的区域、范围、强度以及污染扩散的趋势。而污染源、污染气体的二维快速成像分布在确定气体泄漏源定位、鉴别突发事件以及鉴定污染范围和污染影响的过程中占绝对优势。基于面阵CCD探测器,利用紫外滤光片分光的成像技术实现了对丰台电厂烟囱排放的烟羽进行快速成像测量;采用烟气在线监测技术获取的SO2实时浓度作为参考浓度,经转换之后标定成像系统,标定结果表明SO2斜柱浓度与光学厚度呈线性关系,相关系数0.958,满足成像理论可被解析的先决条件;考虑到成像系统视场角小,使镜头在上风向偏离烟羽区域拍摄的图片作为背景,任取背景图上的一行像素,这些像素的光学强度表明上风向强度均匀,无其他干扰影响;测量过程中,为了减小烟羽变化带来的误差,鉴别目标气体的310 nm滤光片与祛除气溶胶影响的330 nm滤光片对烟羽交替成像;最后根据线性最小二乘拟合获取了2017年5月20日12点30分左右的SO2斜柱浓度的二维分布及其时序图。测量结果显示在烟囱出口附近出现SO2斜柱浓度高值,SO2斜柱浓度高值约为1.7×1017 molec·cm^-2;SO2斜柱浓度分布图直观显示SO2浓度的扩散趋势,表明下风向SO2斜柱浓度沿着烟羽的扩散轴减小缓慢,在大气浮力、烟羽流体动力学以及风向共同作用下,垂直于烟羽扩散轴的方向上,扩散轴上方的SO2斜柱浓度小于其下方浓度,但基本趋势是垂直于扩散轴的两侧SO2斜柱浓度衰减很快;在下风向距离烟囱中心28米的区域,取SO2斜柱浓度与高斯曲线进行拟合,拟合系数0.747,表明风向方向:SO2斜柱浓度扩散遵循高斯扩散;根据SO2斜柱浓度时序图,获得了烟羽的传播速度约为1.2 m·s^-1;为了验证紫外非色散成像系统测量结果的可靠性,在已知烟羽SO2排放量(9.2 g·s^-1)、烟羽速度(1.2 m·s^-1)、烟羽高度(约140 m)及周边环境的情况下,采用高斯烟羽扩散模型进行理论预测,成像系统的测量结果与烟羽模型的模拟结果对比表明:SO2斜柱浓度的测量值及扩散趋势与理论预测基本一致。利用基于滤光片的快速成像方法实现了对固定点源排放的污染气体SO2斜柱浓度的成像测量,最终成功获取了烟羽中SO2斜柱浓度的分布及扩散的趋势,测量结果与模型模拟的一致性表明该成像方法有望为定量、定性评估污染危害提供测量依据。     

Planar imaging of a laboratory flame and of internal combustion in an automobile engine using UV rayleigh and fluorescence light

Rayleigh scattering of tunable excimer laser light (193 nm and 248 nm) is used to obtain 2-D images of the distribution of total densities in a laboratory flame and in a cylinder of an automobile engine. Because the UV light is very strongly scattered, there is ample signal and there is excellent contrast of Rayleigh light against surface scattered light, even in the small volume of the engine cylinder. The laboratory flame data are converted to an image of the temperature field. The Rayleigh images are compared with those from planar laser induced predissociative fluorescence, which yield state-specific densities of selected molecules. The experimental arrangement is the same except for the selection of laser wavelength and the filtering of the radiated light.     

被动多轴差分吸收光谱技术监测大气NO_2垂直廓线研究

痕量气体垂直廓线的监测,对大气污染研究具有重要意义。介绍了被动多轴差分吸收光谱(MAX-DOAS)技术监测痕量气体垂直廓线的光学遥感方法。研究中MAX-DOAS测量多个角度的斜柱浓度、结合大气辐射传输模型,利用最优估算法反演出痕量气体垂直廓线,并对最优估算法参数选取和反演评估进行了详细描述。将该技术应用于合肥地区NO2垂直廓线的监测:通过与长光程差分吸收光谱仪的测量结果对比,相关系数达到0.80。该技术为大气环境立体监测提供了一种简便的方法。     

UV Radiation of Low Pressure XeCl* and KrCl* Glow Discharges

The positive column of low pressure DC glow discharges in Xe/Cl₂ and Kr/Cl₂ gas mixtures has been investigated with respect to its UV radiation power and radiative efficiency for a wide range of parameters (total gas pressure: 1–30 mbar, current 10–30 mA, partial pressure of Cl₂: 1–33%). Also the radial distribution of the particle number densities of XeCl* (B) and KrCl* (B) has been determined by absolutely calibrated emission spectroscopy. Optimum UV (190–350 nm) output and efficiency has been found in gas mixtures with a relative Cl₂ partial pressure of 2–3% and total gas pressure of 12–18 mbar. At these parameters, the UV radiation power per column length is greater than 40 Watt/m with a radiative efficiency of 15–18%. These discharges could be used for UV induced photochemical processes.     

卤磷酸钙荧光粉中CaSb2O6:Mn的光谱研究

CaSb2O6:Mn是卤磷酸钙荧光粉(以下简称卤粉)中的杂质相,它对卤粉的发光性能和老化性能都有不良影响,这方面的研究已有较多论述。有关CaSb2O6:Mn的光谱研究尚不多。1951年曾发现在卤粉中增加Sb量时出现绿色发光。1955年R.Bernara曾描述了在520nm具有辐射的CaSb2O6:Mn的发光性质。     

多轴差分吸收光谱仪反演大气NO2的比对试验

为了满足卫星遥感产品地基验证平台中不同仪器观测数据一致性的要求, 2011年9月, 将3台不同设计方案、不同操作方式的多轴差分吸收光谱仪(MAX-DOAS) 集中在中国科学院大气物理研究所香河大气探测综合试验站, 进行了近20天的同步观测测试. 并对所有仪器统一观测方位角, 分别采用相同的紫外、可见光波段的特征吸收带及吸收截面进行NO₂柱浓度的反演试验. 系统的比对分析表明: 3台MAX-DOAS的反演误差大都保持在6%以内, 说明仪器性能良好, 比较稳定; 紫外波段的反演结果略小于可见光波段, 尤其在阴天, 这是由于两波段对分子及气溶胶散射的敏感性不同造成的; 以可见光波段的反演结果为标准, 对紫外波段的反演结果进行系统订正, 订正后的各组数据一致性非常好, 满足卫星大气成分NO₂柱浓度遥感产品不同地基验证站点数据稳定、一致的要求. 关键词： MAX-DOAS 2')" href="#">NO₂ 斜柱浓度 比对试验     

吸收光谱法测量大气压空气介质阻挡放电的臭氧浓度

臭氧作为一种强氧化剂和杀菌剂,在污染物降解,食品加工,杀菌消毒,医疗卫生等方面有着非常广泛的应用。大气压介质阻挡放电是一种极为高效的产生臭氧的方法,利用平行平板介质阻挡放电装置,采用交流高压激励,产生了大气压空气非平衡态等离子体。通过测量其电压和发光信号,发现在电压的正、负半周期均存在着许多随机的放电脉冲,并且其脉宽均在几十到几百纳秒之间,这表明其机制是流光放电。放电的光学发射谱包含氮分子的第二正带系(C 3Π-B 3Π)和第一正带系(B 3П-A 3П),氮分子离子的第一负带系(B 2Σ-X 2Σ),以及氧原子谱线(715.7和799.5 nm)。由于流光放电在紫外区域(200~300 nm)没有明显的发射谱线,但臭氧在此区域存在吸收峰,因此可以利用此区域的紫外吸收光谱测量放电产生的臭氧浓度。吸收光谱法可以有效的监测其臭氧浓度的变化情况,其优势在于操作简单,对实验环境要求低,可在放电条件下使用,并且可以连续监测臭氧浓度变化。基于此,通过Beer-Lambert定律计算了臭氧浓度随实验参数的变化,结果发现随外加电压幅值和驱动频率的增加,臭氧浓度升高。这些结果对于大气压介质阻挡放电的工业应用具有重要价值。     

A Scanning Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy System for Measurement of Tropospheric NO2 in Beijing

A scanning multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy （DOAS） system is developed for monitoring tropospheric NO2 abundance. Measurements at different viewing angles near the horizon can be performed sequentially with one telescope collecting scattered sunlight reflected by a moving mirror. Tropospheric NO2 diurnal variations can be derived from slant column densities （SCDs） of different elevation angles. The result from a field campaign in Beijing in summer of 2005 reveals potential possibility for the monitoring of tropospheric NO2 by multi-axis DOAS technique.     

Discrete-ordinate radiative transfer in a stratified medium with first-order rotational Raman scattering

Rotational Raman scattering (RRS) by air molecules in the Earth's atmosphere is predominantly responsible for the Ring effect: Fraunhofer and absorption-feature filling-in observed in UV/visible backscatter spectra. Accurate determination of RRS effects requires detailed radiative transfer (RT) treatment. In this paper, we demonstrate that the discrete-ordinate RT equations may be solved analytically in a multi-layer multiple scattering atmosphere in the presence of RRS treated as a first-order perturbation. Based on this solution, we develop a generic pseudo-spherical RT model LIDORT-RRS for the determination of backscatter radiances with RRS included; the model will generate output at arbitrary viewing geometry and optical thickness. Model comparisons with measured RRS filling-in effects from OMI observations show very good agreement. We examine telluric RRS filling-in effects for satellite-view backscatter radiances in a spectral range covering the ozone Huggins absorption bands. The model is also used to investigate calcium H and K Fraunhofer filling-in through cloud layers in the atmosphere.     

蒙药嘎日迪-15中多糖的研究

用热水提取蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖,经SephadexC-25进行提纯精制得纯糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定了其水溶性多糖含量。方法的平均回收率为100.50%,RSD为0.82%。用GC测定了蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖主要由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1.03∶1.26∶0.77∶2.30 。用溴化钾压片法测得的红外谱图显示多糖的特征吸收峰为3 417.46,2 928.65,1 742.86,1 643.69,1 149.78, 1 078.19, 1 022.56,834.57 cm-1,其中1 078.19和1 022.56 cm-1为吡喃糖特征峰,834.57 cm-1是α-吡喃糖苷键的特征吸收峰。紫外谱图在280 nm处有明显的糖吸收峰,说明有CO键存在。