Facile fabrication of mesoporous manganese oxides as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors

Mesoporous manganese oxides (MnO₂) were synthesized via a facile chemical deposition strategy. Three kinds of basic precipitants including sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were employed to adjust the microstructures and surface morphologies of MnO₂ materials. The obtained MnO₂ materials display different microstructures. Great differences are observed in their specific surface area and porosity properties. The microstructures and surface morphologies characteristics of MnO₂ materials largely determine their pseudocapacitive behavior for supercapacitors. The MnO₂ prepared with Na₂CO₃ precipitant exhibits the optimal microstructures and surface morphologies compared with the other two samples, contributing to their best electrochemical performances for supercapacitors when conducted either in the single electrode tests or in the capacitor measurements. The optimal MnO₂ electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance (173 F g^–1 at 0.25 A g^?1), high-rate capability (123 F g^?1 at 4 A g^?1), and excellent cyclic stability (no capacitance loss after 5,000 cycles at 1 A g^?1). The optimal activated carbon//MnO₂ hybrid capacitor exhibits a wide working voltage (1.8 V), high-power and high-energy densities (1,734 W kg^?1 and 20.9 Wh kg^?1), and excellent cycling behavior (93.8 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles at 1 A g^?1), indicating the promising applications of the easily fabricated mesoporous MnO₂ for supercapacitors.     

Fabrication and the electrochemical activation of network-like MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoflakes as a flexible and large-area supercapacitor electrode

Porous network-like MnO₂ thick films are successfully synthesized on a flexible stainless steel (SS) mesh using a simple and low-cost electrodeposition method followed by an electrochemical activation process. Morphology, chemical composition, and crystal structure of the prepared electrodes before and after the activation process are determined and compared by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The results show that the implementation of the electrochemical activation process does not change the chemical composition and crystal structure of the films, but it influences the surface morphology of the MnO₂ thick layer to a flaky nanostructure. Based on the electrochemical data analysis, the maximum specific capacitance of 1400 mF (381 F g^?1) and 3700 mF (352 F g^?1) are measured for small (2.6 cm²) and large (10 cm²) surface area electrodes, respectively. In addition, a flexible symmetric MnO₂//MnO₂ solid-state supercapacitor shows a capacitance of 0.3 F with about 98% retention at different bending angles from 0 to 360°.     

Enhanced electrochemical performance of nano-MnO2 modified by Ni(OH)2 as electrode material for supercapacitor

Ni(OH)₂ was compounded to MnO₂ in an easy liquid phase process to improve the diffusion process of the electrode. The as-prepared materials were a mixture of amorphous and nanocrystalline with aggregated nanoparticles forming slit-shaped pore structures. The composite has higher specific surface area and smaller pore volume compared with pristine MnO₂. Electrochemical properties of the electrodes were carried out with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge tests, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The MnO₂/Ni(OH)₂ composites exhibited enhanced electrochemical properties than that of pristine MnO₂. Remarkably, the composite which contains 3 % Ni(OH)₂ exerted the best discharged specific of 408 F g^?1 under 0.2 A g^?1, much higher than 247 F g^?1 of pristine MnO₂ at the same current density. Better rate capability and cycling stability were also realized by the same composite in comparison.     

Electrochemical polymerization of polyaniline doped with Zn2+ as the electrode material for electrochemical supercapacitors

Polyaniline doped with Zn²⁺ (PANI/Zn²⁺) films was synthesized by cyclic voltammetric method on stainless steel mesh substrates in 0.2 mol L^?1 aniline and 0.5 mol L^?1 sulfuric acid electrolyte with various concentrations of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O). The structure and morphology of PANI and PANI/Zn²⁺ films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, respectively. The electrochemical properties of PANI and PANI/Zn²⁺ films were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 0.5 mol L^?1 H₂SO₄ electrolyte in a three-electrode system. The results show that the surface morphology of PANI/Zn²⁺ is more rough than that of pure PANI. The specific capacitance of the PANI/Zn²⁺ film displays a larger specific capacitance of 738 F g^?1, lower resistance, and better stability as compared with the pure PANI film. Thus, good capacitive performance demonstrates its potential superiority for supercapacitors.     

Effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the electrochemical behavior of supercapacitor electrode MnO2

Supercapacitor electrode material MnO₂ was prepared by liquid co-precipitation with different concentration of anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). As evidenced by X-ray diffraction, the obtained MnO₂ are all typical amorphous α-MnO₂ with poor crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the dispersity of MnO₂ initially get better and then worse with the increase of SDS, and the particle sizes first become smaller then larger as well. It is worthwhile noting that the morphology of MnO₂ tested by transmission electron microscopy undergoes a changeable process: fibrous, pine needle like, cotton like, round bubble like, flocculent, and nervous tissue like as SDS increases. Through cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, SDS addition amount 0.2 g (0.017 mol L^?1) is found to be the optimal effect value, and the as-prepared Mn-0.2 obtains the highest specific capacitance (C _sp) of 154.5 F g^?1 at a current density of 500 mA g^?1. Compared with the sample Mn-0 synthesized without SDS, the C _sp increases by about 50 % (±5 %), which can be attributed to its largest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller–specific surface area of 255.9 m² g^?1, best particle dispersity, and smallest particle size of approximately 50–80 nm. Meanwhile, the rate capability and cycle stability of Mn-0.2 also improves obviously, and the equivalent series resistance decreases a lot, only 0.120 Ω.     

无模板剂合成用于超级电容器的二氧化锰/石墨烯复合材料

以尿素、四水合氯化锰和氧化石墨烯为原料,采用水热法并通过热分解制备了一种具有石墨烯包覆结构的石墨烯-二氧化锰复合材料,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、比表面积（BET）、拉曼光谱和热失重等技术对其形貌、晶体结构及表面结构进行了表征;在三电极条件下利用循环伏安法、恒流充放电法和交流阻抗法测试了材料的电化学性能,并考察了不同石墨烯含量对材料比电容的影响. 结果表明,在不添加模板剂的条件下制备的复合材料中二氧化锰是具有介孔结构的α-MnO₂,当复合15%（质量分数）的石墨烯后材料的比表面积从109 m²·g^-1提高到168 m²·g^-1. 复合材料具有更好的电化学性能,在0.2 A·g^-1电流密度下复合材料的比电容达到最大值（454 F·g^-1）,远高于纯二氧化锰的值（294 F·g^-1）. 在2 A·g^-1的电流密度下恒流充放电2000 次后复合材料的比电容保持率为92%.     

Morphology-controllable synthesis of LiMn2O4 particles as cathode materials of lithium batteries

We reported a new method for the preparation of morphology-controllable LiMn₂O₄ particles. In this method, dimension-different MnO₂ nanowires synthesized hydrothermally by adjusting the reaction temperature were used as the precursor. The morphology and structure of the resulting products were characterized with scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, and the performances of the prepared LiMn₂O₄ samples as cathode material of lithium batteries were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The results indicate that the morphology of LiMn₂O₄ transforms from tridimensional particle (TP) to unidimensional rod (UR) through quadrate lamina (QL) with increasing the diameter and length of MnO₂ nanowires. Although the cyclic stabilities of LiMn₂O₄-TP, LiMn₂O₄-QL, and LiMn₂O₄-UR are very close (the 0.1 C capacity after 50 cycles is 101, 93, and 99 mAh g^?1 at 25 °C, and 84, 78, and 82 mAh g^?1 at 50 °C, respectively), LiMn₂O₄-QL delivers much higher rate capacity (about 70 mAh g^?1 at 5 C and 30 mAh g^?1 at 10 C) than LiMn₂O₄-TP and LiMn₂O₄-UR (about 20 mAh g^?1 at 5 C, 3 mAh g^?1 at 10 C, 25 mAh g^?1 at 5 C, and 3 mAh g^?1 at 10 C).     

Metal carbonates: alternative to metal oxides for supercapacitor applications? A case study of MnCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> vs MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

We report here the potential competency of MnCO₃ versus MnO₂ for supercapacitor applications. MnCO₃ was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using KMnO₄ as a manganese source and either sugar or pyrrole as carbon source. MnCO₃ synthesized using sugar and pyrrole as carbon source is referred hereafter as MnCO₃(s) and MnCO₃(p), respectively. The synthesized products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopic and transmission electron microscopic studies. Microscopic studies revealed that MnO₂ possesses micro-flower-like morphology constructed by self-assembled nano-petals. While the morphology of MnCO₃(s) is sub-micron size particles of different shape, the morphology of MnCO₃(p) is crystalline particles of 10–20 nm dia. The capacitive characteristics of MnO₂, MnCO₃(s) and MnCO₃(p) were evaluated in aqueous 0.1 M Mg(ClO₄)₂ electrolyte between 0 and 1 V using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. Specific capacitance (SC) values of 216 and 296 F g^?1 obtained for MnCO₃(s) and MnCO₃(p) are 35 and 85 % higher than SC value of 160 F g^?1 obtained for MnO₂, respectively. Besides better capacitive storage characteristics, MnCO₃(s) and MnCO₃(p) have also exhibited better rate capability and cycle life than MnO₂.     

Effect of surfactant on the morphology and capacitive performance of porous NiCo2O4

A promising nickel cobaltite oxide (NiCo₂O₄) composite electrode material was successfully synthesized by a sol-gel method and followed by a simple sintering process. The microstructure and surface morphology of NiCo₂O₄ modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyvinyl alcohol were physically characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, electrochemical performance was widely investigated in 2 M KOH aqueous electrolyte using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge test, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that evident porous microstructure was successfully fabricated by CTAB. The NiCo₂O₄ controlled by CTAB exhibited highly specific capacitance of 1,440 F?g^?1 at a current density of 5 mA?cm^?2. Remarkably, it still displays desirable cycle retention of 94.1 % over 1,000 cycle numbers at a current density of 20 mA?cm^?2. The excellent electrochemical performance suggests its potential application in electrode material for electrochemical capacitors.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体,水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂）,制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM）,透射电镜（TEM）,X射线衍射（XRD）,热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征;采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面,形成多层次结构,并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构;MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构;复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1;随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极,活性炭（AC）为负极,1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器,发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V,容量可达86F·g^-1,且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

Quasi-solid-state pseudocapacitors using proton-conducting gel polymer electrolyte and poly(3-methyl thiophene)–ruthenium oxide composite electrodes

We report the studies on a flexible quasi-solid-state configuration of the redox supercapacitors (pseudocapacitors) assembled with an ionic liquid-based proton conducting non-aqueous gel polymer electrolyte (ILGPE) and composite electrodes of conducting polymer [poly-3-methyl thiophene (pMeT)] and hydrous ruthenium dioxide (RuO₂.xH₂O). The presence of RuO₂.xH₂O in the composite electrodes has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The ILGPE films, prepared with the solution of an ionic liquid (1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate) and a salt ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate entrapped in a host polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), have been characterized. The symmetrical pseudocapacitors have been assembled and characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge tests. The composite electrodes with the ～13 wt.% hydrous RuO₂ loading in pMeT film has shown a maximum specific capacitance value of ～118 F g^?1 (of the composite electrode material). The corresponding maximum specific energy and power density have been found to be ～12.8 W kg^?1 and ～513 W kg^?1, respectively. With further increase in the content of RuO₂.xH₂O, a slight decrease in specific capacitance value has been observed, which indicates the reduction in utilization rate of RuO₂.xH₂O. The composite electrodes show stable capacitance values up to 5,000 charge–discharge cycles.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.     

互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米复合材料的原位水热合成及电化学性能

以互通多孔碳（IPC）为载体，水热条件下在碳表面原位反应生成纳米结构的二氧化锰（MnO₂），制备互通多孔碳/二氧化锰纳米（IPC/MnO₂）复合电极材料. 采用扫描电镜（SEM），透射电镜（TEM），X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析（TGA）对其结构进行表征；采用循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗对其电化学性能进行研究. 结果表明：生成的MnO₂均匀地负载在碳的表面，形成多层次结构，并且随着温度的升高IPC表面负载的MnO₂由纳米颗粒变为纳米片状结构；MnO₂纳米片具有典型的K-Birnessite 型晶体结构；复合物中MnO₂的含量约为34%（w）. 在100 ℃制备的IPC/MnO₂复合材料在三电极系统中最高比电容达到了411 F·g^-1；随着反应温度的升高,比容量先增长后基本保持不变. 以IPC/MnO₂为正极，活性炭（AC）为负极，1 mol·L^-1 Na₂SO₄溶液为电解液组装成IPC/MnO₂//AC 混合超级电容器，发现IPC/MnO₂电极的电容器其电位窗口从1 V扩展到1.8 V，容量可达86F·g^-1，且表现出良好的电容特性和大电流放电性能.