DE SITTER宇宙中的红移问题

本文在把宇宙看作de Sitter宇宙、星系作为粒子沿测地线作径向运动、星系之间没有引力相互作用的近似下,将谐和条件用于相对论性宇宙论中的星系运动。给出了标准坐标系、de Sitter坐标系和共动坐标系之间的坐标变换,及地球上的观测者观测到的远方退行星系所发出光的光强的Poynting矢量。在不同坐标系中Poynting矢量有不同的形式。作为一级近似,三种不同坐标系中的速度-距离关系是相同的,但对高级近似,它们则有区别,这种差别只能由天文观测来核实。在把退行星系中每一恒星看作一电偶极子的假定下所得到的速度-距离关系依赖于退行星系中恒星的数目,或者说依赖于退行星系中物质的质量。因此,照此分析宇宙中星系运动是各向同性的,但物质分布不一定均匀。     

强引力场中的一维活塞过程

本文在直角坐标系、柱坐标及球坐标系中研究一维匀速活塞在强引力场中的动力学过程.用特征线法数值求解流体力学方程组,得出符合活塞速度条件及联结条件的解.分析讨论了不同坐标系对压缩区,常流区,稀疏区流场、激波传播速度及活塞面上声速的影响.     

纤维增韧材料的损伤理论

本文研究了单向纤维增强材料的损伤理论。我们考虑了基体中预先存在的微裂纹的张开、扩展及其附近双位移区的力学机制,即纤维脱胶、摩擦滑动等,建立了裂纹面上由纤维承受的应力所满足的积分方程。把双相区的厚度和裂纹尺寸作为两类不同的损伤变量,分别建立了演化方程。对基本积分方程给出了近似解,其结果与由Hankel变换给出的精确解吻合很好。在近似解的基础上给出了复合材料的有效应力强度因子和基体裂纹扩展条件,并给出了考虑损伤过程的完整应力应变关系。     

一维六方压电准晶中三角形孔边快速传播裂纹的解析解

根据一维六方压电准晶的本构方程、几何方程和运动平衡方程,导出了一维六方压电准晶在运动坐标系下的反平面弹性问题的控制方程,并利用复变函数方法,构造保角映射函数,将物理平面的三角形孔边裂纹外部映射到数学平面的单位圆内部,从而研究了一维六方压电准晶中三角形孔边快速传播裂纹的反平面剪切问题.并在电不可通与电可通两种边界条件下,给出了裂纹以速度v传播时的Ⅲ型裂纹的动态应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的解析解.当裂纹传播速度趋于零时,三角形孔边快速传播裂纹的动力学问题可以还原为静力学问题,通过极限运算,可以得到在裂纹尖端处的应力强度因子和电位移强度因子的解析解,所得结果与已有的静力学结果一致,这些解析解在科学与工程断裂中有着潜在的应用价值,为工程力学分析提供了理论依据.     

热偶极子与圆形界面裂纹的作用

热偶极子由热源和热汇组成.应用解析延拓方法、广义Liouville 定理及Muskhelishvili 边值问题理论,研究了在热源偶极子作用下含圆形夹杂复合材料的界面裂纹问题.导出温度场和应力场之后,分析了温度场和夹杂对界面断裂的效应.作为实例,针对若干种组合材料及热偶极子处于不同位置,给出了界面裂纹热应力强度因子的数值变化曲线.结果表明,界面裂纹特性取决于材料的弹性常数和热学性能及偶极子的情况.     

弹塑性运动裂纹的动力位错解

本文基于细观观点,用线排列动力位错模拟运动裂纹,通过叠加方法处理弹塑性运动裂纹问题,求出了各种情形下的动力张开位移,从而给出了运动裂纹的一个弹塑性失稳判据,并就Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ型运动裂纹展开进行了讨论.     

几何学在卫星精确定位中的应用

卫星轨道及卫星导航定位都涉及很多几何问题,那么怎样用几何学解决卫星轨道及导航定位的计算是在实际应用中面临的一个重要课题.在这个问题基础上,给出了在适合于不同情况下的坐标系的转换公式,主要研究了导航卫星轨道的有效计算,为进行实时导航定位,讨论了卫星的准确定位算法和它的速度、经纬度的确定.最后,对未来的研究方向做出探讨.     

弱重力场中的平面活塞运动

本文分析了弱重力场中等速活塞运动驱动恒星大气的气体动力学过程.在活塞前面,气体被压缩.压缩气体利用其部分内能,以及有些情况下其动能,以克服外加重力.当逃逸速度与等离子体速度之比值为一小参数时,所有量可对小参数展开,基态解给出均匀流,如同没有重力场的气体动力学所讨论的那样.一阶关系给出外加引力场对流场的影响,即激波强度变化不大而气体内能不断耗散.对于强激波和活塞附近,近似得到的分析解有类似的特征.由于外加重力场在天体物理和大气物理过程中的重要性,这些结果对于恒星和行星大气中瞬变过程的机制会有启发.     

任意形状孔口单边裂纹问题的边界配位解法

本文提出了一组复应力函数,采用边界配位方法对不同形状孔口(包括圆、椭圆、矩形及菱形孔口)的单边裂纹平板的应力强度因子进行了计算.计算结果表明,对长度和宽度远大于孔口和裂纹几何尺寸的试件,配位法与用其他方法所得的无限大板含圆或椭圆孔边裂纹问题的解符合得很好.同时,对其他孔口问题,特别是有限大板情形,本文给出了一系列计算结果.本文所提出的函数及计算过程可以应用于任意形状孔口单边裂纹平板的计算.     

理想塑性固体中逐步扩展裂纹的弹塑性场

本文从三维的塑性流动理论出发,导出了关于理想塑性固体平面应变问题的基本方程。利用这些方程,分析了不可压缩理想塑性固体的逐步扩展裂纹顶端的弹塑性场。得到了关于应力和速度的一阶渐近场。分析了弹性卸载区的演变过程和中心扇形区的发展过程。预示了出现二次塑性区的可能性。最后给出了关于应力场二阶渐近分析。     

Solitary wave solutions for a general Boussinesq type fluid model

The possible solitary wave solutions for a general Boussinesq (GBQ) type fluid model are studied analytically. After proving the non-Painlevé integrability of the model, the first type of exact explicit travelling solitary wave with a special velocity selection is found by the truncated Painlevé expansion. The general solitary waves with different travelling velocities can be studied by casting the problems to the Newtonian quasi-particles moving in some proper one dimensional potential fields. For some special velocity selections, the solitary waves possess different shapes, say, the left moving solitary waves may possess different shapes and/or amplitudes with those of the right moving solitons. For some other velocities, the solitary waves are completely prohibited. There are three types of GBQ systems (GBQSs) according to the different selections of the model parameters. For the first type of GBQS, both the faster moving and lower moving solitary waves allowed but the solitary waves with“middle” velocities are prohibit. For the second type of GBQS all the slower moving solitary waves are completely prohibit while for the third type of GBQS only the slower moving solitary waves are allowed. Only the solitary waves with the almost unit velocities meet the weak non-linearity conditions.     

Steady-state response of a micropolar generalized thermoelastic half-space to the moving mechanical/thermal loads

Microrotation effect of a load applied normal to the boundary and moving at a constant velocity along one of the co-ordinate axis in a generalized thermoelastic half-space is studied. The analytical expressions of the displacement component, force stress, couple stress and temperature field for two different theories i.e. Lord-Shulman (L-S) and Green-Lindsay (G-L) for supersonic, subsonic and transonic velocities in case of mechanical and thermal sources applied, are obtained by the use of Fourier transform technique. The integral transforms have been inverted by using a numerical technique and the numerical results are illustrated graphically for magnesium crystal-like material.     

An inverse problem of atmospheric radar sounding

The paper considers the problem of determining the velocities of targets in the atmosphere given a set of Doppler spectra produced by continuous Doppler systems. The problem of determining the velocities of particles moving in a closed trajectory (a circle) is examined. A uniqueness theorem is proved for the reconstruction of velocities from two spectra. An algorithm is proposed for determining the sought function, and a numerical experiment is conducted to establish its efficiency.Translated from Matematicheskie Modeli Estestvoznaniya, Published by Moscow University, Moscow, 1995, pp. 162–167.     

On wear pattern generation in elastic systems

In systems with moving contacts spatially periodic wear patterns may appear on the contact partners surfaces. There is agreement that the patterns are related to structural resonances. Using a simple model with a moving point contact and an idealized wear model the present work reviews some of the present understanding of wear-pattern generation. Then the effect of randomly specified relative velocities on the wavelength selection process is investigated. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Geodesic equations for a charged particle in the unified theory of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions

A new model of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions is constructed as a version of the classical Kaluza-Klein theory based on a five-dimensional manifold as the physical space-time. The velocity space of moving particles in the model remains four-dimensional as in the standard relativity theory. The spaces of particle velocities constitute a four-dimensional distribution over a smooth five-dimensional manifold. This distribution depends only on the electromagnetic field and is independent of the metric tensor field. We prove that the equations for the geodesics whose velocity vectors always belong to this distribution are the same as the charged particle equations of motion in the general relativity theory. The gauge transformations are interpreted in geometric terms as a particular form of coordinate transformations on the five-dimensional manifold. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Matematicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 517–528, June, 1999.     

A problem of generalized magneto-thermoelastic thin slim strip subjected to a moving heat source

The generalized thermoelastic theory with thermal relaxation, in the context of Lord and Shulman theory, is used to investigate the magneto-thermoelastic problem of a thin slim strip placed in a magnetic field and subjected to a moving plane of heat source. The generalized magneto-thermoelastic coupled governing equations are formulated. By means of the Laplace transform and numerical Laplace inversion, the governing equations are solved. Numerical calculations for the considered variables are performed and the obtained results are presented graphically. The effects of moving heat source speed and applied magnetic field on temperature, stress and displacement are studied. It is found from the graphs that the temperature, thermally induced displacement and stress in the strip are found to decrease at large heat source speed, and the magnetic field significantly influences the variations of non-dimensional displacement and stress. However, it has no effect on the non-dimensional temperature.     

Buoyant Poiseuille–Couette flow with viscous dissipation in a vertical channel

Steady combined forced and free convection is investigated in a vertical channel having a wall at rest and a moving wall subjected to a prescribed shear stress. The moving wall is thermally insulated, while the wall at rest is kept at a uniform temperature. The analysis deals with the fully–developed parallel flow regime. The governing equations yield a boundary value problem, that is solved analytically by employing a power series expansion of the velocity field with respect to the transverse coordinate. It is shown that the nonlinear interplay between buoyancy and viscous dissipation may determine the existence of dual solutions of the boundary value problem corresponding to fixed values of the applied shear stress on the moving wall and of the hydrodynamic pressure gradient. It is shown that a nontrivial fully separated flow may occur such that the hydrodynamic pressure gradient is zero and the shear stress vanishes on both walls. E. Magyari: On leave from Institute of Building Technology, ETH – Zürich     

Combined effect of magnetic field and heat absorption on unsteady free convection and heat transfer flow in a micropolar fluid past a semi-infinite moving plate with viscous dissipation using element free Galerkin method

The fully developed electrically conducting micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer along a semi-infinite vertical porous moving plate is studied including the effect of viscous heating and in the presence of a magnetic field applied transversely to the direction of the flow. The Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer model which includes the effects of boundary and inertia forces is employed. The differential equations governing the problem have been transformed by a similarity transformation into a system of non-dimensional differential equations which are solved numerically by element free Galerkin method. Profiles for velocity, microrotation and temperature are presented for a wide range of plate velocity, viscosity ratio, Darcy number, Forchhimer number, magnetic field parameter, heat absorption parameter and the micropolar parameter. The skin friction and Nusselt numbers at the plates are also shown graphically. The present problem has significant applications in chemical engineering, materials processing, solar porous wafer absorber systems and metallurgy.     

Thermal stresses in anisotropic cylindrical elastic shells

We investigate the deformation of general anisotropic and inhomogeneous shells, under the action of a given temperature distribution. We assume that the temperature field is a polynomial in the axial coordinate, and we establish the displacements produced by the prescribed thermal field. The results are obtained in the framework of the linear theory for Cosserat thermoelastic shells. The solution is used to study the special case of orthotropic cylindrical shells. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.